Internationalization

About: Internationalization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 18414 publications have been published within this topic receiving 427742 citations. The topic is also known as: internationalisation & Internationalization.

Indian multinationals: Generic internationalization strategies

Abstract: Indian firms expanded outward in two waves, the first occurring in the 1970s and 1980s, and the second occurring after 1995, shortly after India had opened up to the global economy in 1991 following economic reforms. The second wave was not only bigger in terms of the scale and speed of outward FDI, but the firms involved used a broader range of strategies. One especially interesting feature was that in the second wave 60–70 percent of the outward FDI went “up-market” (i.e., to highly advanced countries), unlike the first wave in which almost the same proportion went “down-market” (i.e., to countries less developed than India; Lall, 1983). In addition, there was some evidence that in 2006 and the first half of 2007, Indian firms may have invested more abroad than foreign MNEs invested in India – a surprising result for a poor country, although the data underlying these claims need more careful sorting out (Dunning and Narula, 1996). In this chapter, we try to get beneath these intriguing macro outcomes by looking at the underlying micro phenomena at the firm level. Among other questions, we ask: Which Indian firms were at the vanguard of internationalization, and why? What international competitive advantages did they enjoy, and why? How did they internationalize? Which firms directed their investment to the advanced countries, and why? And finally, what impact did Indian firms have on the structure and dynamics of the global industries in which they participated?

The Internationalization of Capital

Abstract: The internationalization and integration of capital markets has been the most significant change in the political economy of the industrialized countries over the past three decades. From the Great Depression to the Bretton Woods period, capital markets developed largely within national boundaries. Yet the past three decades have witnessed historically unprecedented growth in cross-border capital movements that have surpassed those of the late nineteenth century, often thought of as a golden age of international finance. Moreover, since World War II, the integration of capital markets has been far more rapid and complete among the industrialized countries than has the integration of markets for goods and services. No other area of the economy has been so thoroughly internationalized as swiftly as have capital markets since the 1970s. The consequences of such rapid and fundamental change have begun to unfold in a number of countries. More highly integrated capital markets may erode governments' ability to use monetary and even fiscal policies to stimulate the economy. At the same time, newly liberalized capital markets and the growth in foreign investment opportunities may alter the balance of power between relatively immobile labor and capital with a credible “exit option,” potentially with significant consequences for domestic institutions and policy outcomes. The purpose of this essay is to describe the recent internationalization of capital, and to explore the implications for the industrialized countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

The State, Internationalization, and Capitalist Diversity in Eastern Europe:

Abstract: This article contributes to the debate on varieties of capitalism in Eastern Europe in three ways First, four types of capitalist regimes that differ in particular institutional configurations and performances are empirically identified: the state-crafted neoliberalism of the Baltic States, the more directly world-market driven neoliberalism of the CIS countries, the embedded neoliberalism of the Visegrad countries, and neo-corporatism in Slovenia Second, the diversity of capitalist regimes – is explained as a result of the complex interplay of external factors – specifically world commodity and financial markets, international institutions and foreign direct investment – and different state capacities to implement reform choices Third, caution is given against an uncritical application of the dominant approach of comparative political economy, varieties of capitalism, since it is ill suited to study the emergence of institutions, their international embeddedness, and the semiperipheral charac

International Universities: Misunderstandings and Emerging Models?.

Abstract: Internationalization has transformed higher education institutions and systems but there is much confusion as to what an international, binational, transnational, cosmopolitan, multinational, or gl...