Showing papers on "Internationalization published in 1995"

The internationalization of small computer software firms

Abstract: Presents the findings of a comparative study into the export behaviour and internationalization of small computer software firms in Finland, Ireland and Norway. These findings challenge many of the underlying assumptions of conventional internationalization “stage” theories and lead to the conclusion that such theories do not adequately reflect the internationalization process among small computer software firms.

Growing the entrepreneurial firm

Abstract: Examines the entrepreneurial high‐technology firm′s use of networks for international market development. Multisite case research and a mail survey form the empirical base for the study. Findings indicate that international market choice and mode of entry for small entrepreneurial high‐technology firms are largely shaped by the interest of various network players. Influential network relationships may be both formal (e.g. business contacts) and informal (e.g. family). Early relationships with large firms are particularly influential in the entrepreneurial high‐technology firm′s internationalization process. Networks are used to share some, but not all, international marketing activities. Concludes that network analysis offers a rich perspective on the international development patterns of entrepreneurial firms. Outlines research and managerial implications on the basis of these exploratory findings.

The logic of international restructuring

Abstract: There is within the corporate world an evolving international restructuring race,between industrial complexes,that is set to intensify over the coming years.An industrial complex consists of suppliers,distributors,governments,financiers and trade unions.It is the reorganisation of the relationship between the core firm and the above components that is set to change before very long. In this book, Winfied Ruigrok and Rob van Tulder address many current debates on topics such as "Post-Fordism","globalisation" and "lean production".They also identify a number pf rival internationalisation strategies that have been adopted by different companies.Moreover,they present an abundance of new,as well as historical data,on the world's one hundred largest core companies.This data shows that none of the largest core firms is truly "global" or "borderless",and that virtually all of them in their history have benefited decisively from Governmental trade or industrial policies. The authors offer a highly interdisciplinary effort to link three previously isolated debates on industrial restructuring,globalisation and international trade policies.The Logic of International Restructuring is aimed at a wide academic,post-graduate and professional audience working in the areas of business,economics,organisational studies and international relations.

Capital mobility, trade, and the domestic politics of economic policy

Abstract: The conventional wisdom about the domestic political effects of economic internationalization in recent decades is overdrawn and too simple. Increasing exposure to trade and capital mobility has not led all countries to pursue the same types of economic policies. The political power of the left and the strength of organized labor still have a marked bearing on macroeconomic policy. Rather than being constrained by internationalization, the relationship between left-labor power and fiscal expansions has increased with greater trade and capital mobility. However, the political left and organized labor have had to pay a price for these expansions. With greater exposure to world market forces, left-labor power has been increasingly associated with lower levels of corporate taxation and with higher interest rates. Nonetheless, common assertions about the demise of partisan politics must be reconsidered.

Internationalization, institutions, and political change

Abstract: Many analysts associate internationalization of markets with wide-ranging changes in domestic politics. An “open polity” approach shows how extant domestic institutions mediate in this relationship between internationally induced changes in domestic actors' policy preferences, on the one hand, and national policy and institutional outcomes on the other. The nature of labor unions and formal political institutions often results in political outcomes that differ significantly from those that would ensue if outcomes simply mirrored preference changes. In addition, while existing institutions may sometimes constrain governments from pursuing policies that would improve long-term economic performance, governments will often fail to change these institutions because of short-term political considerations.

Narver and Slater, Kohli and Jaworski and the market orientation construct: integration and internationalization

Abstract: Recent developments in marketing theory have resulted in two conceptualizations of the market orientation construct and preliminary evidence provides support for the often assumed relationship between market orientation and company performance. However, there is hardly any research regarding the potential consequences of market orientation for internationally active organizations. Current measures of the construct are biased towards domestic operations and do not explicitly consider factors specific to an international context. The present study proposes a framework integrating the two dominant conceptualizations of market orientation and introduces an international dimension to its study. The framework enables the specification of an expanded market orientation construct which, it is hoped, will be both valid and of practical use to organizations operating at an international level.

What Is Global Governance

Abstract: changes that have been occurring both in the dynamics of relations in the world of states and in understandings of those dynamics. In the first issue of this journal, for example, UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali emphasized the internationalization of the problems of human rights and democracy, previously thought of as issues for states to deal with within their own boundaries. He also demonstrated how the pursuit of democracy as an international goal involves the cooperation of a range of international

Toward a global civil society

Abstract: Part I: The Concept of Civil Society Part II: The Communitarian Approach Part III: Economic Policy and Social Justice Part IV: The Internationalization of Politics and Economics and the Challenge of Nationalism, Immigration and Minority Conflict Part V: European Socialism and American SocialReform Contributors: M. Walzer, T. Nardin, J. Cohen, K. Nielsen, T. Strong, J. Elshtain, A. Etzioni, W.Galston, T. Pinkard, P. Selznick, O. Kallscheuer, E. Altvater, J. Faux, O. Hahn, J. Strasser, G.Frankenberg, W. Sullivan, P. Glotz, M. Cohen, E. Hobsbawm, A. Wolfe, M. Hajek, N.Birnbaum, C. Mouffe, D. Motchane and J. Santamaria

The Internationalization of the Hotel Industry - Some New Findings from a Field Study

Abstract: Key Results In each of the three categories of ownership, location and internalization advantages, certain factors were perceived by the senior executives of the parent hotel firm to be critical for deciding to set up an operation abroad. Introduction The service sector has grown rapidly in importance in both developed and developing countries. In the past twenty-five years (1965-1990), the share of services in the gross domestic product (GDP) of 55 out of 78 countries has increased (World Bank 1992). In 1990 it averaged 61 percent and 45 percent for developed and developing countries respectively (World Bank 1992). The growing importance of services in most national economies has been examined by various scholars in recent years (Bressand and Nicolaides 1989, Daniels 1982, Dunning 1989, Gershuny and Miles 1983, Heskett 1986, Kravis 1983, Nusbaumer 1987a, 1987b, Ochel and Wegner 1987, Riddle 1986, Shelp 1981, 1984, 1985, Sauvant and Mallampally 1993, Sauvant and Zimny 1987, UNCTC 1989 and UNCTAD 1989). In the past three decades, the international service sector has been studied from three different perspectives. Firstly, some scholars have attempted to put forward a conceptual framework in explaining the interaction between international growth of services and service multinational enterprises (Boddewyn, Halbrich and Perry 1986, Dunning 1989, Hirsch 1993, Gibbs 1986, Li and Guisinger 1992, and Sauvant and Mallampally 1993). Secondly, researchers have focused on industry specific studies to investigate the reasons for globalization of service firms. A bulk of the research has been done in the area of international banking (Giddy 1983, Goldberg and Johnson 1990, Grubel 1977, Jones 1990, Nigh, Cho and Krishnan 1986, Sagari 1992, and Yannopoulos 1983). Other industries where academicians have done some study includes shipping (Kindleberger 1985), contracting (Enderwick 1989), advertising (Terpstra and Yu 1988, Weinstein 1977), and hotels (Dunning and McQueen 1981). Finally, some scholarly work has been done in the area of impact of transnational service corporations on both developed and developing countries (Blomstrom and Lipsey 1989, Lipsey and Zimny 1991, Maciejewicz and Monkiewicz 1988, Schott and Mazza 1986, UNCTAD 1990, 1989, and UNCTC 1989). The growth of services reflects a combination of both demand and supply driven factors such as the following: 1. The growth of per capita output and high income elasticity of demand for some consumer services in industrialized countries; 2. The increasing role of producer services in the value-added process; 3. The increasing tendency of firms in non-service sectors to externalize less productive service activities; 4. The growing importance of marketing, distribution and aftersales maintenance and servicing activities to the value of a physical product; 5. The growth of finance, banking, legal, insurance, transport, and other support services; 6. The emergence of new intermediate markets for services; 7. The liberalization of markets for several services, notably insurance and financial services. This, in turn, has led to the growing internationalization of service firms. The share of the multinational enterprises (MNEs) of the total service activities undertaken in both developed and developing countries has increased rapidly partly because of the general demand and supply-led characteristics identified above, and partly because these characteristics have favored foreign direct investment as a modality for organizing the cross-border production and transaction of services (Dunning 1989). Economists have classified nations as post-industrial, where fifty percent or more of GNP is accounted for by the service sector (Riddle 1986, Shelp 1984, 1985). In the late sixties, the service sector came into prominence as its contribution towards the national income, productivity, employment generation, and balance of payments, and employment increased significantly. …

An investigation into the targeting of UK export assistance

Abstract: Discusses the results of an empirical study undertaken in the UK using a modified six‐stage version of the Bilkey and Tesar model to investigate the usefulness of the internationalization process as a method of categorizing firms for the targeting of export assistance. The findings suggest that a although statistical differences exist between firms in the six stages of the model, many similarities are present in the major firm characteristics under study. Consequently, the results indicate that in pragmatic terms the UK government is correct in using a three‐stage model of the internationalization process to target export assistance.

Industry and Society in Europe: Stability and Change in Britain, Germany and France

Abstract: Theories of industrial organization and change industrial development in historical perspective the relations between financial and industrial capital the restructuring of large firms - towards neo- or post-Fordism? internationalization or globalization of large firms? the small business sector - source of economic generation or victim of economic transformation the transformation of industrial relations changing patterns of production orgnization - towards neo- or post-Fordism? industrial change and the state - dis-engagement of re-engagement?

The Internationalization of Equity Markets

Abstract: This timely volume addresses three important recent trends in the internationalization of United States equity markets: extensive market integration through foreign investment and links among stock prices around the world; increasing securitization as countries such as Japan come to rely more than ever before on markets in equities and bonds at the expense of banks; and the opening of national financial systems of newly industrializing countries to international financial flows and institutions, as governments remove capital controls and other barriers Eight essays examine such issues as the current extent of international market integration, gains to US investors through international diversification, home-country bias in investing, the role of time and location around the world in stock trading, and the behavior of country funds Other, long-standing questions about equity markets are also addressed, including market efficiency and the accuracy of models of expected returns, with a particular focus on variances, covariances, and the price of risk according to the Capital Asset Pricing Model

“Turf battles” or “class struggles”: the internationalization of the market for expertise in the “professional society”

Abstract: This article offers a critical reflection on the theses of Perkin ( The Rise of Professional Society: England Since 1880 , London: Routledge, 1989) and Abbott ( The System of Professions , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), and compares these with empirical observations conducted by the author (Dezalay, 1991, Modern Law Review ; 1992, Marchands de droit, la restructuration de l'ordre juridique international par les multinationales du droit, Paris: Fayard ) on the international market for business law. As a way of illuminating the world of the professionals, the article begins by emphasizing how macro-history and micro-sociology complement and compete with each other; in the first, the professional society appears as the motor and product of the Welfare State; in the second, it is the permanent confrontations between savoirs which contributes to a continual redefintion of these fields of practices. These two dimensions are inherent in, if not exacerbated by, the opening of frontiers. However, both approaches neglect the effects of class: the recruitment practices and social authority of these different groups of professionals. These fields symbolic power are also one of the principal sites of reproduction — and of hierarchization — of the different forms of social capital. It is perhaps there that one should seek the explanation for the paradox noted by Perkin: that the shattering of a professional society coincides with its triumph, or at least its generalization.

The application of a strategic management model to the internationalization of higher education institutions

Abstract: The growth of international activities within higher education institutions takes place in a number of different ways ranging from the ad hoc (reactive) to the strategic (proactive). This paper draws on an earlier (1993) empirical study by the author of UK Business Schools in order to identify the key elements within any process of internationalization and to provide a framework for assessing levels of international activity within institutions. It concludes with an introductory model of internationalization which is to form the basis for future work. The paper is written from a UK perspective but can be adapted for the analysis of educational institutions in other countries and other subject areas.

True and fair : a history of Price Waterhouse

Abstract: Price Waterhouse is one of the oldest established accountancy practices in the world. It is also one of the largest. This history is the story of commercial success: of how a Victorian city partnership of three men grew, in less than 150 years, to employ more than 40,000 people in 143 countries. "True and Fair" shows how Price Waterhouse adapted to the changing fortunes of the British and then the global economy and a rapidly developing commercial environment. Among the themes discussed are Edwin Waterhouse's unprecedented success in building an audit practice, the internationalization of the partnership and setting up of an operation in America, the impact of two world wars, the growth of management consultancy, and latterly the firm's involvement in privatization. The study seeks to explain how Price Waterhouse could remain at the forefront of its profession for over 140 years when so many famous prctices have disappeared through amalgamation or take over. Edgar Jones was granted full access to the firm's archives and has spent over four years researching this exemplary and definitive company history.

International Entrepreneurship : The Effect of Firm Age on Motives for Internationalization

Abstract: List of Tables and Exhibits. List of Appendices. Preface. Introduction. Acknowledgements. 1. Small Business and International Activities. 2. Theoretical Background. 3. Empirical Literature Review. 4. Methodology and Research Design. 5. Data Analysis Results. 6. Discussion of Research Findings. 7. Conclusions and Implications. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.

Coming unstuck? In search of the “corporate glue” in an international professional service firm

Abstract: Much has been made of “networks” and corporate “culture” as sources of cohesion in increasingly loosely structured international firms. But how strong is the “corporate glue”? Using a case study of human resource management (HRM) in an international accounting firm, this article shows that growth and internationalization may themselves weaken the corporate glue, just as the need for global integration of activities increases. The resulting stresses lead to a greater emphasis on formal bureaucratic structures and processes, further calling into question the role of traditional culture. Alternative strategies for managing these tensions are proposed. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Expansion within the single European market: a motivational structure

Abstract: This paper considers the motivational context in which internationalization occurs. The paper considers the recent research of Pellegrini (1994) and Williams (1992a, 1992b) and addresses the fundamental question concerning the nature of internationalization raised by Brown and Burt (1992). The paper reports on, and uses findings from, a survey carried out in July 1993 which focused on retail expansion within the Single European market (SEM). The relative importance of motivations is considered in the context of retailers' attitudes to the SEM. These results are placed in the context of previous research findings and the theoretical literature on international retailing. On the basis of UK retailers' attitudes to expansion in the SEM and in the light of previous research work, this paper discusses the positions adopted by retailers in relation to internationalization. A matrix representing these positions is proposed and discussed.

New Directions in Trade Theory

Abstract: This title was formally part of the Studies in International Trade Policy Series, now called Studies in International Economics.

Internationalization of Franchise Systems

Abstract: Though the internationalization of firms has progressed in theory development and empirical testing during the last two decades, researchers continue to concentrate on the exporting behavior of man...

Technical change and the world economy : convergence and divergence in technology strategies

Abstract: Some relationships between foreign direct investment, technology, trade and competitiveness, Francois Chesnais convergence and divergence in the internationalization of technology, Chris Freeman and John Hagedoorn platform technologies and national industrial networks, Bruce Kogut et al multicontact collusion in product markets and joint R&D ventures - the case of the information technology industry in an integratng Europe, Marc van Wegberg and Arjen van Witteloostuijn the economics of intellectual property rights and systems of innovation - the persistence of national practices versus the new global model of innovation, Dominique Foray. economic implicatins of converging patent breadth in Europe, Thein van Dijk and Patrick van Cayseele uneven (and divergent) technological development among countries and firms - evidence and explanations, Parimal Patel and Keith Pavitt dancing with wolves - global oligopolies and strategic partnerships, Lynn Krieger Mytelka convergence and divergence in the international information technology industry, Geert Duysters and John Hagedoorn.

International human resource management : an integrated approach

Abstract: Foreword - Arndt Sorge Introduction PART ONE: INTERNATIONALIZATION: CONTEXT, STRATEGY, STRUCTURE AND PROCESS Internationalization and the International Division of Labour - Anne-Wil Harzing Strategic Planning in Multinational Corporations - Anne-Wil Harzing Organizational Structure of Multinational Corporations - Jaap Paauwe and Philip Dewe Theories and Models Human Resource Management in Multinational Corporations - Jaap Paauwe and Philip Dewe Theories and Models PART TWO: PERSONNEL AND ORGANIZATION FROM A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Cross-National Differences in Personnel and Organization - Arndt Sorge The 'Culture' Factor in Personnel and Organization Policies - Ren[ac]e Olie Compensation and Appraisal in an International Perspective - Ed Logger, Rob Vinke and Frits Kluytmans Human Resource Development and Staff Flow Policy in Europe - Marcel van der Klink and Martin Mulder PART THREE: MANAGING AN INTERNATIONAL STAFF Composing an International Staff - Malcolm Borg and Anne-Wil Harzing Training and Development of International Staff - Kerstin Baumgarten Women's Role in (International) Management - Hilary Harris Compensation and Appraisal of International Staff - Ed Logger and Rob Vinke PART FOUR: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY International Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations - Willem de Nijs A Framework for Analysis National Variations in Worker Participation - Hans Slomp Multinational Corporations and Industrial Relations - Ulke Veersma Policy and Practice European Social Policy and European Industrial Relations - Ad Nagelkerke

The law of international trade

Abstract: Sources of international trade. Regulatory bodies of international trade. The regulation of international trade. Transnational sales. Transnational distribution. Transnational transfer of technology. Financing international trade. Payment in international trade. Transnational litigation. International commercial arbitration.