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Internationalization

About: Internationalization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 18414 publications have been published within this topic receiving 427742 citations. The topic is also known as: internationalisation & Internationalization.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a study of 180 SMEs located in contrasting industry and home country contexts was conducted, and three distinct international business models (traditional market-adaptive, technology-exploiter, and ambidextrous explorer) were found among the SMEs studied.

113 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that the imperfections affect firm behavior depending on firm size, ownership form, and location, and find preliminary support for the notion that large, well-connected Chinese firms benefit most from institutional advantages, but that smaller firms internationalize because of institutional constraints.
Abstract: Mainland Chinese firms have become important international investors. Many have gained their capabilities to internationalize in a domestic institutional environment characterised by significant market imperfections. In this study, we argue that the imperfections affect firm behavior depending on firm size, ownership form, and location. We find preliminary support for the notion that large, well-connected Chinese firms benefit most from institutional advantages, but that smaller firms internationalize because of institutional constraints. This represents a more nuanced view of the determinants of Chinese firm internationalization than is evident in prior research, with consequences for future theorising and empirical research on Chinese MNEs.

112 citations

01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reveal that VCs can serve as a catalyst to new venture internationalization through the provision of knowledge and reputation resources, and that the international knowledge of a VC is more positively related to new-venture internationalization when the VC is also reputable.
Abstract: Venture Capitalists (VC) play an important role in influencing the strategic direction of the firms in which they invest. The findings of this study reveal that VCs can serve as a catalyst to new venture internationalization through the provision of knowledge and reputation resources. Furthermore, the international knowledge of a VC is more positively related to new venture internationalization when the VC is also reputable.

112 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between firm size, as measured by sales volume, export experience, and export attitudes and found that small firms are less severely affected by adverse external shifts than their larger counterparts.
Abstract: In the last three decades the number of American companies involved in international commerce has increased dramatically Ojile (1986), for example, indicates that more than 6,000 US organizations have some sort of operation abroad and about one-third of all US corporate profits result from international activity By 1984, the internationalization of trade had created 58 million jobs in the US, and in 1990 it was expected to have generated no fewer than 74 million employment opportunities (Young et al 1986) Nevertheless, the US ranks last among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries in exports as a percentage of Gross National Product This low ranking is explained in part by the skewed distribution of export activity The Department of Commerce estimates that a mere 1 percent of US manufacturing firms account for 80 percent of US manufactured exports (Edfelt 1986) Given the large size of the foreign market and this low participation rate, small and medium-sized firms have the potential to reap large gains from export activities Although it may increase cost and uncertainty, exporting can help smaller organizations increase profits, prolong product life cycles, and open new distribution channels Furthermore, small firms have been shown to be less severely affected by adverse external shifts than their larger counterparts They have been shown to be less sensitive to currency fluctuations, in part, because they can usually make quick price adjustments (Holden 1986) Nations which achieve highly competitive positions in world markets tend to have small and medium-sized firms actively involved in international trade For example, in Germany and Japan small and medium-sized enterprises account for a large percentage of each country's exports (Dichtle et al 1984, Edmunds and Sarkis 1986) Unfortunately, this is not the case in the US, despite research indicating immense potential America's small and medium-sized firms are producing products desired in the world market; yet, their enthusiasm for internationalization is tempered by their inability to gather market information and maintain a continuous flow of communication with foreign clients, and by their lack of experience in planning and targeting export sales in world markets (Kaynak and Kothari 1984) Given this mix of positive and negative forces acting upon a given manufacturing firm, export participation is largely a function of size, experience, and managerial interest Firms headed by managers who perceive global marketing as an opportunity and challenge rather than an undesirable burden are much more likely to respond favorably to foreign market opportunities The research reported here examines the relationship between firm size, as measured by sales volume, export experience, and export attitudes Four hypotheses are tested using data from 195 midwestern manufacturing firms SIZE AND FIRM EXPORT BEHAVIOR In their review of the literature, Kaynak, Ghauri, and Oloffesson-Bredenlow (1987) indicate that small and medium-sized firms display similar behavioral and operational characteristics That is, most of them are either passive or reactive exporters This observation is consistent with other research Studies suggest lack of knowledge about foreign markets, inability to assess market conditions in a changing international environment, and inability to target export sales are the major problems inhibiting small and medium-sized organizations from exporting (Czinkota and Johnston 1983, Edmunds and Sarkis 1986, Green and Larsen 1987, Kaynak and Kothari 1984, Kinsey 1987) On the other hand, export success seems to be facilitated by patience, flexibility, and a willingness to take on additional risk (Holden 1986, Posner 1984) The federal government has launched numerous promotional programs to encourage non-exporter interest in global markets …

112 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20241
20231,053
20222,315
2021831
2020939
20191,035