Topic
Internationalization
About: Internationalization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 18414 publications have been published within this topic receiving 427742 citations. The topic is also known as: internationalisation & Internationalization.
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TL;DR: The authors examines how the formal administrative arrangements that firms use for conducting foreign trade are peculiarly fitted to achieve specific export performances and shows how changes in these arrangements represent primarily organizational strategies for handling export transaction costs more efficiently.
Abstract: Export expansion is usually conceptualized as a progressive organizational commitment ultimately leading to an international enterprise. However, such deterministic export behavior models are irreconcilable with a perspective which sees businesses as developing export structures to fit existing and potential foreign market opportunities. This paper examines how the formal administrative arrangements that firms use for conducting foreign trade are peculiarly fitted to achieve specific export performances. It shows how changes in these arrangements represent primarily organizational strategies for handling export transaction costs more efficiently.
352 citations
TL;DR: The authors construct a model of small firm internationalization driven by the relative transaction costs of crossing domestic (in the case of China, provincial) and international borders, and argue that strategic exit from the home country rather than strategic entry into foreign markets may explain the internationalization of many Chinese firms.
Abstract: Received internationalization theory argues that firms occupy domestic space before going abroad; in other words, large, oligopolistic firms are most likely to internationalize. The experience of China, whose economy is fragmented and whose firms are small by global standards, suggests otherwise. We construct a model of small firm internationalization driven by the relative transaction costs of crossing domestic (in the case of China, provincial) and international borders. When the costs of crossing domestic borders exceed the costs of crossing international borders, firms will internationalize at a relatively early stage of development. In the case of China, local protectionism and inefficient domestic logistics increase the costs of doing business domestically; moreover, protection of property rights in the West and the advantages afforded Chinese owned firms reconstituted as foreign entities operating in China decrease the costs of ‘going out’. We coin the term ‘institutional arbitrage' to capture Chinese firms’ pursuit of efficient institutions outside of China. We argue that strategic exit from the home country rather than strategic entry into foreign markets may explain the internationalization of many Chinese firms.
351 citations
TL;DR: The phenomenon of born-global firms as mentioned in this paper has been studied extensively in the literature, and substantial scholarly work has shed much light on the development of a contemporary global environment, namely, the phenomenon of Born-Global firms.
Abstract: Substantial scholarly work has shed much light on the development of a contemporary global environment—namely, the phenomenon of born-global firms. These young entrepreneurial firms, which take on ...
350 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that personal factors, or the owner/founder's human capital, strongly influence the choice and degree of internationalizing an entrepreneur's business, and that this is the case in many cases.
Abstract: Literature from export development and international entrepreneurship argues that personal factors, or the owner/founder's human capital, strongly influence the choice and degree of internationaliz...
347 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a general model of the evolution of the multinational business enterprise (MBE), from early steps abroad to being a global firm, is presented, anchored in process ontology, which is useful in conducting longitudinal empirical studies.
Abstract: The original Uppsala model that was published in 1977 explains the internationalization process of firms. We have further developed the model several times in the intervening years. The present article is our latest effort: a general model of the evolution of the multinational business enterprise (MBE), from early steps abroad to being a global firm. The updated, augmented model explains MBE evolution in general, not only characteristics of the internationalization process in a narrow sense. We believe that the newest iteration, anchored in process ontology, will be useful in conducting longitudinal empirical studies.
347 citations