Showing papers on "Internationalization published in 2012"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate the international location decisions made by public listed Chinese firms during the period 2006-2008, using a Poisson count data regression model, and categorize the firms into state-controlled and privately owned according to majority ownership.
636 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine how vision and goals, as well as the discretion engendered by family control, influence the innovation, internationalization, succession, professionalization, and proactive stakeholder engagement of family enterprises.
Abstract: Family business researchers have devoted substantial attention to comparing family firms with nonfamily firms. Many of these comparisons rely on dichotomous variables, which implicitly treat family firms as homogeneous entities. However, recent studies have started to use moderators and mediators as well as continuous measures of family involvement in recognition of the heterogeneity of family firms. The articles and commentaries in this special issue contribute to a better understanding of that heterogeneity by examining how vision and goals, as well as the discretion engendered by family control, influence the innovation, internationalization, succession, professionalization, and proactive stakeholder engagement of family enterprises.
577 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explain the mechanisms through which government impacts the internationalization of emerging market enterprises (EMEs), and demonstrate that an important source of variation is the idiosyncratic manner in which EMEs are affiliated with government agencies.
Abstract: We explain the mechanisms through which government impacts the internationalization of emerging-market enterprises (EMEs). Rather than merely viewing internationalization as the result of differences in resource positions, we demonstrate that an important source of variation is the idiosyncratic manner in which EMEs are affiliated with government agencies. Although government involvement has a strong effect on international expansion, this effect is contingent upon the level at which the firm is affiliated with government and the degree of state ownership. Different types and levels of governments have different objectives, exert different institutional pressures on EMEs, and impact their willingness and ability to internationalize differently. Government involvement influences the level of overseas investment, its location (developed vs developing countries) and its type (resource- vs market-seeking). These effects depend on firms’ own resources and capabilities, suggesting that not all firms possess equal ability to internalize government-related advantages and respond to institutional pressures. By demonstrating that resource-based and institutional constructs are highly dependent on one another, we enhance understanding of how EMEs succeed in expanding overseas, and why governments matter.
532 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that the unique conditions of developing countries influence the internationalization ofDMNCs, creating a laboratory for extending theory, and some of the key theories and models of the multinational company are reviewed and explained how they can be extended with the study of DMNCs.
Abstract: I analyze how the study of developing country multinational companies (DMNCs) can help extend theory. The renewed interest in DMNCs has generated a ‘Goldilocks’ debate, with one camp arguing that the analysis of DMNCs is ‘hot’ and requires new theory, another camp arguing that it is ‘cold’ and no new theory is required, and a third camp arguing that it is ‘just right’ and it can be used to extend theory. I follow this third camp and argue that the unique conditions of developing countries influence the internationalization of DMNCs, creating a laboratory for extending theory. I illustrate this idea by reviewing some of the key theories and models of the multinational company and explaining how they can be extended with the study of DMNCs.
486 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the rapid internationalization of many multinationals from emerging economies through acquisition in advanced economies, and they conceptualize these acquisitions as an act and form of entrepreneurship, aimed to overcome the "liability of emergingness" incurred by these firms and to serve as a mechanism for competitive catch-up through opportunity seeking and capability transformation.
Abstract: We investigate the rapid internationalization of many multinationals from emerging economies through acquisition in advanced economies. We conceptualize these acquisitions as an act and form of entrepreneurship, aimed to overcome the ‘liability of emergingness’ incurred by these firms and to serve as a mechanism for competitive catch-up through opportunity seeking and capability transformation. Our explanation emphasizes (1) the unique asymmetries (and not necessarily advantages) distinguishing emerging multinationals from advanced economy multinationals due to their historical and institutional differences, as well as (2) a search for advantage creation when firms possess mainly ordinary resources. The argument shifts the central focus from advantage to asymmetries as the starting point for internationalization and, additionally, highlights the role of learning agility rather than ability as a potential ‘asset of emergingness.’
439 citations
TL;DR: This paper provided an evaluative overview of international entrepreneurship literature, in which the issues of learning and knowledge feature as central components underlying the causes, processes, and outcomes of early internationalization.
303 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study of 10 Scottish internationalizing firms is presented, where they used recruitment, government advisors and consultants to acquire indirect knowledge for internationalization, and found that recruitment is a source of market and technological knowledge and government advisors, and consultants are sources of internationalization knowledge, but that they may not have relevant experience or useful networks.
264 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the initial set of firm-specific assets act as an envelope for the early stages of internationalization of multinational enterprises (MNEs) (of whatever nationality) and that there is a threshold level of FSAs that IT must possess for such international expansion to be successful.
Abstract: I argue that the initial set of firm-specific assets (FSAs) act as an envelope for the early stages of internationalization of multinational enterprises (MNEs) (of whatever nationality) AND THAT there is a threshold LEVEL of FSAs that IT must possess for such international expansion to be SUCCESSFUL. I also argue that the initial FSAs of an MNE tend to be constrained by the location-specific (L) assets of the home country. However, beyond different initial conditions, there are few obvious reasons to insist that INFANT developing country MNEs are of unique character THAN ADVANCED ECONOMY MNEs, and I predict that as they evolve, the observable differences between the two groups will diminish. Successful firms will increasingly explore internationalization, but there is also no reason to believe that this is likely to happen disproportionately from the developing countries.
255 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore how home country conditions affect outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) strategies employed by developing country multinational corporations (DMNCs) and illustrate that DMNCs rely on their home base during their internalization process in a unique fashion compared with traditional multinationals due to their well-established strengths at home and competitive weaknesses overseas.
Abstract: We explore how home country conditions affect outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) strategies (scale, timing, location) employed by developing country multinational corporations (DMNCs). Extending from the springboard and LLL (leverage, linkage, and learning) perspectives, we illustrate that DMNCs rely on their home base during their internalization process in a unique fashion compared with traditional multinationals due to their well-established strengths at home and competitive weaknesses overseas. Our survey of 153 DMNCs from China shows that, beyond the host country impacts that have been widely studied, DMNCs' overseas investment strategies are influenced by home country environment parameters, including economic growth, perceived institutional hardship, competitive pressure, and by their home country operational characteristics, including inward internationalization, innovation orientation, and business development stage.
254 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a systematic analysis of citation and collaboration networks between cities and countries, by assigning papers to the geographic locations of their authors' affiliations, is presented, showing that the citation flows as well as the collaboration strengths between cities decrease with the distance between them and follow gravity laws.
Abstract: Modern information and communication technologies, especially the Internet, have diminished the role of spatial distances and territorial boundaries on the access and transmissibility of information. This has enabled scientists for closer collaboration and internationalization. Nevertheless, geography remains an important factor affecting the dynamics of science. Here we present a systematic analysis of citation and collaboration networks between cities and countries, by assigning papers to the geographic locations of their authors’ affiliations. The citation flows as well as the collaboration strengths between cities decrease with the distance between them and follow gravity laws. In addition, the total research impact of a country grows linearly with the amount of national funding for research & development. However, the average impact reveals a peculiar threshold effect: the scientific output of a country may reach an impact larger than the world average only if the country invests more than about 100,000 USD per researcher annually.
250 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on family-controlled firms as an important type of family firms, and demonstrate how external parties in the governance (ownership and board of directors) can serve as a catalyst for their internationalization.
Abstract: This research focuses on family-controlled firms as an important type of family firms, and demonstrates how external parties in the governance (ownership and board of directors) can serve as a catalyst for their internationalization. Our framework also embraces the moderating effects of the competitive environmental heterogeneity and past performance on the relationship between external, nonfamily involvement in governance, and internationalization (scale and scope). The hypotheses are tested on a sample of 351 Swedish family-controlled firms. Our findings extend previous research on family firms and their internationalization, especially addressing some of the prior mixed findings, and offers implications for both theory and practice.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of inter-firm network relationships, agglomeration economies and internationalization strategies is jointly analyzed for a sample of 555 firms in the Emilia-Romagna (ER) region (North-East Italy).
Abstract: This paper investigates the forces correlated with environmental innovations (EIs) introduced by firms in local production systems (LPS). The role of inter-firm network relationships, agglomeration economies and internationalization strategies is jointly analysed for a sample of 555 firms in the Emilia–Romagna (ER) region (North-East Italy). Cooperating with a certain kind of local actors—i.e. suppliers and universities—is the most important EI driver for the investigated firms, along with their training coverage and their adoption of information and communication technologies. The role of agglomeration economies is instead less clear-cut. They spur EIs only in the presence of established LPS, with idiosyncratic sector specialization, while conversely they act as EI barriers. Networking effects and agglomeration economies are instead found to strongly promote the adoption of EIs by multinational firms, thus highlighting the importance of local–global interactions. Interesting specifications for these resu...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that involvement of the owning family in management negatively influences export propensity but, once the choice to go international has been made, both the degree of internationalization and geographical scope in family-managed firms are not significantly different from non-family-managed ones.
Abstract: Research on factors affecting the internationalization of SMEs is attracting growing interest. However, only a limited number of empirical analyses have explored the question of if and to what extent the family character of the firm has an effect on internationalization decisions. Relying on data from a sample of 1,324 Italian manufacturing SMEs, this paper shows that involvement of the owning family in management negatively influences export propensity but, once the choice to go international has been made, both the degree of internationalization and geographical scope in family-managed firms are not significantly different from nonfamily-managed firms. Empirical results also show that the level of human capital and the presence of foreign shareholders in the SMEs positively influence internationalization. Innovation propensity, size, and age of the firm as well as industry characteristics are included in the analysis as control variables.
TL;DR: The authors examines the impact of internationalization on small and medium enterprise (SME) survival, and the direct and moderating effects of technology resources and research and development (R&D).
Abstract: This research examines the impact of internationalization on small and medium enterprise (SME) survival, and the direct and moderating effects of technology resources and research and development (...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a coherent framework to organize and review conceptual and empirical findings from different disciplines, such as management, international business, cross-culture and cross-studies.
Abstract: The important phenomenon that the internationalization of Chinese firms (ICF) represents has attracted increasing interest from scholars from multiple fields over the past 20 years (1991‐2010).Although this proliferation of research has the potential to significantly improve understanding of Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs), the necessary step of consolidating and integrating extant knowledge is absent.This paper reviews the scholarship on the ICF and offers insights into the specific areas in critical need of further development. By focusing on articles published in major scholarly journals during the period 1991‐2010, the authors develop a coherent framework to organizeandreviewconceptualandempiricalfindingsfromdisciplinesasfarrangingas management,internationalbusiness,cross-cultureandareastudies.Withinthereviewed literature, three primary streams of enquiry are identified which focus on the antecedents,processes and outcomes of the ICF.Achievements within each of the three research streams are carefully reviewed using content analysis, whereby a number of important issuesareidentifiedwhichhaveremainedconsistentlyuntouched,andrecommendations areprovidedforfutureresearch,aimedatdevelopingamoreintegratedresearchagenda on the ICF for management and international business scholars.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that traditional SMEs are able to speed up their internationalization process by, thus, rapidly catching up with the increasing global competition and explain the peculiar path followed by SMEs.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine publications on the internationalization of emerging market firms in fourteen top international management journals in the period of 2000-2010 and use the inductive approach and the qualitative content analysis methodology.
Abstract: During the last decade emerging market firms (EMFs) have increasingly attracted scholarly attention. Yet, the conclusions concerning the nature and the theoretical foundations of EMFs’ international expansion vary greatly thus calling for a critical assessment of the existing theorizing in this field.
We examine publications on the internationalization of EMFs in fourteen top international management (IM) journals in the period of 2000–2010 and use the inductive approach and the qualitative content analysis methodology.
Our analysis shows that the published research can be classified into two groups: macro- and micro-level studies. The former predominantly employ macro-level institutional factors to examine the overall patterns of EMFs’ international expansion, while the latter build on a wider range of approaches, including the resource-based view, network and strategy perspectives to investigate various aspects of EMFs’ internationalization.
The paper identifies a number of theoretical inconsistencies in the existing research that arguably cause ambiguity in findings and suggests future research directions to address these inconsistencies. By doing so the analysis contributes to the central debate in literature concerning whether conventional theories suffice to explain the EMFs’ internationalization or new theoretical approaches are needed.
The analysis illustrates that the research on EMFs’ internationalization can be improved through refined application of a broader range of methodologies such as longitudinal and mixed-method studies. The geographic focus of studies needs to be widened as well. Currently it is clearly biased towards China, while other emerging markets remain under-researched.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors look at the complexities and current trends of student mobility and to invite reflection on some of the new developments and unintended consequences of international student mobility in higher education, including granting and recognition of academic credentials; diploma and accreditation mills; collaborative programs such as joint or double degree programs and twinning and franchise arrangements.
Abstract: There is no question that internationalization, and particularly international student mobility, has transformed the higher education landscape in the last decade. It has brought diverse benefits to students, institutions, communities and countries. But there are unanticipated outcomes and risks as well. The purpose of this article is look at the complexities and current trends of student mobility and to invite reflection on some of the new developments and unintended consequences. These include granting and recognition of academic credentials; diploma and accreditation mills; collaborative programs such as joint or double degree programs and twinning and franchise arrangements; the great brain race and its implications for brain gain, brain drain, and brain train; the competitiveness agenda; status building and world rankings; regional identity and global citizenship. These macro issues often become an implicit part of the culture or environment of international education without being questioned. Focusing on some worrisome trends and outcomes of new developments in student mobility and internationalization does not deny the multitude of positive results; it is only an attempt to encourage a 360-degree look at the current state of student mobility and to encourage more research and reflection on some important trends and unexpected results. The Transformation of Internationalization There is no doubt that internationalization has come of age. No longer is it an ad hoc or marginalized part of the higher education landscape. University strategic plans, national policy statements, international declarations, and academic articles all indicate the centrality of internationalization in the world of higher education. In fact, the changing dynamics of internationalization are contributing to the current state of turmoil in the higher education sector (Knight, 2008a). During the last decade, there have been new actors, new rationales, new programs, new regulations, new risks and new challenges. While internationalization has become a formidable force for change it has also dramatically transformed itself. The conceptualization of internationalization as having two interdependent pillars - 'at home' and 'abroad' - is evidence of this change. The international dimension of the curriculum has progressed from an area studies and foreign-language approach to the integration of international, global, intercultural and comparative perspectives into the teaching and learning process and program content. A new emphasis on student learning outcomes which includes international and intercultural knowledge, skills, and values is also prevalent. Academic mobility has moved from people (students, faculty, scholars) to program (twinning, franchise, virtual) and provider (branch campus) mobility, and now to education hubs. Crossborder education has gradually shifted from a development cooperation framework to a partnership model and now to a commercial and competitiveness model. This includes student mobility as the generous scholarship schemes for students from developing countries from the 1960s and 1970s have now turned into the big business of international student recruitment. There is no question that the international
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the early phases of firms' internationalization, i.e., start up patterns of internationalization and provide a framework to analyze these patterns and their outcomes.
TL;DR: In this paper, an opportunity-based view was used to better understand patterns of rapid internationalization by using the emerging international entrepreneurship paradigm, focusing on dynamic entrepreneurial processes and stressing the importance of history.
Abstract: This article aims to better understand patterns of rapid internationalization by using the emerging international entrepreneurship paradigm. This involves (1) taking an opportunity-based view (OBV) rather than just the firm as a focal point of analysis, (2) focusing on dynamic entrepreneurial processes, and (3) stressing the importance of history. The authors gathered empirical evidence from 15 case studies of small and medium-sized enterprises in Australia. They find support for the central proposition that behind the gradual or rapid internationalization process lies a path-dependent process of opportunity development and cross-border venturing activities that is shaped by the domestic and international networks in which the key actors and organizations have operated in the past and in which they are currently operating. The evidence leads the authors to question the notion that rapid internationalization is indeed rapid. Importantly, it reveals that rapid internationalization seems to be a tru...
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The authors survey recent research on emerging markets (EM) within the fields of economics, finance, international business and management, and highlight the areas of greatest interest and those that have received relatively less attention to date.
Abstract: We survey recent research on emerging markets (EM) within the fields of economics, finance, international business and management. To do this, we reconfiguring the Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classification system to provide a comprehensive list of the topics that have been studied, and we combine it with the main journal ranking methodologies to identify the journals in which significant contributions to EM research have been disseminated. We highlight the areas of greatest interest and those that have received relatively less attention to date. The suggested topics for future research include: Data and methods; market efficiency, risk-adjusted returns and risk premia; exchange rate volatility and firm-level exposures; classification systems, clusters and networks; firm-level internationalization; international business strategy; attracting and benefiting from FDI; corporate and institutional governance; and behavioral perspectives, culture and the demise of the representative agent.
Book•
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: The International Education as we have known it has evolved from a fragmented approach on study abroad and international students into a strategic and comprehensive internationalization concept that affects all aspects of higher education as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: This groundbreaking handbook serves as a guide to internationalization of higher education and offers new strategies for its further development and expansion in the years to come. With a decidedly global approach, this volume brings together leading experts from around the world to illustrate the increasing importance of internationalization. International Education as we have known it has evolved from a fragmented approach on study abroad and international students into a strategic and comprehensive internationalization concept that affects all aspects of higher education. The text encompasses the diversity and breadth of internationalization of higher education in all its thematic facets and regional impacts.
TL;DR: An overview of the conceptual frameworks and concepts with which the research on internationalization patterns of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) should be conducted is presented in this article, where an integrative model of internationalization pathways, and their antecedents and outcomes are presented.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the conceptual frameworks and concepts with which the research on internationalization patterns of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) should be conducted.Design/methodology/approach – A comprehensive overview of concepts and a conceptual framework to study internationalization patterns of SMEs is offered.Findings – The complexities of existing definitions and methodologies for researching internationalization patterns are highlighted, and a synthesis of the issues is provided. An integrative model of internationalization pathways, and their antecedents and outcomes is presented.Research limitations/implications – It is recommended that future research focuses especially on the time dimension of internationalization patterns. Future research can contribute to the literature by adopting a longitudinal approach with larger samples and more detailed cases to capture the dynamics of internationalization.Practical implications – Practitione...
TL;DR: The authors provides a critical perspective on emergent geographies of international education, suggesting what these might mean for the reproduction of social (dis)advantage, and argues that the evidence, to date, suggests that international education entrenches (and in some cases, within emerging economies, actively creates) social inequalities.
Abstract: This paper provides a critical perspective on emergent geographies of international education, suggesting what these might mean for the reproduction of social (dis)advantage. The assertion that formal education may have regressive consequences for social mobility is hardly new – work on the sociology and geography of education has for a long time shown uncontrovertibly that the opportunities and rewards associated with formal education are unevenly distributed across space, as well as being differentiated by social class. Until relatively recently, however, work focussing on the remarkable transformation of formal education through internationalisation, and its implications for social inequalities, has been limited. This paper provides a critical review of a now burgeoning area of geographical scholarship around international education and student mobilities. It argues that the evidence, to date, suggests that international education entrenches (and in some cases, within emerging economies, actively creates) social inequalities.
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual framework of global HR strategies and practices in MNCs from emerging economies across their subsidiaries in both developed and developing markets using data from a pilot study of an Indian MNC.
TL;DR: The authors survey recent research on emerging markets (EM) within the fields of economics, finance, international business and management, and highlight the areas of greatest interest and those that have received relatively little attention to date.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the impact of early international market entry on marketing capability development and performance outcomes in young and small entrepreneurial firms in an emerging market context and found that early foreign market entry enhances a young venture's marketing capabilities, which in turn leads to international growth.
Abstract: In an emerging market context, this article examines the impact of early international market entry on marketing capability development and performance outcomes in young and small entrepreneurial firms. The authors identify the importance of marketing capabilities and the boundary conditions associated with international commitment, as well as the type of international market entered (developed vs. emerging market), to determine performance outcomes in early internationalization. With survey data from more than 300 senior managers in China, the results indicate that early foreign market entry enhances a young venture's marketing capabilities, which in turn leads to international growth. The findings also reveal that young ventures tend to be in a better position to improve their marketing capabilities when their senior management demonstrates a high level of commitment to foreign markets. Furthermore, the impact of marketing capabilities on the performance outcomes of early internationalization s...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effects of the family ownership with respect to the processes of firm internationalization: internationalization pace, internationalization scope, and internationalization rhythm, using longitudinal data (2000-2008) from 772 publicly listed firms in Taiwan.
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors classify the firms operating in the European telecommunications market according to their degree of internationalization and market knowledge, and test the effects of this classification and the existence of access regulation on infrastructure investment in European broadband markets.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to classify the firms operating in the European telecommunications market according to their degree of internationalization and market knowledge, and to test the effects of this classification and the existence of access regulation on infrastructure investment in European broadband markets. To do so, we construct a (unique) data set for the 27 European countries for the period 2002 to 2009. We estimate, by means of panel data techniques (and instrumental variables to control for any potential endogeneity problem), an investment equation for all firms and separate equations for entrant and incumbent firms. Our results show no significant relation between regulation and total investment. The variables capturing the degree of internationalization and market knowledge have a positive and significant effect on total investment, being a positive and significant effect on entrants' investment, but no significant impact on that of incumbent firms. This result indicates that, under the current regulatory framework, the firms that invest most are entrants with international experience, while the expansion of incumbents into other countries does not affect their investments in their home countries.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors study the impact of export promotion programs moderated by the level of export involvement and find that there is a positive relationship between EPPs use and diversification and intermediate outcomes.