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Internationalization

About: Internationalization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 18414 publications have been published within this topic receiving 427742 citations. The topic is also known as: internationalisation & Internationalization.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a framework integrating the two dominant conceptualizations of market orientation and introduce an international dimension to its study, which enables the specification of an expanded market orientation construct which, it is hoped, will be both valid and of practical use to organizations operating at an international level.
Abstract: Recent developments in marketing theory have resulted in two conceptualizations of the market orientation construct and preliminary evidence provides support for the often assumed relationship between market orientation and company performance. However, there is hardly any research regarding the potential consequences of market orientation for internationally active organizations. Current measures of the construct are biased towards domestic operations and do not explicitly consider factors specific to an international context. The present study proposes a framework integrating the two dominant conceptualizations of market orientation and introduces an international dimension to its study. The framework enables the specification of an expanded market orientation construct which, it is hoped, will be both valid and of practical use to organizations operating at an international level.

361 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the role of a subsidiary as a centre of excellence within the multinational corporation (MNC), based on the characteristics of the subsidiary's internal resources, its relationships with the rest of the MNC and the business context of which the subsidiary is a part.
Abstract: * In this paper the authors explore the role of a subsidiary as a centre of excellence within the multinational corporation (MNC). It is argued that such a role can be based on the characteristics of a subsidiary's internal resources, its relationships with the rest of the MNC and the business context of which the subsidiary is a part. Based on the perspective of an MNC as a Network the latter aspect is especially focused. Through an analysis of 98 subsidiaries the importance of the subsidiary's embeddedness, in terms of business relationships with specific customers and suppliers for its role as a centre of excellence, is investigated. Key Results * A conceptual result from this paper is that it offers a framework for analysing the role of the business context for the subsidiary's role as a centre of excellence. Productive relationships with external counterparts in the business environment can be used by the subsidiary to enhance its role as a centre of excellence. An empirical result is that the external embeddedness of the subsidiary is an important and significant explanatory variable of the subsidiary's possibilities to be considered important to the MNC as well as a prerequisite to influence the future behaviour of the MNC. Introduction In traditional foreign direct investment theory it is assumed that firms base their internationalisation on specific advantages created and located at home. These firm-specific advantages make it possible to overcome the disadvantages associated with carrying out the business activities in foreign markets (Hymer 1976, Kindleberger 1969, Vernon 1966, Buckley/Casson 1976, Johanson/Vahlne 1977, Caves 1982, Hennart 1982, Dunning 1988). But in some of the recent literature about internationalisation, it has been argued that the firm-specific advantage can be located at different places in the organisation, not only in the parent-country (Kogut 1983, Hedlund 1986, Bartlett/Ghoshal 1989, Forsgren 1989). Having different assets in different industrial and commercial contexts is an important driving force for internationalisation as such (Cantwell 1991, 1995, Dunning 1996, Zander/Zander 1997). This new approach to foreign direct investment and the internationalisation process also gives rise to a reformulation of how we look at the structure of the multinational enterprise. Within the former "centre-periphery" view, the firm specific advantages of the multinational corporation (MNC) are developed and controlled by the parent company, while the foreign subsidiaries exploit these advantages in the local markets. According to the new perspective, MNCs are considered "multi-centre" structures, where firm-specific advantages also can be located in different subsidiaries (Forsgren et al. 1992). Sometimes the concept "centre of excellence" has been used to describe this new subsidiary role (Surlemont 1996). However, even if the received theory today recognises the existence of "centres of excellence" within the MNC, it tells us very little about why and how they emerge. It has been argued elsewhere that it is difficult to give the concept "centre of excellence" in relation to MNCs a precise definition (Forsgren/Pedersen 1998). For instance, in the literature about product mandates, the possibility for a subsidiary to operate as a full-fledged unit with its own export and R&D is focused (Dhavan et al. 1981, Eteman/Dulude 1986, D'Cruz 1986). Although there is no undisputed definition of what characterises a subsidiary with a product mandate (Fratocchi 1994), most of the literature on product mandate seems to emphasise autonomy rather than interdependence vis-a-vis the rest of the MNC as the crucial factor (Roth/Morrison 1992, Birkinshaw/Morrison 1995). A subsidiary which can function as a quasi-firm in the MNC, because of the independence and completeness of its resources, can also, according to this view, be called a centre of excellence within the corporate family. …

361 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A transition is taking place towards new modes of organizing transnational corporations' innovative activities as mentioned in this paper, where different units of multinational firms including foreign-based subsidiaries are increasingly involved in the generation, use and transmission of knowledge, through which foreign affiliates gain access to external knowledge sources and application abilities.
Abstract: It is suggested that a transition is taking place towards new modes of organising transnational corporations’ innovative activities. First, different units of multinational firms, including foreign-based subsidiaries, are increasingly involved in the generation, use and transmission of knowledge. Secondly, multinationals are developing external networks of relationships with local counterparts, through which foreign affiliates gain access to external knowledge sources and application abilities. As a result of this evolutionary process, multinationals’ organisation is subject to both centripetal and centrifugal forces. Considerable efforts are then necessary to innovate coordination procedures and mechanisms, in order to enhance the generation, circulation and use of knowledge. A number of empirical works are reviewed, providing some evidence of the evolutionary process discussed in the paper. 1. Transnational companies as networks of innovators Economists have long viewed innovation as being primarily generated by firms in their home countries. Classic contributions in the economics of multinational corporations have consolidated this view. Referring mainly to the US-based multinationals, Vernon (1966), Kindleberger (1969) and Stopford and Wells (1972) theorised a quasi-colonial relationship between the parent company and foreign subsidiaries, wherein the latter are in charge of replicating the former’s activities abroad, with strategic decisions—including R&D and innovation strategies—being rigidly centralised. Particularly, Vernon emphasised that coordinating international innovative activities would be too costly, owing to the difficulties of collecting and controlling relevant information across national borders. Host countries and foreign subsidiaries would then play a role almost exclusively in the adoption and diffusion of centrally created technology. This view was supported mainly by US economists and based on US evidence from the early post-World War II period, but it was very influential for the development of studies on the economics of transnational companies (TNCs) and the internationalisation of

354 citations

Book
31 Aug 2006
TL;DR: The internationalization of policing is too often described as simply a natural and predictable response to the growth of transnational crime in an age of globalization, but Andreas and Nadelmann challenge this conventional view as at best incomplete and at worst misleading.
Abstract: Pirates, bandits, and smugglers have bedeviled governments since time immemorial. Politicians and media today obsess over terrorism and trafficking in drugs, arms, people and money. Far less is said or known, however, about the expanding global reach of the police, prosecutors, and agencies like Interpol and Europol charged with targeting transnational crime. In this illuminating history that spans past campaigns against piracy and slavery to contemporary campaigns against drug trafficking and transnational terrorism, Peter Andreas and Ethan Nadelmann explain how and why prohibitions and policing practices increasingly extend across borders. The internationalization of crime control is too often described as simply a natural and predictable response to the growth of transnational crime in an age of globalization. Andreas and Nadelmann challenge this conventional view as at best incomplete and at worst misleading. The internationalization of policing, they demonstrate, primarily reflects ambitious efforts by generations of western powers to export their own definitions of "crime," not just for political and economic gain but also in an attempt to promote their own morals to other parts of the world. A thought-provoking analysis of the historical expansion and recent dramatic acceleration of international crime control, Policing the Globe provides a much-needed bridge between criminal justice and international relations on a topic of crucial public importance.

353 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20241
20231,053
20222,315
2021831
2020939
20191,035