Showing papers on "Interpersonal communication published in 1980"

The Dyadic Trust Scale: Toward Understanding Interpersonal Trust in Close Relationships.

Abstract: Interpersonal trust is an aspect of close relationships which has been virtually ignored in social scientific research despite its importance as perceived by intimate partners and several family theorists. This article describes the development, validation, and correlates of the Dyadic Trust Scale, a tool designed for such research. It is unidimensional, reliable, relatively free ifrom response biases, and purposely designed to be consistent with conceptualizations qf trust from various perspectives. Dyadic trust proved to be associated with love and with intimacy of self-disclosure, especiallyjfor longer married partners. It varied by level of commitment, being lowest jor ex-partners and highest for those engaged and living together, for newlyweds, and for those married over 20 years. Partners reciprocated trust more than either love or depth qfself-disclosure. Future research could fruitfully relate dyadic trust to such issues as personal growth in relationships, resolving interpersonal conflict, and developing close relationships subsequent to separation or divorce.

Understanding and Assessing Nonverbal Expressiveness: The Affective Communication Test.

Abstract: The concept of nonverbal emotional expressiveness was explored through the development of a 13-item self-report Affective Communication Test (ACT). Studies reported here show the ACT to be a reliable and valid measure of individual differences in expressiveness or what is sometimes called \"charisma.\" In the course of the validation, expressiveness was shown to be a likely element of social influence in face-to-face interaction, a logical extension of past approaches to a basic element of personality (exhibition), and a valuable construct in approaching current problems in nonverbal communication research. The measure (and the concept it represents) suggests a new approach for personality research on emotional expression, studies of individual differences in nonverbal communication, and research on the process of face-to-face interaction.

Predicting Patient Satisfaction from Physicians’ Nonverbal Communication Skills

Abstract: The relationship between physicians' nonverbal communication skills (their ability to communicate and to understand facial expression, body movement and voice tone cues to emotion) and their patients' satisfaction with medical care was examined in 2 studies. The research involved 71 residents in internal medicine and 462 of their ambulatory and hospitalized patients. Standardized, reliable and valid measures of nonverbal communication skills were administered to the physicians. Their scores on these tests were correlated with ratings they received from a sample of their patients on measures of satisfaction with the technical aspects and the socioemotional aspects (or art) of the medical care they received. While the nonverbal communication skills of the physicians bore little relationship to patients' ratings of the technical quality of care, measures of these skills did predict patient satisfaction with the art of medical care received. Across both samples, physicians who were more sensitive to body movement and posture cues to emotion (the channel suggested by nonverbal researchers as the one in which true affect can be perceived) received higher ratings from their patients on the art of care than did less sensitive physicians. In addition, physicians who were successful at expressing emotion through their nonverbal communications tended to receive higher ratings from patients on the art of care than did physicians who were less effective communicators. The implications of successfully identifying characteristics of physicians with whom patients are satisfied are discussed.

Attributions and communication in roommate conflicts.

Abstract: This paper develops a theoretical approach to communication in interpersonal conflict which emphasizes the role of attributional processes. According to this view, communicative decisions in conflict are largely a function of social attributions about the intent, causality, and stability of behaviors in conflict. Factors which bias attributions along these dimensions encourage noncooperative conflict stategies. Predictions from this perspective were examined in a field study of college dormitory roommates. Open‐ended descriptions of conflicts experienced by roommates were used to formulate a typology of conflict resolution strategies. The main categories in this typology (“passive‐indirect,” “distributive,” and “integrative”) vary in the extent to which they promote information exchange and are oriented toward individual versus mutual goals. Associations between the conflict strategies reported by subjects, their attributions for conflicts, and conflict outcomes were in the expected direction.

Interplay : The Process of Interpersonal Communication

Abstract: Each chapter ends with activities and a summary Preface PART ONE: FOUNDATIONS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION CHAPTER ONE: INTERPERSONAL PROCESS WHY WE COMMUNICATE Physical Needs Identity Needs Social Needs Practical Needs THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS A Model of Communication Insights from the Communication Model Communication Principles Communication Misconceptions INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION DEFINED Quantitative and Qualitative Definitions Personal and Impersonal Communication: A Matter of Balance Interpersonal Communication and Technology COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE Communication Competence Defined Characteristics of Competent Communication CHAPTER TWO: COMMUNICATION AND THE SELF COMMUNICATION AND THE SELF-CONCEPT How the Self-Concept Develops Characteristics of the Self-Concept Changing Your Self-Concept PRESENTING THE SELF: COMMUNICATION AS IDENTITY MANAGEMENT Public and Private Selves Characteristics of Identity Management Why Manage Impressions? How Do We Manage Impressions? Identity Management and Honesty CHAPTER THREE: PERCEIVING OTHERS THE PERCEPTION PROCESS Selection Organization Interpretation Negotiation INFLUENCES ON PERCEPTION Physiological Influences Psychological Influences Social Influences Cultural Influences COMMON TENDENCIES IN PERCEPTION We Judge Ourselves More Charitably Than We Do Others We are Influenced by Our Expectations We are Influenced by the Obvious We Cling to First Impressions We Assume Others are Like Us We Favor Negative Impressions PERCEIVING OTHERS MORE ACCURATELY Perception Checking Building Empathy PART TWO: CREATING AND RESPONDING TO MESSAGES CHAPTER FOUR: LANGUAGE THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE Language is Symbolic Language is Rule-Governed Language is Subjective THE IMPACT OF LANGUAGE Naming and Identity Credibility and Status Affiliation, Attraction, and Interest Power Sexism and Racism USES (AND ABUSES) OF LANGUAGE Precision and Vagueness The Language of Responsibility Disruptive Language MALE AND FEMALE LANGUAGE USE Content Reasons for Communicating Conversational Style Non-Sex Variables CHAPTER FIVE: NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION DEFINED CHARACTERISTICS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION All Behavior has Communicative Value Nonverbal Communication is Primarily Relational Nonverbal Communication is Ambiguous Nonverbal Communication is Influenced by Culture FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Repeating Substituting Complementing and Accenting Regulating Contradicting Deceiving TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Face and Eyes Body Movement Touch Voice Proxemics and Territoriality Time Physical Attractiveness Clothing Physical Environment CHAPTER SIX: LISTENING THE IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING REASONS FOR LISTENING THE CHALLENGE OF LISTENING Hearing is not Listening Listening is not Easy All Listeners do not Receive the Same Message Poor Listening Habits COMPONENTS OF LISTENING Hearing Attending Understanding Remembering Responding TYPES OF LISTENING RESPONSES Silent Listening Questioning Paraphrasing Empathizing Supporting Analyzing Evaluating Advising Which Style to Use? CHAPTER SEVEN: EMOTIONS WHAT ARE EMOTIONS? Physiological Changes Nonverbal Reactions Cognitive Interpretations Verbal Expression TYPES OF EMOTIONS First-Order and Second-Order Emotions Primary and Mixed Emotions Intense and Mild Emotions INFLUENCES ON EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION Personality Culture Biological Sex and Gender Social Conventions Social Roles Fear of Self-Disclosure Emotional Contagion GUIDELINES FOR EXPRESSING EMOTIONS Recognize your Feelings Choose the Best Language Share Multiple Feelings Recognize the Difference Between Feeling and Acting Accept Responsibility for Your Feelings Choose the Best Time and Place to Express Your Feelings MANAGING DIFFICULT EMOTIONS Facilitative and Debilitative Emotions Thoughts Cause Feelings Irrational Thinking and Debilitative Emotions Minimizing Debilitative Emotions PART THREE: DIMENSIONS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS CHAPTER EIGHT: DYNAMICS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS WHY WE FORM RELATIONSHIPS Appearance Similarity Complementarity Rewards Competency Proximity Disclosure COMMUNICATION AND RELATIONAL DYNAMICS Developmental Models of Interpersonal Relationships Dialectical Perspectives On Relational Dynamics Characteristics of Relational Development COMMUNICATING ABOUT RELATIONSHIPS Content and Relational Messages Expression of Relational Messages COMPLIANCE GAINING IN INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS Types of Compliance-Gaining Strategies Which Strategy to Choose? CHAPTER NINE: INTIMACY AND DISTANCE IN RELATIONSHIPS INTIMACY AND DISTANCE: STRIKING A BALANCE Dimensions of Intimacy Dimensions of Distance The Dialectics of Intimacy and Distance INFLUENCES ON INTIMACY AND DISTANCE Male and Female Intimacy Styles Cultural Influences on Intimacy SELF-DISCLOSURE IN RELATIONSHIPS A Definition of Self-Disclosure Degrees of Self-Disclosure A Model of Self-Disclosure Risks and Benefits of Self-Disclosure ALTERNATIVES TO SELF-DISCLOSURE Lying Equivocation Hinting The Ethics of Evasion GUIDELINES FOR SELF-DISCLOSURE Is the Other Person Important to You? Is the Risk of Disclosing Reasonable? Is the Self-Disclosure Appropriate? Is the Disclosure Relevant to the Situation at Hand? Is the Disclosure Reciprocated? Will the Effect be Constructive? Is the Self-Disclosure Clear and Understandable? CHAPTER TEN: COMMUNICATION CLIMATE WHAT IS COMMUNICATION CLIMATE? HOW COMMUNICATION CLIMATES DEVELOP Levels of Message Confirmation Defensiveness Climate Patterns CREATING POSITIVE CLIMATES Evaluation versus Description Control versus Problem Orientation Strategy versus Spontaneity Neutrality versus Empathy Superiority versus Equality Certainty versus Provisionalism TRANSFORMING NEGATIVE CLIMATES Seek more Information Agree with the Critic CHAPTER ELEVEN: MANAGING CONFLICT WHAT IS CONFLICT? Expressed Struggle Perceived Incompatible Goals Perceived Scarce Rewards Interdependence Inevitability FUNCTIONAL AND DYSFUNCTIONAL CONFLICTS Integration versus Polarization Cooperation versus Opposition Confirmation versus Disconfirmation Agreement versus Coercion De-escalation versus Escalation Focusing versus Drifting Foresight versus Shortsightedness Positive versus Negative Results INDIVIDUAL CONFLICT STYLES Nonassertion Indirect Communication Passive Aggression Direct Aggression Assertion Which Style to Use? CONFLICT IN RELATIONAL SYSTEMS Complementary, Symmetrical, and Parallel Styles Intimate and Aggressive Styles Conflict Rituals VARIABLES IN CONFLICT STYLES Biological Sex and Gender Culture METHODS OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION Win-Lose Lose-Lose Compromise Win-Win NEW-PART FOUR: CONTEXTS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS CHAPTER TWELVE: CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Culture Intercultural Communication Interpersonal and Intercultural Communication CULTURAL VALUES AND NORMS High- versus Low-Context Individualism versus Collectivism Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Achievement versus Nurturing CODES AND CULTURE Verbal Codes Nonverbal Codes Decoding Messages DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE Motivation and Attitude Tolerance for Ambiguity Open-mindedness Knowledge and Skill CHAPTER THIRTEEN: COMMUNICATING WITH FAMILY AND AT WORK COMMUNICATION IN FAMILIES Types of Family Communication Elements of Family Communication Effective Communication in Families RELATIONSHIPS AT WORK Communicating in Organizations Relationships in Work Groups Interviewing Glossary References Name Index Subject Index Credits

Review of Social-Cognitive Problem-Solving Interventions with Children.

Abstract: This article critically reviews training studies of interpersonal problem solving, family problem solving, verbally mediated self-control applied to social behavior, and social perspective taking with children. Treatment procedures are described, and the outcome data are examined. Although some encouraging results have been reported, the need for assessments of behavioral adjustment, for better control group procedures, and for more long-term follow-up reports are particularly noted. The discussion also considers the need to examine specific deficits in social-cognit ive abilities, the similarities across different training programs, and the need for analysis of the active treatment ingredients in multifaceted training programs. Although it seems reasonable to assert that a child's positive mental health is related to the way he or she resolves the social/interpersonal problems that arise in day-to-day living, there has been surprisingly little systematic research into the processes concerning how children think when confronted with personal and interpersonal problems. Until recently, research into human problem-solv

Family Communication Patterns and the Social Uses of Television

Abstract: Audience members "use" television in a variety of ways. The social environment in the family home is a major contributor to differential uses of the medium by individuals. Previous research on family communication patterns, for instance, has demonstrated that families which stress harmo nious social relations at home (socio orientation) differ in many attitudes, activities, and media habits from families which stress the independent expression of ideas (concept orientation). This survey research explores the ways in which socio-oriented and concept-oriented audience members differ in their uses of television as a resource for the accomplishment of interpersonal objectives at home. Differences were found for behaviors which range from structuring daily activities and talk patterns to more complex interpersonal goals such as communication facilitation, affilia tionlavoidance, social learning, and demonstration of competence/domi nance.

Conceptual Universale in Interpersonal Language

Abstract: A comparison of models of cognitive organization in the personality descriptors of three languages indicates that common conceptual themes underlie the meanings and uses of personality descriptors cross-culturally. Two crosscutting dimensions, interpreted as solidarity/conflict and dominance/submission, consistently organize the interrelation of trait-descriptors in a number of distinct languages. This finding leads to the speculation that these dimensions represent a universal conceptual schema produced by the interaction of innate psycholinguistic structures and fundamental conditions of human social life, for example, the potential for concord or discord in the goals and actions of multiple actors (solidarity/conflict), and for the asymmetrical influence of one actor upon another (dominance/submission). The appearance of similar structures in other types of vocabulary used to describe and explain interpersonal behavior (such as terms for emotions and social roles) suggests that these conceptual dimensions reflect basic themes in folk interpretations of social behavior. [cognitive anthropology, language, universal, personality, interpersonal themes]

The functions of attributions.

Abstract: Four functions that attributions fulfill for the attributor are catalogued and described. Explanatory attributions promote an understanding of the social world through implicit attribution theories; predictive attributions facilitate the development of expectations concerning the likelihood offuture events; egocentric attributions meet self needs and reduce anxiety; and interpersonal attributions provide for the communication of social identity information to others. The importance of considering the functions of attributions is considered, and the implications of the functions approach for attributional asymmetries, the causelreason distinction, and arguments regarding the accessibility of higher-order cognitive processes are noted.

Persuasion : new directions in theory and research

Abstract: An expert in the study of mass communications and an expert on interpersonal communication bring together contributions that explore the ways in which we are persuaded. Essays cover three major aspects of the subject: theory and definition of persuasion, factors in the persuasion process, and the application of persuasion to negotiation, marketing, family relationships and politics. 'This collection seemed to me a good review of a fascinating field. As a therapist, I found I was able to pull together a range of ideas that I considered worthy of development and application...Though not written with therapists in mind, this book represented for me an introduction to a new range of possibilities for influencing people towards a more productive way of thinking and acting.' -- Alliance News, March/April 1981

Interpersonal perception and mode of resolution in marital conflict.

Abstract: The present study examined the relationship between changes in couples' perceptions of each other during a conflictual interaction and their mode of conflict resolution. Thirty-three volunteer married couples were videotaped while recreating a conflictual interaction that had occurred previously. During a subsequent replaying of the videotape, husbands' and wives' verbal descriptions of perceptions of self and spouse were elicited at three different stages of the conflict, using a method for eliciting perceptions derived from Laing. Phillipson, and Lee's multiperspective interpersonal perception technique. The interpersonal perceptions of couples who resolved the conflict by engaging the issue at hand were contrasted with those of couples who resolved the conflict via avoidance. Statistically significant differences were found between the groups, suggesting that engaging the issue was associated with an increase in spouses' access to one another's interpersonal perceptions, whereas avoidance was associated with decreases in consensually valid perceptions. Substantive and methodological implications of the study are discussed.

Adaptive Communication in Educational Contexts: A Study of Teachers' Communicative Strategies.

Abstract: The present study examined individual differences in psychological development among prospective teachers as these affect the adaptive, “person‐centered” quality of their communication with students. Significant relationships were found between abstract psychological development and use of person‐centered communicative strategies in regulative and interpersonal educational contexts. In addition, differences in the quality of the teachers’ construal of the student‐teacher relationship were significantly related to their ability to manage those relationships in their communication with students. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of the impact of differences in teachers’ communicative development upon development of students and their implications for future studies of relationships between specific components of psychological and communicative development.

The stranger and the spouse as target persons for compliance‐gaining strategies: a subjective expected utility model1

Abstract: This study examines the use of compliance-gaining message strategies in “interpersonal” versus “noninterpersonal” relationships. Subjects were asked how likely they would be to use persuasive strategies in a hypothetical situation involving either a spouse (interpersonal situation) or new neighbors (noninterpersonal situation). A subjective expected utility model is proposed to account for subjects' choice of strategies. According to the SEU model, subjects weigh the expected advantages and disadvantages of strategies both in terms of their persuasiveness and their effects on the relationship with the persuadee. Regression analysis supported the use of the SEU model to predict subjects' choice of strategies. Situational comparisons of SEU indicated that most strategies are rated more persuasive, less likely to damage the personal relationship, and more likely to be used in the spouse situation than in the neighbor situation.

Low adolescent self-esteem leads to multiple interpersonal problems: A test of social-adaptation theory.

Abstract: This article reports the results of a study that annually monitored the self-esteem and interpersonal problems of over 100 boys during their sophomore, junior, and senior years of high school. Cross-lagged panel correlation differences show that low self-esteem leads to interpersonal problems in all three time lags when multiple interpersonal problems constitute the dependent variable but not when single interpersonal problem criteria constitute the dependent variable. These results are interpreted as supporting social-adaptation theory rather than self-perception theory. Implications for the conceptual status of personality variables as causal antecedents and for the assessment of individual differences are discussed.

Human Communication: Principles and Contexts

Abstract: Part One: Principles 1. The Process of Human Communication The Importance of Human Communication Box 1.1 Techno-Etiquette What is Human Communication? A Model of Human Communication Communication Contexts Communication Technologies What is Effective Communication? 2. Person Perception Perceiving People and Objects: A Comparison Forming Impressions Box 2.1 Self Concept East and West: Who Are You? Box 2.2 Empathy and the Empathy Quotient Some Variables Involved in Accurate Perception Improving Perception and Communication 3. The Verbal Message Words and Meanings Box 3.1 A Word About Semantics Language and Thought Words in Action 4. The Nonverbal Message Interpreting Nonverbal Messages Box 4.1 Power and Dominance: Some Nonverbal Cues Spatial and Temporal Cues Visual Cues Box 4.2: Gender and Vocal Cues Vocal Cues Deception 5. Listening Why Listen? Importance of Listening Box 5.1 Listening: The Forgotten Skill What Is Meant by Listening? Types of Listening How to Improve Listening 6. Conflict and Negotiation Conflict Box 6.1 Conflict and Negotiation Negotiation 7. Ethics and Communication Principles Issues Box 7.1 Does Academic Freedom Have Limits? 8. Relationships in Process Bases of Human Attraction Defining Characteristics of Relationships Theories of Relationship Development Maintaining Relationships Family Communication Box 8.1 The Qualities of Close Friends Part Two: Contexts 9. Interpersonal Communication The Social Setting Box 9.1 Our Expectations in Close Relationships The Dialectics of Relationships Box 9.2 Love's Prototypes and Scripts Assessing the Quality of an Interpersonal Relationship 10. Intercultural Communication A Definition of Culture Some Dimensions of Cultural Difference Intercultural Communication: Principles and Problems Box 10.1 The Value of Beauty Across Cultures Toward Greater Intercultural Understanding and Tolerance Box 10.2 Some Guidelines for Critical Viewers of Film and Television Effects of Intercultural Communication 11. Interviewing Cognitive Interviewing Standardized and Unstandardized Interviews Box 11.1 Interviewing: Conversation with a Purpose Types of Interview Questions Suspect Questions and How to Handle Them Types of Inadequate Responses Interview Structure Nondirective Interview Technique Helpful Hints 12. Small-Group Communication Types of Small Groups Group Dynamics Group Structure Correlates of Effective Groups Box 12.1 The Value of Work Teams 13. Public Communication A Definition The Speaker The Audience The Message 14. Organizational Communication Organization: A Definition Organizational Culture Importance of Communication Box 14.1 Managing Your E-Mail 15. Mass Communication and the New Technologies A First Definition The Process of Mass Communication Box 15.1 Media Consolidation and the News Box 15.2 Some Guidelines for Critical Viewers of Media Interviews Some Effects and Outcomes Box 15.3 Political Satire, News, and Spin Box 15.4 Advertising and Public Relations Implications of the New Communication Technologies Glossary References Credits Indexes Name Index Subject Index

Together: Communicating interpersonally

Abstract: Impersonal and interpersonal contact the human communication process perceiving things and people verbal communicating nonverbal communicating responsive listening self-preservation clarifying negotiating selves doing conflict relationships.

A Summary of Current Research Identifying Communication Skills in Various Organizational Contexts.

Abstract: (1980). A summary of current research identifying communication skills in various organizational contexts. Communication Education: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 283-290.

Effect of Perspective-Taking Training on Interpersonal Problem Solving.

Abstract: MARSH, DIANE T.; SERAFICA, FELICISIMA C.; and BARENBOIM, CARL. Effect of Perspectivetaking Training on Interpersonal Problem Solving. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1980, 51, 140-145. A study was undertaken to assess the effect of perspective-taking training on the ability to solve interpersonal problems. Subjects consisted of 2 classes of average-ability eighth-grade students. They were given the following measures before and after training: means-ends interpersonal problem solving, interpersonal problem analysis, social perspective taking, and affective perspective taking. Subjects in the experimental group received training in role playing designed to increase the ability to articulate and coordinate the relevant social perspectives in a social situation, as well as the internal states of individuals in that situation. The training did have a significant effect on interpersonal problem solving, but only on one measure of that ability (interpersonal problem analysis). There was no overall effect, however, on either measure of perspective taking, although there was some evidence that training stabilized preexisting levels of social perspective taking.