Showing papers on "Internationalization published in 1984"

A Simple Theory of International Trade with Multinational Corporations

Abstract: Using the idea that firm-specific assets associated with marketing, management, and product-specific R & D can be used to service production plants in countries other than the country in which these inputs are employed, I develop a simple general equilibrium model of international trade in which the location of plants in a differentiated product industry is a decision variable. The model is then used to derive predictions of trade pattern, volumes of trade, the share of intra-industry trade, and the share of intrafirm trade as functions of relative country size and differences in relative factor endowments.

The Subordination Of Women And The Internationalization Of Factory Production

Abstract: In the latest phase of the internationalization of capital world market factories represent a relocation of manufacturing of certain kinds of products from the developed countries to the Third World. Large multinational US and European trading and retailing firms based in developed countries and huge Japanese trading firms of South East Asia place large contracts with these factories. Wages of the labor force in world market factories are often 10 times lower than in developed countries while working hours per year are as much as 50% higher. The costs of employing female labor in world market factories are lower than the costs of employing men. Womens wages in world market factories are in general 20-50% lower than wages paid for men in comparable jobs. The lack of social recognition for skills of manual dexterity is not simply a process of gender differentiation rather it is a process of the subordination of women as a gender. Gender ascriptive relations are fundamental in the subordination of women ass a gender and may give women;s subordination a patriarchal form. A major aspect of the gender differentiation of the labor force available in world market factories is womens secondary status in the labor market. Since the industrial revolution wage work has liberated women from gender subordination to a limited extent because of competition between women and men in the labor market. However in the dialectic of capital and gender there is a tendency to intensify the existing forms of gender subordination to decompose existing forms of gender subordination and to decompose new forms of gender subordination. The instability of employment means that pregnancy is often grounds for dismissal or women are dismissed because they can no longer meet productivity or time-keeping norms. In the struggle to improve conditions for women the most important task of sympathetic personnel in national and international state agencies is to facilitate access to resources and afford protection rather than to deliver ready-made womens programs.

The Yen / Dollar Agreement: Liberalizing Japanese Capital Markets

Abstract: This monograph covers Japan-US trade and the allegation that the yen is artificially undervalued, liberalization of international capital flows, internationalization of the yen, treatment of US financial institutions in Japan, liberalization of domestic capital markets, public reaction to the liberalization of October 1983-May 1984, and the current account and saving in Japan.Now available directly from: IIE11 Dupont Circle, NWWashington, DC 20036Tel: (202) 328-9000

Strategy and Multinational Organization Structure: An Interorganizational Relationships Perspective

Abstract: Traditional rationales for multinational organizational structures have emphasized top-down design parameters rather than linkages between geographically dispersed units and basic internationalization objectives. A basis for structural variation by resource flow considerations (Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978) is derived and is used to develop a tentative model of strategy-and-structure configurations. Under defined conditions, the several multinational structures are hypothesized to be related to identified strategies.

The internationalisation of bank capital

Abstract: The City of London plays a central role in the internationalisation of bank capital. This internationalisation is based on a specialist type of banking called euro-banking which has focussed on lending to Multinational Corporations and Sovreign States, and which has enhanced the integration of the Newly Industrialising Countries and oil exporting countries with the Advanced economies. Different degrees of state regulation between countries has been important in the evolution of Euro-Banking and is likely to remain so for the future internationalisation of bank capital.

Market share and corporate strategy in international industries

Abstract: A study of companies in three different industries shows that growing internationalization of business brings about major changes in the positioning of competitors and the appropriate competitive strategies. Only after going through a financial crisis did the companies studied emerge from national to international status.

The Internationalisation of Production and Deindustrialisation

Abstract: We now live in an era where production and markets are controlled by giant corporations with a trans-national base. We also live in an era where national and international controls over trade and capital flows have been progressively reduced. The resulting combination of unified international markets and giant international firms bestriding them provides a ready mechanism for the processes of deindustrialisation to develop wherever the conditions for capitalist accumulation are weakened. In contrast to the earlier history of the development of monopolies and cartels around the turn of the century, when protectsionism was demanded to restrict or eliminate foreign competition in domestic and colonian markets, the new period of international oligopoly is characterized by demands on the part of the giant corporationsnfor free trade and the and the supranational institutions to pursue and sanction it : a global freedom to pursue accumulation, given their own dominance within the global system and given the threat, or potential threat, of organized labour and universal suffrage at the level of the nation state. It might be said we now have a neo-imperalism of free trade in similar vein to the nineteenth century British imperialism of free trade, but this time, rather than being of national orign, the imperialism is that of the Transnationals.

Interdependence, Internationalization and Foreign Policy Decentralization in Sweden:

Abstract: Sundelius, B Interdependence, Internationalization and Foreign Policy Decentrali zation in Sweden Cooperation and Conflict, XIX, 1984, 93-120This paper examines the implications of increasing interdependence on Swedish policy-making structures It is suggested that such effects include the internationali zation of domestic agencies and a decentralization of foreign policy processes The empirical test of this hypothesis is primarily based on an examination of staff and budget resources devoted to international affairs during 1950-1980 The data show that the scope and intensity of internationalization have expanded over the period but they do not indicate an increase in its weight The data also fail to uncover any clear decentralization trend but show the continued dominance of the Foreign Ministry This study suggests that the structural implications of interdependence may not be as clear and overwhelming as thought but are affected by conscious attempts at controlling decentralizing forces The pape

The World Economy: An Overview.

Abstract: the Russian economy imploded. The ruble plunged in value, and the government defaulted on its foreign debt obligations. Many Russians faced wage cuts and layoffs; savings were wiped out as banks collapsed. The meltdown sent shock waves through global financial markets. Russia was down, but it was not out; in the years since the crisis, Russia's economy has experienced substantial growth. By 2006, a country that had teetered on the brink of bankruptcy had posted four consecutive years of 6 percent economic growth and had amassed $250 billion in foreign currency reserves. The dramatic economic recovery can be attributed in part to record world prices for oil and gas; the energy sector is Russian's most important source of export revenue. A second explanation for the rebounding economy was politics. In 2000, Vladimir Putin succeeded Boris Yeltsin as president. Putin initiated a reform program that included a new tax code, streamlined customs regulations, slashed subsidies to state-owned enterprises, and made other improvements in the business climate. A third factor in Russia's economic rebound was the fact that price increases for imports caused by the ruble's devaluation stimulated local production of a wide range of goods. As one economist noted, " The crash of '98 really cleaned out the macro-economy. " Putin confidently predicted that national income in Russia would double by 2010. The collapse of Russia's economy in 1998 and its subsequent rebound in the first years of the new millennium vividly illustrate the dynamic nature of today's economic environment. Recall the basic definition of a market: people or organizations with needs and wants and both the willingness and ability to buy or sell. As noted in Chapter 1, many companies engage in global marketing in an effort to reach new customers outside the home country and thereby increase sales, profits , and market share. Today, Russia represents a major growth opportunity for global companies. Russia, along with Brazil, India, and China, are collectively referred to as BRIC—four fast-growing markets that represent important opportunities. 1 This chapter will identify the most salient characteristics of the world economic environment, starting with an overview of the world economy , a survey of economic system types, a discussion of stages of market development, and a review of the balance of payments. The final section of the chapter discusses foreign exchange.

Computerization in Singapore and Australia

Abstract: The growth of information equipment and services industries in Singapore and Australia is examined in the context of the emerging internationalization of the information economy. The move of Singapore into high‐technology information equipment production is outlined together with the problems caused by competition from industrialized and developing countries. In contrast, Australia's information equipment industry is very small and it is unlikely to expand significantly without a substantial increase in government funding. Growth of the information services industries is providing a major stimulus for Singapore and Australia to shift into the information economy. In particular, the banking and finance industry is a major component in the services area; Singapore is rapidly emerging as an international financial center. The adoption of information technologies is fundamental to the internationalization of this industry.

Industrial Structure and Country Risk in a Nordic Perspective

Abstract: Foreign investors in the Nordic countries are most likely to find country risk arising from problems on the supply side, as in corporate structural changes. Such changes manifest themselves in a tendency toward concentration and internationalization on the macroeconomic level. Country risk can be divided into political risk and the risk of suspended payments, both of which are directly related to a country's economic development. Any assessment of country risk must start with an evaluation of the longer term survival potential and competitive strength of the companies in the country concerned. This requires analysis of the industrial structure in terms of: 1. production and organization at the national level, 2. the conceptual content of production, and 3. the degree of diversification of production. Organization should be assessed in terms of: 1. ownership structure, 2. degree of concentration and internationalization, and 3. degree of diversification. The indicators are analyzed for Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Norway, revealing a pattern of risk on the supply side.

Internationalizing the Ownership of Multinational Corporations.

Abstract: Although the internationalization of the shareholder populations is a movement that is still new to the international business community, several companies have active and mature internal investor ...

Internationalization — an essential strategy for a Swedish textile firm?

Abstract: Corporate strategies and results of three Swedish textile companies are discussed against international trends. The country's high wage level and low import duties have prompted the surviving companies to resort to improved quality and design, sophisticated production technology and, in particular, internationalization. Internationalization is seen as a manifestation of the structural necessity of capitalistic companies to expand, with monopoly as the ultimate goal. Internationalization has implied both the establishment of new product lines abroad and the transfer of existing lines from Sweden. Diversification has also proved successful although the firms have increasingly lost their character as textile companies. Government subsidies have been instrumental for continued domestic textile production but detrimental to corporate growth.

Internationalization of the Japanese Automobile Industry and International Industrial System of the Japanese Automobile Industry in the World

Abstract: In the number of production of automobiles, Japan topped all the rest in 1980, followed by the United States, West Germany, France, the U. S. S. R., the United Kingdom andItaly. The remarkable development of the Japanese automobile industry in the world ledby the three notable companies, Toyota, Nissan and Honda receive peculiar attention asthey decided to establish their overseas productive companies in the United States and Europe. There is a cooperative company established by Toyota and G. M. in 1984 at the siteof Fremont factory of G. M. in California, the United States. It can be said this is a symbolof the new stage of international collaboration for survival of automobile companies.Japan has been producing almost all sorts of automobiles in the own country with carefulconsideration to the advantage of the economy of scale since the foundation of automobileindustry, while leading companies in the United States, G. M., Ford and Chryslerintended to get about a half of their production not in the United States but in foreigncountries to preserve their international market. With the economy of scale and the excellentcontrol of its quality, in such a keen competition of the international market, Japanhas gradually begun to get a strong power for exports. In 1981, Japan exported 54% ofits production all over the country, especially the amount of 44.6% came to the United States in the total exports as against 6.0% of West Germany and 5.1% of Canada. As forthe imports, Japan must find itself in a difficult situation, shown the numbers of importsfrom West Germany and the United States. In fact, as contrasted, we recognize that theUnited States is the most important importer in the international market, which exportedonly 8.8% of its total production in 1981. So far as West Germany concerned, we shouldthink much of its character that is the secondary influential importer and also exporter inthe international market.With ragrad to the number of exports, G. M. and Ford in Canada and Opel (G. M.) and Ford in West Germany have exported more automobiles than those of G. M. and Fordin the United States respectively. Japan has not yet such sort of multinational company. At present, Toyota and Nissan tried to develop their overseas productive companies in other advanced countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, where Honda hadalready their productive abilities.In this paper, the author demonstrates the factors for internationalization of the Japaneseautomobile industry and for evolution of the international system through the five stages of its developments, paying due regards to the policies of multinational companies and ofeach national government.In the first stage (-1954), the internationalization of the Japanese automobile industrywas promoted by the Army and the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, when Manchuriawas constructed in China; in 1932, the seven leading companies in Japan led by Nissancame to Mukuden and established an automobile company there to get support of the Manchuriangovern ment and the South Manchurian Railway company. In a short time we knowthey ended in failure; the Japanese government put the higher import-tariff on automobilesto result in the closure of two multinational companies, G. M. and Ford in Japan in 1939.

Transnational business, national friction structures and international exchange

Abstract: Two consequences of the internationalization of economic activities that has taken place since the early 1960s have been that, within the international trad ing system, participant states have become more vulnerable and sensitized to the economic conditions obtaining in other countries; and economic actors have, in general, become more transnational and universal in their orientation1 and more aware of worldwide business possibilities. Consequently, visible trade flows have been progressively transformed through global raw material sourcing, production location and marketing; and invisible trade has been restructured by global deposit sourcing and lender servicing. Both types of international exchange required extensive external production networks which had to be newly created by international capital transfers and institutional migration. Despite the outward manifestation of these infrastructures, international exchange tensions nevertheless remained because of 'the continued existence of still mainly nationally based political systems'2 and the conflicts of interest and uncertainties created by the asserted extra-territorial orientation of national tax and legal system's.3 These problems were largely untouched by the harmonization and liberalization processes attempted by industrial nations under the aegis of GATT and other international institu tions. As a result, the transnational operations of multinational companies have often had to be channelled to parts of the world where their activities are least frustrated by obstructive interventionist policy in order to secure particular objectives. This article seeks to identify and highlight one of the new features of international exchange consequent on the above transnational industrial trends and the means by which it has been brought about: the emergence of 'intermediate' beneficiary economies that are part of a new 'world system' of international production allocation; and the growing significance of particular trade flows being appropriated by the selective use of positively discriminatory non-interventionist policies, here identified as 'frictioneering', in competitive contrast to the increasingly restrictive postures and regulatory biases adopted by advanced industrial countries.