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Internationalization

About: Internationalization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 18414 publications have been published within this topic receiving 427742 citations. The topic is also known as: internationalisation & Internationalization.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the role of information in the internationalization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is investigated and a conceptual explanation and related propositions on information internalization, emphasizing hurdle rate theory for ascertaining the acceptability of firms' internationalization projects.
Abstract: We investigate the role of information in the internationalization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Information internalization is fundamentally antecedent to SME internationalization and is being facilitated increasingly by recent important trends. We offer a conceptual explanation and related propositions on information internalization, emphasizing hurdle rate theory for ascertaining the acceptability of firms' internationalization projects.

346 citations

Book
01 Dec 1987
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify and take up an important problem in international economics -the split in theoretical and empirical work in international finance and in internatiopal trade, and they attempt to link these two aspects of the international economy together.
Abstract: The contributions in this book identify and take up an important problem in international economics - the split in theoretical and empirical work in international finance and in internatiopal trade. This book is unique in attempting to link these two aspects of the international economy together.The eight chapters explore the way exchange rates and international capital movements interact with industrial structure, comparative advantage, and sectoral wage patterns, focusing on results that are valuable to both real and financial analysis in open economies. The principal sources of real-financial linkage discussed throughout the book are structural and intertemporal. In an introductory section, the editors provide an overview of real-financial linkages among open economies and Alan Stockman discusses interactions between goods markets and asset markets. The section on structural sources of real-financial linkages includes chapters by Paul Krugman on pricing to market when the exchange rate changes, Richard Marston on real exchange rates and sectoral productivity growth in the United States and Japan, and Irving Kravis and Robert Lipsey on the assessment of national price levels. A final section on intertemporal sources of real-financial linkages presents an empirical investigation by Michael Hutchison and Charles Pigott into real and financial linkages in the macroeconomic response to budget deficits, and work by Koichi Hamada and Akiyoshi Horiuchi on monetary, financial, and real effects of Yen internationalization. Paul De Grauwe and Bernard de Bellefroid consider long-run exchange rate variability and international trade. Sven W. Arndt is Professor of Economics at the University ofCalifornia at Santa Cruz and President of the Commons Institute for International Economic Studies. J. David Richardson is Professor of Economics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

346 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the role of inter-personal relationships in the internationalization process is explored in the important relationships of three successful international entrepreneurs and the origins of the relationships are wide, spanning social/personal and business situations, and they can direct strategy and transform the firm, not just provide information and access to networks.

343 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore some of the key questions pertaining to the internationalization of SMTFs, including the motives that drive SMTF to internationalize, the barriers that SMTF must overcome to achieve successful internationalization, and the adaptive measures that they implement in order to compete successfully in the international arena.
Abstract: In recent years technology-based industries have increasingly globalized, with this change driven primarily by multinational technology-based firms. These large mature firms, which are extensively involved in global markets, provide the main conduit through which important technologies are integrated across nations (Korbin 1991). As global competition has intensified, many small and medium-sized technology-based firms have also had to adopt international perspectives (Litvak 1990). Even the SMTFs whose primary orientation is domestic must be internationally competitive in order to secure long-term success (Wright and Ricks 1994). Small and medium-sized firms usually face unique challenges in the arena of international competition due to their limited resources and capabilities, insufficiently developed administrative procedures and methods, less formal centralized planning and control systems (van Hoorn 1979; Roth 1992), and the lack of manufacturing know-how and access to distribution channels (Hull and Slowinski 1990). SMTFs, in particular, face additional challenges due to their accelerated time-to-market and product differentiation imperatives (Price and Chen 1993). The importance of the internationalization of SMTFs, as well as the unique challenges and prospects they face in this regard, call for systematic research. Accordingly, the overall purpose of this study is to explore some of the key questions pertaining to the internationalization of SMTFs. These relate to the motives that drive SMTFs to internationalize, the barriers that SMTFs must overcome to achieve successful internationalization, and the adaptive measures that they implement in order to compete successfully in the international arena. It is hoped that shedding light on these questions at a broader level of inquiry will help stimulate and guide further research which would preferably be more atomistic but at the same time provide deeper understanding of the various aspects of the internationalization process. Conceptual Background Technology-based industries have become increasingly global in recent years, as technological innovation has been a significant driver of international competition (Porter 1985). Higher technological opportunities and the economic benefits of exploiting them have created a faster rate of technological change. Accelerated technological changes have in turn increased the speed of global technological diffusion (Bettis and Hitt 1995). Another contributing factor to the globalization trend has been that the volume generated in domestic markets is no longer sufficient to support competitive levels of R & D spending (Kobrin 1991). The globalization trend has, in turn, escalated competitive rivalry in technology-based industries (Brahm 1995). Although large multinational firms initially dominated the international competitive landscape, smaller firms have also entered the race owing to the evolving conditions in international communication and trade (The Economist 1993). Oviatt and McDougall (1994) have argued that the gap in competitive advantage between large and small firms in international markets has narrowed and that internationally sustainable competitive advantage has increasingly depended upon a firm's unique assets (see also Barney 1991; Hamel and Prahalad 1990). These changes, coupled with the excessive international rivalry in technology-based industries (Brahm 1995), have made it indispensable for SMTFs to adopt international perspectives and strategies. International competitive forces and advantages in knowledge-intensive sectors have been so strong that some of the new ventures market internationally from their inception (Oviatt and McDougall 1994). SMTFs have certain advantages over larger firms, including greater flexibility, speed, and advantage-seeking behavior (Fiegenbaum and Karnani 1991; Katz 1970; Hitt, Hoskisson, and Harrison 1991). These advantages work particularly well for them in new product development and entrepreneurship, driven as they tend to be by their motivation to constantly seek new opportunities and to aggressively challenge the status quo (Aldrich and Auster 1986; Chen and Hanbrick 1995). …

343 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper integrated the notions of organizational learning and entrepreneurial orientation into the body of international entrepreneurship to study the extent to which small and medium-sized companies engage in international activities and found that firms with an entrepreneurial mindset may be more likely to develop a longterm, substantial presence in the international arena, compared to firms that are more reactive or conservative.
Abstract: This paper contributes to the existing research by integrating the notions of organizational learning and entrepreneurial orientation into the body of international entrepreneurship. Our primary framework combines learning theory and the new venture theory of internationalization to study the extent to which small and medium-sized companies engage in international activities. We found that the firms’ international learning effort and entrepreneurial orientation are positively associated with internationalization intent whereas domestic learning effort is negatively related with internationalization intent. Overall, our results suggest (1) that intensive knowledge renewal and exploitation regarding foreign markets and the internationalization process itself may increase internationalization by affecting the perceptions of opportunities offered by further international expansion, and (2) that firms with an entrepreneurial mindset may be more likely to develop a long-term, substantial presence in the international arena, compared to firms that are more reactive or conservative.

342 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20241
20231,053
20222,315
2021831
2020939
20191,035