Showing papers on "Internationalization published in 1990"

Cross-Cultural Training Effectiveness: A Review and a Theoretical Framework for Future Research

Abstract: Increased internationalization in the economic, political, and social arenas has led to greater interpersonal cross-cultural contact. Because much of this contact has not been successful, cross-cultural training has been proposed by many scholars as a means of facilitating more effective interaction. A review of the cross-cultural training literature is presented, and it is determined that cross-cultural training in general is effective. The article also offers a theoretical framework based on social learning theory for understanding past research and for guiding future research; this is important because in this context variables seem to operate differently in international versus domestic areas.

Incremental Internationalization: A Test of Johanson and Vahlne's Thesis

Abstract: ■ Johanson and Vahlne theorized that the internationalization of the firm is an incremental process owing to the progressive reduction of psychic distance through managers' gradual accumulation of experiential knowledge of foreign markets. ■ A study of European forest products firms failed to support this conceptualization. No significant differences in the appreciation of barriers and incentives to internationalization were found among the managers of firms at various stages of internationalization.

Global cities: Post-imperialism and the internationalization of London

Abstract: Part one: Cities and the World Economy 1. Introduction 2. World city formation: an overview of recent research 3. World cities, colonial cities: connections and comparisons 4. World cities, colonial urban development: hypotheses and theories Part Two: Imperial City: World City: Colonial City 5. Dependent metropolis: physical and social aspects of London's role in the world economy.

The Internationalization of R & D and the Development of Global Research Networks

Abstract: HOWELLS J. (1990) The internationalization of R & D and the development of global research networks, Reg. Studies 24, 495–512. The paper considers processes associated with, and conceptualization of, the internationalization of R & D, using the pharmaceuticals and chemical/energy sectors as ways of illustration. Wider issues relating to research internationalization are considered, including changes in the macro research and technological environment and the growth of inter-organizational research collaboration. Other wider organizational changes are considered, including the impact of information and communication technologies, in relation to research location and structure, before the paper concludes with a re-assessment of current conceptualization of R & D in light of these changes. HOWELLS J. (1990) L'internationalisation de la R et D, et le developpement de reseaux mondiaux pour la recherche, Reg. Studies 24, 495–512. Get article met en consideration les demarches necessaires a l'internationalisatio...

Structural Change in the World Economy

Abstract: 1. Introduction John Dunning and Allan Webster, University of Reading 2. U.K Manufacturing Industry : Structural Change, Competitiveness and Future Propsects - a Lesson for Other Countries ? John Reynolds, Prudential-Bache Capital Funding Ltd 3. Historical Perspectives on Structural Change and Economic Decline, Stephen Nicholas, University of New South Wales 4. Competition, Innovation and Industrial Performance, Kirsty Hughes, University of Manchester 5. The Role of Services in Global Structural Change, Peter Gray, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, U.S.A 6. The Growing Internationalisation of Industry: a Comparison of the Changing Structure of Company Activity in the Major Industrialised Countries John Cantwell, University of Reading 7. Intra-Industry Foreign Direct Investment: A Study of Recent Evidence Jeremy Clegg, University of Bath 8. Restructuring Among the Largest Firms: Changing Geographical and Industrial Diversification, Robert D. Pearce, University of Reading, 9. Japanese Manufacturing Investment and the Restructuring of UK Industry, John H. Dunning, Universities of Reading and Rutgers, 10. Trade Liberalisation and Specialisation in Manufactured Goods Chris Milner, University of Loughborough, 11. Voluntary Export Restraints and Lobbying: Another Example of the Non-Equivalence of Equivalent Restrictions, David Greenway, University of Nottingham 12. Skills in International Trade, Allan Webster.

The research system in transition

Abstract: General Introduction.- I. Science in the Steady State?.- Section Introduction.- Lessons of History: Successive Challenges to Science Policy.- What is Happening to Science?.- The University System in Transition: Possibilities and Limitations of Universities in the "Steady State".- Professional Roles in Steady State Science: The Case of Italy.- U.S. Science Policy in the 1990s: New Institutional Arrangements, Procedures, and Legitimations.- II. New Roles, New Linkages.- Section Introduction.- The International Pattern and Determinants of Technological Activities.- Panel: The Role of Industry in Science Policy.- The Second Academic Revolution: The Role of the Research University in Economic Development.- U.S. Policy on Intellectual Property in R&D: Emerging Political and Moral Issues.- Panel: Trans-sectoral and Trans-disciplinary Networking.- Information and Communications Technology and Managing Science.- The Future: Steady State or New Challenges?.- Panel: Global Science Policy.- The International Organization of Scientific Work.- III. Selection and Management of the Research Base.- Section Introduction.- The Politics of Science Policy.- Strategic Policy for Science.- Strategic Processes and S&T Indicators: Towards a Key Role in R&D Management Systems.- Panel: National Experiences in Planning Strategic Research.- Panel: Strategic National Priorities and Internationalization.- Implementation and Evaluation of Science & Technology Priorities and Programs.- Options for the Future of Research Evaluation.- Analyzing Basic Research Goals for the U.S. Congress.- Panel: Peer Review in Evaluation.- IV. The Place of the Individual in the Science System.- Section Introduction.- Individual Autonomy and Autonomy of Science: The Place of the Individual in the Research System.- Research as a Career.- Panel: Educational Foundations for Career Flexibility.- Panel: Organizational Roles and Individual Autonomy.- V. An Exercise in Foresight.- An Exercise in Foresight: The Research System in Transition-to What?.

Purchasing in the International Marketplace: Implications for Operations

Abstract: Purchasing in the International Marketplace: Implications for Operations Internationalization of the marketplace, global competition, and changes in the business environment have contributed to the increase in international purchasing. U.S. firms, recognizing these trends, are entering the international arena in increasing numbers. Simply stated, domestic suppliers alone cannot meet all the competitive needs of a multinational corporation. As a result, international sourcing has emerged as a critical component of corporate strategy, aimed at reducing costs, raising product quality, increasing manufacturing flexibility, and improving designs. This article discusses the strategic importance of international purchasing, describes procedural and managerial issues of concern in international procurement, and delineates the significant differences between buying from foreign and domestic sources. The importance of the linkage between the purchasing function and the other functions within a firm is becoming more evident with each passing year.[1] Firms are becoming acutely aware that purchasing decisions impact many cross-functional decisions, such as capacity requirements and equipment needs (make-versus-buy decisions), product cost(*) and quality performance, (source selection and qualification decisions), delivery reliability (mode and carrier decisions), and product innovation (supplier partnering decisions). This awareness has been generated by the strategic emphasis placed on product quality, cost competitiveness, and the just-in-time[2] approach to manufacturing and delivery. U.S. firms, recognizing these trends, are entering the arena of international purchasing in increasing numbers. Simply stated, domestic suppliers cannot meet all the competitive needs of a multinational corporation. As a result, international sourcing has emerged as a critical component of corporate strategy, aimed at reducing costs, increasing product quality, increasing manufacturing flexibility, and improving product designs.[3] This article, based largely on extensive field interviews, discusses the strategic importance of international purchasing, describes procedural and managerial issues of concern in international procurement, and delineates the differences between buying from foreign and buying from domestic sources. A CHANGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT There are several reasons for the emergence of international purchasing as a strategic weapon in the restructuring of manufacturing operations in U.S. firms. Most of these reasons are related directly to the efforts of U.S. manufacturing firms to gain, or regain, competitive strength and market share by improving their strategic posture in response to a changing business environment. The principal changes in the environment that underlie the move by manufacturing firms to develop new corporate strategies are summarized in Table I. TABLE I A CHANGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT New Challenges to Corporate America * Intense international competition * Pressure to reduce costs * Need for manufacturing flexibility * Shorter product development cycles * Stringent quality standards * Ever-changing technology Competition Intense competition from abroad, pressures stemming from the need to reduce trade deficits through exports, and the interdependence of global economies have all served to internationalize the marketplace. Surviving and thriving in today's global markets require that manufacturing firms be truly "world class." There is evidence that the United States no longer enjoys an unequaled advantage in manufacturing and in manufactured goods. Steel, semiconductor, automobile, and consumer electronics industries all have fallen victim to international competition and have seen their market shares erode. Cost Reduction Most manufacturing firms are striving to be low cost, high quality producers. …

Gender and the global economy

Abstract: This paper is largely an analysis of gender issues within the context of an increasingly glohalized economy Its focus is the argument that, as this globalization proceeds, gender issues will necessarily take this increasingly international perspective As reflected in the slogan ,think globally, act locally,> that became popular at the 1985 Third Conference of the UN Decade for Women in Nairobi, this perspective is well understood within international women's groups ,Thinking globally>> requires a continous effort to analyze the significance of global economic transformation for different social groups and to understand its implication for policy, action and future change The objective of this paper is to joint such an effort Discussions about the economic and social condition of women across countries in recent years have often included topics related to the internationalization of economic activity These discussions have dealt with a variety of processes such as the growing employment of women in industrial production, the effects of multinational investment on women's work, the participation of female labor in the unregulated sector of the economy, and the intensification of domestic work as the debt crisis and structural adjustment policies in many Third World countries have lowered real wages and living standards for a large proportion of the population Yet, much remains to be done, particularly in terms of thinking through the significance of these processes for designing policies and political action that incorporate gender as a fundamental dimension Women's daily chores, as will be argued in this paper, are taking up a global significance This calls, as Nunez and Burbach (1987) have forcefully argued, for an internationalization of > going beyond traditional party politics and based on ties of solidarity among different groups In fact, as women across the globe have so often repeated, traditional politics, including a good proportion of left politics, have distinguished themselves for being both ignorant and unwilling to take up gender related issues Yet, if politics and social action do not seriously integrate gender in their objectives, the women's movement, at the different national and international levels, will act more on its own, and the power that springs from solidarity between political movements will be weakened In developing the foundation for effective action, and despite much progress made during the last two decades, the analysis needed to inform this work is still incomplete At the international level, and particularly since the publication of Boserup's Woman's Role in Economic Development in 1970, there has been a tendency to separate gender issues related to Third World countries from those of the more industrialized world-thus the appearance of this new > called Women and Development The

Setting the Record Straight: Hymer, Internationalization Theory and Transaction Cost Economics

Abstract: Along with the rise and development of transaction cost economics, Stephen H. Hymer's works have recently become a matter of some controversy. This note clarifies the main issues in the controversy and explores the contributions of Hymer's theory of the MNE. A review of Hymer's works reveals that he had incorporated a Coasian theory of firms and markets in his theory as early as 1968. This note suggests that the genesis of transaction costs as applied to the MNE can be traced to Hymer.

The organization of exporting activities: relationships between internal and external arrangements

Abstract: The paper present some preliminary results of a large research project on structures, strategies and performances of small and medium sized exporting firms. The main purpose of the paper consists in testing some hypothesis on the relationships that link some of the variables involved in the internationalization process of the firm. Particularly, administrative arrangements are analyzed, both considering internal structure for exporting and external organization (foreign market entry modes). The internal structure, i.e. the degree of formalization and specialization of the international marketing function, is considered as a dependent variable. Several independent variables have been selected within a general framework of the evolutionary and developmental internationalization process: the most important to understand the variability of the dependent variable are the formalization of other firm functions, the nature of the relationships with foreign intermediaries and other "transactional" variables. More in detail, the data suggest that small and medium sized exporting firms tend to commit more organizational resources to international marketing when their internal resource availability is high. In this sense, firm specific resources seem to be more important than factors directly related to exporting activities or to the context in which the firm operates. Another important finding regards the role of foreign intermediaries: such operators seem to be very important in explaining the way in which small and medium sized exporting firms allocate their resources to international marketing. Particularly the firms more committed to foreign markets seem to have more integrated and cooperative relations with foreign intermediaries than the firms that do not show a significant organizational committment to exporting.

Wide World of Golf: A Research Note on the Interdependence of Sport, Culture, and Economy

Abstract: This research note argues that while golf is perhaps the most socially pervasive of games on a global scale, its social contours have been ignored by academic analysts. The paper isolates three themes as being likely avenues for further investigation: environmental issues, the internationalization of golf and its economy, and social access to participation. By virtue of its heavy demands on natural resources of land and water, golf is rapidly becoming an environmental issue. International economic patterns are altering traditional golf participation patterns, course ownership, and equipment production. Then, the predicted 1990s golf boom may occur among social groups previously untouched by the game, again with implications for its social contexting. In each of these three themes there are clear overlaps and social interlocking that render golf an excellent research site for many of the issues in sport sociology.

The Internationalization of Television

Abstract: Traditionally, television has been analysed as a national domestic medium. However, technological, political and regulatory developments in the last two decades have introduced a complexity of new ...

An Exercise in Foresight: The Research System in Transition--To What?

Abstract: As this set of papers shows abundantly, the RD but at a lower levels, specific trends appear, such as internationalization and shared facilities, the emerging linkages between university and industry, and the interest in strategic science. As with the label steady state, new terminology is being offered to capture aspects of these lower-level trends. In response to the perception of pervasive change, issues are raised: a reduction of autonomy for researchers; shifts in the role of universities; the need to revise earlier implicit social contracts between science and society.

U.S. immigration policy toward Mexico in a global economy.

Abstract: This article will briefly examine the main immigration flows [from Mexico] into the United States since 1965 in the light of major immigration policy objectives the impact of the internationalization of production on the formation of migration flows transformations in the U.S. labor market particularly those that may contribute to the absorption of the post-1965 immigration and finally what all this means for policy. The authors main hypothesis is that the failure of U.S. immigration policy is due to an insistence on treating immigration particularly from Mexico as an autonomous process independent of the growing internationalization of economic affairs. (EXCERPT)

Internationalization of the World’s Securities Markets: Economic Causes and Regulatory Consequences

Abstract: Not long ago, Americans traded in New York, British traded in London, and Japanese traded in Tokyo. It was a simple world in which the flow of securities transactions respected political geography.

Talking to strangers : mediated therapeutic communication

Abstract: The book analyzes the transnational information industry in its total scope and subsectors including a discssion of such topics as concentration ratio, profitability, growth, internationalization and interlocks. The implications of converging interests between information and financial industries are discussed in view of the need for a new international order.

Finding international contracting opportunities: ai extensions to edi

Abstract: Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) offers a telecommunications infrastructure for inter-business communications. This paper proposes a particular use of that infra-structure to aid firms in identifying contracting opportunities, particularly where international trade is involved. We focus on two aspects of this problem: navigating the legal procedures relating to such contracts and managing the multi-lingual communications. 1. THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF BUSINESS complexities. The model supports the formation and execution of contracts over a telecommunications network Increasing competition and the globalization of markets by providing a multi-lingual interface and, equally imporrequire that businesses large and small interact effectively tant, by capturing the expertise needed to reason about the on an international scale. A basic problem of doing procedures and to guide the parties' communications to a business internationally is differences in language. Formersuccessful outcome. ly, Britain's success as a colonial power and America's economic dominance after World War II established 2. ELECTRONIC CONTRACTING English as a lingua fmnca, a language adopted (sometimes imposed) to facilitate communication between parties with Contracting is one of the most fundamental concepts of different native languages. However, the utility of English Western economics. Essentially, a contract is a generalizaas a lingua ,/hmca is nearing its limit. Many nations, tion of the notion of direct exchange that supports crosshaving achieved economic status in the world community, temporal transactions, allowing one party to offer goods or seek to maintain their cultural identities, especially as services at one time in exchange for other goods or embodied in their languages. For example, the European services at another time.2 In doing so, an enormous gain Economic Community recognizes the languages of all its in flexibility is achieved in that the contracting parties are members and designates nine official languages in which able to negotiate complex arrangements specialized to the its policies, regulations, and other official documents must needs of the parties involved (Williamson 1975, 1979). be pubushed. Precise language and carefully specified procedures help to reduce the potential confusion and disagreement in Another obstacle to international business are the legal contracting, but they also add greatly to the expense and procedures ("red tape") required for most international time required to form and execute a contract. An appartransactions. Within a single legal system, conventions, entlystraightforwardarrangementmaybecomelengthyand trading practices, and statutory law (e.g., the Uniform complex as contingencies and details are worked out. For Commercial Code in the US) simplify and expedite the this reason, certain types of contracts have been standardcontractingprocess. However, when international contracts ized and streamlined to facilitate negotiation, e.g., the involve diverse legal systems and trading practices, addicommodities contracts used by organized exchanges such tional precautions must be taken to ensure that each as the Chicago Board of Trade. Also helping to reduce party's interests are protected. These extra steps greatly contracting overhead are statutes such as the Uniform increase the paperwork required and extend the contract Commercial Code (UCC), which provides default terms negotiating time several-fold, 1 significantly handicapping and standardized interpretations for contracts involving companies too small to employ their own legal staff and sales of goods within the US. too inexperienced to cope with these bureaucratic complcxities. Today, despite the availability of instantaneous and worldwide electronic communications (phone, telex, This paper presents a prototype model of a computerelectronic mail), contracts are still recorded mostly in the mediated contracting system whose purpose is to facilitate medium of paper documents. In this section, we consider the entrance of smaller business firms into the global how contracting can be and is supported by information marketplace by enabling them to identify contracting technology. Clearly, telecommunications and database opportunities and to navigate the legal and bureaucratic management can be and are used to speed communi-

Small Business Exporting

Abstract: This study investigates the effect of export marketing activites and size of the firm in the firm's stage of internationalization. The results of an empirical survey indicate that efficient marketing techniques and product adaptation are important determinants of a firm's internationalization stage. However, the size of the firm appears to be the critical variable in predicting a firm's given stage in its export marketing development.