Internationalization

About: Internationalization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 18414 publications have been published within this topic receiving 427742 citations. The topic is also known as: internationalisation & Internationalization.

A Strategic Approach to Internationalization: A Traditional Versus a

Abstract: This article is based on a study of 16 in-depth case histories of New Zealand firms. It uses both the traditional and the "born-global" approaches as a framework to study the internationalization processes of the firms. The authors use the histories to conduct a systematic analysis of the extent to which firms that might be categorized as following a traditional or born-global internationalization path differ in the strategies they have used and in their prior motivations and capabilities. The main findings are that many attributes of the born-global model also characterize firms that began their internationalization along traditional lines but were radically transformed in the process of achieving global reach. This study identifies the consequences of rapid international growth, referred to as "the gusher," among these firms and the destabilizing effects of the experience as the firm is taken in unexpected directions. The authors conclude that the born-global model has much in common with the internationalization of small entrepreneurial firms and that its most distinctive elements lie in the model's relevance to an increasingly globalized world economy and in the more aggressive learning strategies that are required to follow this path. (Publication abstract)

On the internationalization of corporate boards - The case of Nordic firms

Abstract: This study investigates the internationalization of corporate boards, using a sample of 346 non-financial listed Nordic firms during 2001–2008. Given a high level of international activity, these firms have surprisingly few foreign directors. The picture of international expertise changes considerably, however, if we also count the international experience of national directors. The percentage of foreign directors is related primarily to financial internationalization rather than foreign sales, and thus presumably to the monitoring rather than advisory functions. The international experience of the nationals covaries with foreign sales, and increases with the share of foreign directors. Thus both sources of international expertise should be considered when analyzing board internationalization.

International Strategies of Non-Dominant Firms

Abstract: There has been a growing interest in how follower firms can compete with industry leaders. This article documents the use of international strategies by some non-dominant firms to avoid direct competition with industry leaders. Twenty-five cases of international strategies used by non-dominant firms in a variety of industries were cluster analyzed to identify common strategies. Seven different strategies were identified together with their attendant firm characteristics, stage of industry internationalization, and underlying competitive logic.

The Internationalization of the Hotel Industry - Some New Findings from a Field Study

Abstract: Key Results In each of the three categories of ownership, location and internalization advantages, certain factors were perceived by the senior executives of the parent hotel firm to be critical for deciding to set up an operation abroad. Introduction The service sector has grown rapidly in importance in both developed and developing countries. In the past twenty-five years (1965-1990), the share of services in the gross domestic product (GDP) of 55 out of 78 countries has increased (World Bank 1992). In 1990 it averaged 61 percent and 45 percent for developed and developing countries respectively (World Bank 1992). The growing importance of services in most national economies has been examined by various scholars in recent years (Bressand and Nicolaides 1989, Daniels 1982, Dunning 1989, Gershuny and Miles 1983, Heskett 1986, Kravis 1983, Nusbaumer 1987a, 1987b, Ochel and Wegner 1987, Riddle 1986, Shelp 1981, 1984, 1985, Sauvant and Mallampally 1993, Sauvant and Zimny 1987, UNCTC 1989 and UNCTAD 1989). In the past three decades, the international service sector has been studied from three different perspectives. Firstly, some scholars have attempted to put forward a conceptual framework in explaining the interaction between international growth of services and service multinational enterprises (Boddewyn, Halbrich and Perry 1986, Dunning 1989, Hirsch 1993, Gibbs 1986, Li and Guisinger 1992, and Sauvant and Mallampally 1993). Secondly, researchers have focused on industry specific studies to investigate the reasons for globalization of service firms. A bulk of the research has been done in the area of international banking (Giddy 1983, Goldberg and Johnson 1990, Grubel 1977, Jones 1990, Nigh, Cho and Krishnan 1986, Sagari 1992, and Yannopoulos 1983). Other industries where academicians have done some study includes shipping (Kindleberger 1985), contracting (Enderwick 1989), advertising (Terpstra and Yu 1988, Weinstein 1977), and hotels (Dunning and McQueen 1981). Finally, some scholarly work has been done in the area of impact of transnational service corporations on both developed and developing countries (Blomstrom and Lipsey 1989, Lipsey and Zimny 1991, Maciejewicz and Monkiewicz 1988, Schott and Mazza 1986, UNCTAD 1990, 1989, and UNCTC 1989). The growth of services reflects a combination of both demand and supply driven factors such as the following: 1. The growth of per capita output and high income elasticity of demand for some consumer services in industrialized countries; 2. The increasing role of producer services in the value-added process; 3. The increasing tendency of firms in non-service sectors to externalize less productive service activities; 4. The growing importance of marketing, distribution and aftersales maintenance and servicing activities to the value of a physical product; 5. The growth of finance, banking, legal, insurance, transport, and other support services; 6. The emergence of new intermediate markets for services; 7. The liberalization of markets for several services, notably insurance and financial services. This, in turn, has led to the growing internationalization of service firms. The share of the multinational enterprises (MNEs) of the total service activities undertaken in both developed and developing countries has increased rapidly partly because of the general demand and supply-led characteristics identified above, and partly because these characteristics have favored foreign direct investment as a modality for organizing the cross-border production and transaction of services (Dunning 1989). Economists have classified nations as post-industrial, where fifty percent or more of GNP is accounted for by the service sector (Riddle 1986, Shelp 1984, 1985). In the late sixties, the service sector came into prominence as its contribution towards the national income, productivity, employment generation, and balance of payments, and employment increased significantly. …