Showing papers on "Interpersonal communication published in 1990"
4,749 citations
01 Jan 1990
1,640 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of time and communication channel (computer conferencing versus face-to-face meetings) on impression development, message personalization, and relational communication in groups were investigated.
Abstract: This study involved an experiment of the effects of time and communication channel--computer conferencing versus face-to-face meetings--on impression development, message personalization, and relational communication in groups. Prior research on the relational aspects of computer-mediated communication has suggested strong depersonalizing effects of the medium due to the absence of nonverbal cues. Past research is criticized for failing to incorporate temporal and developmental perspectives on information processing and relational development. In this study data were collected from, and observations made of 96 subjects assigned to computer conferencing or traditional zero-history groups of three, who completed three tasks over several weeks' time. Results showed that computer-mediated groups increased in several relational dimensions to more positive levels, and that these subsequent levels approximated those of face-to-face groups. Boundaries on the predominant theories of computer-mediated communication are recommended, and future research is suggested.
1,000 citations
TL;DR: A survey of 308 adolescent children and their parents, using a revised Family Communication Pattern (RFCP) instrument, yields evidence of systematic patterns of agreement and disagreement between mothers and fathers as well as between parents and children.
Abstract: Mass communication researchers interested in family communication have traditionally assumed that family norms are shared by all family members, and apparent disagreement about family norms has been ascribed to instrument unreliability. A survey of 308 adolescent children and their parents, using a revised Family Communication Pattern (RFCP) instrument, yields evidence of systematic patterns of agreement and disagreement between mothers and fathers as well as between parents and children. Seventh-grade children are more likely to share their mothers' views on concept-orientation and their father's views on socio-orientation; by the 11th grade the opposite pattern holds. These results suggest that future work on family communication cannot ignore the influence of intrafamilial patterns of agreement and disagreement on communication norms defining the family.
435 citations
01 Sep 1990
TL;DR: The goal of the VideoWindow system project is to extend a shared space over considerable distance without impairing the quality of the interactions among users or requiring any special actions to establish a conversation.
Abstract: Imagine sitting in your work place lounge having coffee with some colleagues. Now imagine that you and your colleagues are still in the same room, but are separated by a large sheet of glass that does not interfere with your ability to carry on a clear, two-way conversation. Finally, imagine that you have split the room into two parts and moved one part 50 miles down the road, without impairing the quality of your interaction with your friends. That scenario illustrates the goal of the VideoWindow system project: to extend a shared space over considerable distance without impairing the quality of the interactions among users or requiring any special actions to establish a conversation. While the VideoWindow system -a very large screen, full duplex teleconferencing technology that we will describe later in this paper -cannot yet achieve this goal, we believe it can come closer to it than any other system yet invented.
338 citations
TL;DR: Most patients were satisfied with the opportunities provided to discuss their needs with doctors, the interpersonal support of doctors, and the technical competence of doctors; however, few patients were satisfaction with the provision of information concerning their disease, treatment, and symptom control and the Provision of care in the home and to family and friends.
Abstract: A diagnosis of cancer places considerable stress on patients and requires them to make major adjustments in many areas of their lives. As a consequence, considerable demands are placed on health care providers to satisfy the complex care needs of cancer patients. Currently, there is little available information to indicate the extent to which cancer patients are satisfied with the quality of care they receive. The present study assessed the perceptions of 232 ambulatory cancer patients about the importance of and satisfaction with the following aspects of care: doctors technical competence and interpersonal and communication skills, accessibility and continuity of care, hospital and clinic care, nonmedical care, family care, and finances. The results indicate that all 60 questionnaire items used were considered to reflect important aspects of care, but that greater importance was given to the technical quality of medical care, the interpersonal and communication skills of doctors, and the accessibility of care. Most patients were satisfied with the opportunities provided to discuss their needs with doctors, the interpersonal support of doctors, and the technical competence of doctors. However, few patients were satisfied with the provision of information concerning their disease, treatment, and symptom control and the provision of care in the home and to family and friends.
269 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a two-part experiment was conducted to determine the expectedness and evaluation of three nonverbal variables: touch, conversational distance, and posture, and the possible moderating effects of communicator attractiveness, status, and gender were also examined.
Abstract: This report reviews the construct of expectancy and its relevance to understanding communication phenomena. Given the shortage of empirically based knowledge about what constitute expected and unexpected interpersonal behaviors and how they are evaluated, a two-part experiment was conducted to determine the expectedness and evaluation of three nonverbal variables: touch, conversational distance, and posture. The possible moderating effects of communicator attractiveness, status, and gender were also examined. Respondents (N = 622) viewed photographs of an attractive or unattractive male or female stimulus interacting with a male or female partner, attributed to be of same, higher, or lower status, who displayed one of seven forms of touch or one of nine combinations of posture and proximity. Respondents rated the appropriateness, typicality, and desirability of the observed behavior. Results demonstrated that several behaviors are expected and positively valenced, while others qualify as positive or negative violations of expectations. Attractiveness influenced expectancies and evaluations; gender and status had limited effects. Implications for information processing and nonverbal expectancy violations theory are discussed.
258 citations
TL;DR: Douglas Biklen has done extensive research into a method for facilitating communication for people with autism as mentioned in this paper, and his article is a rich qualitative study of a facilitative communication method develo...
Abstract: Douglas Biklen has done extensive research into a method for facilitating communication for people with autism. His article is a rich qualitative study of a facilitative communication method develo...
252 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an interpersonal schema is defined as a generic knowledge structure based on previous interpersonal experience, that contains information relevant to the maintenance of interpersonal relatedness, and a cognitive interpersonal cycle is described as an unbroken causal loop through which maladaptive expectations and dysfunctional behaviors maintain one another.
239 citations
203 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two studies were conducted to explore the notion that eating behavior can serve a role in impression management and the results indicated that behaving in a socially desirable manner could account for the eating behavior of males while for females both being socially desirable and appearing feminine could have affected amount eaten.
TL;DR: Communication patterns were found to vary as a function of the child's cognitive level and severity of autism, and were most striking in the subgroup of children who did not use speech.
Abstract: Thirty children with autism were observed during their everyday school activities in order to examine patterns of spontaneous communication. The forms, functions, and targets of their communication were recorded by trained observers. The prototypical communicative event consisted of a child directing a motoric form of communication toward the teacher to request something or to attract attention to himself or herself. However, communication patterns were found to vary as a function of the child's cognitive level and severity of autism. Deficits in joint attention functions were observed, and were most striking in the subgroup of children who did not use speech. Results are discussed with reference to Wetherby's (1986) model for the development of communicative functions in autistic children.
TL;DR: In a study using a sample of schizophrenic outpatients and a comparison group of nonpatients, it was found that the AIPSS had adequate psychometric properties, and the patients demonstrated deficits on all scales relative to the nonpat patients.
Abstract: (1990). Assessment of Interpersonal Problem-Solving Skills. Psychiatry: Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 329-339.
TL;DR: In this article, the development of communication competence in college students and how communication factors are related to college success were examined and found that communication competence decreased significantly during the sophomore year, but then increased the junior and senior years while communication apprehension and interaction involvement scores remained steady.
Abstract: This research examines the development of communication competence in college students and how communication factors are related to college success. College students’ communication competence was assessed yearly for four years. Results suggested that communication competence decreased significantly during the sophomore year, but then increased the junior and senior years while communication apprehension and interaction involvement scores remained steady. These results were discussed in light of “sophomore slump,”; a period of change and uncertainty many college students experience. Also, communication apprehension, communication courses, and extracurricular communication experiences were the best predictors of college success.
TL;DR: In this paper, the changing context of communication is explored in the context of images of the twenty-first century, and the vital connection between images and reality is discussed. And profiles of intimacy are discussed.
Abstract: Images of the twentieth century. The changing context of communication. Exploring social space: Japan and the United States. A world of strangers. Profiles of intimacy. Intimacy: its verbal dimension. Intimacy: its nonverbal dimensions. Commitment, conflict, integration. The vital connection: Images and realities. Appendix for the specialist. References. Index.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the phenomenon of idealization in college premarital long-distance relationships and found that long distance couples have more restricted communication and are more idealized than their geographically close counterparts.
Abstract: The phenomenon of idealization in college premarital long-distance relationships is explored. In this study, 71 college couples participated in a survey. Findings indicate long-distance couples have more restricted communication and are more idealized than their geographically close counterparts. Further, an associa tive pattern between restricted communica tion and positive relational images is found. Speculation is offered that long-distance couples, due to their limited contact, postpone realistic assessments. Implications of these findings are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assessed individual differences in the value that college students placed on communication skills exhibited by same-sex peers. And they found that affectively oriented communication skills such as ego support and comforting were rated as more important than non-affectively oriented skills, such as narrative and persuasive abilities.
Abstract: This study assessed individual differences in the value that college students placed on communication skills exhibited by same-sex peers. Participants (N = 410) rated items tapping eight different communication skills for their importance in same-sex relationships. The skills included ego support, conflict management, comforting, referential ability, conversational skill, regulative skill, narrative ability, and persuasive skill. Interpersonal cognitive complexity was assessed through Crockett's (1965) Role Category Questionnaire. Affectively oriented communication skills such as ego support and comforting were rated as more important than nonaffectively oriented skills such as narrative and persuasive abilities. However, type of communication skill interacted with cognitive complexity such that complex participants rated affectively oriented skills as more important than noncomplex participants did, whereas noncomplex participants rated nonaffectively oriented skills as more important than complex partic...
TL;DR: In this paper, the degree to which individuals are aware of and use affect cues to guide communication is defined as the degree of awareness and use of affect cues in guiding communication. But, the extent to which people appear to be very sensitive to their emotional state, while others attend primarily to factual, logical information in making decisions.
Abstract: An affective orientation is the degree to which individuals are aware of and use affect cues to guide communication. Some people appear to be very sensitive to their emotional state, while others attend primarily to factual, logical information in making decisions. Four studies investigated how affective orientation relates to other communication constructs and behavior. Study One developed the measure, a 20-item scale with sound factor structure and internal reliability. Study Two assessed construct validity. Affective orientation (AO) was predictably related to conversational sensitivity and femininity. Divergent validity was supported in that AO was unrelated to communication apprehension, masculinity, self-monitoring, and need for cognition. Study Three determined that AO was related to communication production: As affective orientation increased, so too did the number of emotions participants were able to list in a timed trial. Study Four analyzed the ways high versus low affectively oriented communicators differ in their recall and communication of emotional events. High affective-oriented respondents exhibited shorter latencies prior to speaking and less pausing during the account.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of family communication environment and parental mediation of television content on third-, sixth-, and ninth-graders' perceptions of the realism of TV content and its similarity to real life and their identification with television characters were investigated.
Abstract: A field study (627 children and 486 of their parents) tests the effects of family communication environment and parental mediation of television content on third-, sixth-, and ninth-graders' perceptions of the realism of television content and its similarity to real life and their identification with television characters. Interpersonal family communication helps children form real-world perceptions, which children intrapersonally compare with their perceptions of the television world better to assess realism. A mismatch between real-world and television-world perceptions diminishes perceptions of realism. Realism contributes to perceived similarity, which contributes to identification with television characters. Through active discussion of television content, the parent directly mediates perceptions of similarity, but not of realism.
03 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the second part of a two-part series on the refinement of cognitive behavioral theory and practice in light of interpersonal theory is presented, where a number of suggestions are provided for systematically integrating therapeutic concepts and intervention strategies derived from interpersonal theory with the practice of cognitive therapy.
TL;DR: The Makaton Vocabulary provides an approach to the teaching of communication and language skills, using manual signs and/or graphic symbols, accompanied by speech, using a common core of functional concepts.
Abstract: The Makaton Vocabulary provides an approach to the teaching of communication and language skills, using manual signs and/or graphic symbols, accompanied by speech. The vocabulary is open ended, bas...
TL;DR: Findings suggest that negative relationships between depressives and nondepressed others may be attributable, at least in part, to both participants' misperceptions of their social behavior and its consequences.
Abstract: We investigated social perceptions and consequences of depression and anxiety in roommate relationships. Mildly depressed, anxious but nondepressed, and nondepressed-nonanxious students (targets) and normal, same-sex roommates (a) rated the interpersonal impact on themselves of typical associations with their roommates and (b) judged their own interpersonal impact. Only depressed men received negative evaluations and emotional reactions from their roommates. However, depressed women reported more negative reactions to their normal roommates than vice versa. Finally, depressed targets perceived their interpersonal impact negatively, whereas their normal roommates perceived their own interpersonal impact as overly positive. These findings suggest that negative relationships between depressives and nondepressed others may be attributable, at least in part, to both participants' misperceptions of their social behavior and its consequences.
TL;DR: In this paper, depressed and socially anxious individuals were compared in terms of their social self-perceptions using the interpersonal problem circle, a conceptualization of the domain of interpersonal problems derived from Horowitz' Inventory of Interpersonal Problems.
Abstract: Depressed and socially anxious individuals were compared in terms of their social self-perceptions using the interpersonal problem circle, a conceptualization of the domain of interpersonal problems derived from Horowitz' Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Subjects who were socially anxious, whether depressed or not, differed significantly from a control group of nondepressed, nonanxious subjects on both dimensions of problematic social behavior. These subjects characterized themselves as nonassertive and socially avoidant. Individuals who were depressed but not socially anxious were no different than control subjects in their social self-perceptions. These results suggest that beliefs and self-perceptions concerning characteristic patterns of interpersonal behavior may distinguish individuals with various types of affective complaints.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the hypothesis that social control discourages risky health practices while provoking psychological distress, and found little support for the hypothesis, with social control only weakly related to participants' health practices and, contrary to expectation, was generally related to less psychological distress and to greater interpersonal satisfaction.
Abstract: Most research on older adults' social networks has focused on the support-providing function of social relationships. Little gerontological research has addressed social control, or the role of social bonds in regulating deviant or risky behavior. Drawing on sociological theory, this study examined the hypothesis that social control discourages risky health practices while provoking psychological distress. Structured interviews conducted with 162 community-residing older adults assessed social control (direct attempts by other to influence participants' health practices and the existence of significant role obligations to others), health risk taking (medication misuse, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and the overall level of unsound health practices), psychological functioning (depression, loneliness, and self-esteem), and interpersonal satisfaction (satisfaction with friends and family members). Analyses revealed little support for the hypothesis. Social control was only weakly related to participants' health practices and, contrary to expectation, was generally related to less psychological distress and to greater interpersonal satisfaction. Implications for social control theory and for further research are addressed.
TL;DR: This paper found evidence that personal assertiveness significantly augments specific types of social relationships to predict psychological symptoms under stressful conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and depression in college students under duress.
Abstract: Although research has established that socially supportive relationships are important factors in psychological adjustment under stress, social support research has not examined the interaction between interpersonal variables and social support. Personal assertiveness in particular is one interpersonal variable that theoretically could enhance the beneficial aspects of social support. Data collected from two independent samples of college students in an urban setting provide evidence that personal assertiveness significantly augments specific types of social relationships to predict psychological symptoms under stressful conditions. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that social support moderates the deleterious effects of stressful encounters for many people. Although this research has been plagued with measurement problems and an inadequate theory-base (Cobb & Jones, 1984; Heitzmann & Kaplan, 1988; Thoits, 1982), a large literature attests that persons who report lower levels or lower quality of existing socially supportive systems have more difficulties with depression and anxiety under stress (Cohen, 1988; Cohen & Wills, 1985). However, several studies have found unexpected negative results of social support among people under duress. These results have been difficult to interpret and integrate, primarily because of the general disregard of personal and interpersonal factors that potentially moderate social support processes. The lack of understanding regarding the role of interpersonal and personal factors in the social support process poses unique problems for counseling interventions. It is generally acknowledged that many group and individual therapies either directly or indirectly have an impact on clients' interpersonal behaviors (Strupp & Binder, 1984; Yalom, 1985), and several researchers have recognized the potential of these treatment modalities to help clients acquire interpersonal skills to access and use naturally existing social support resources (Mallinckrodt, 1989; Rook, 1984a). Recent preliminary work suggests that individual interventions can be enhanced considerably by examining and addressing client perceptions of social support resources (Brown, Brady, Lent, Wolfert, & Hall, 1987), and client progress in group therapy may be marked by improvements in certain types of socially supportive relationships (Mallinckrodt, 1989). Research that clarifies the relationship between interpersonal behavior, social support, and psychological adjustment would have implications for counseling interventions. Traditionally, the social support construct has been used in research methodologies as an independent variable either moderating the effects of stress or related to well-being of subjects under more general conditions. Theoretical debate
TL;DR: Compared to girls in a fitness training program, girls in the role-play training program showed enhanced performance on a measure of social perspective taking and generalized effects were also found for performance on tests of interpersonal problem analysis, empathy, and the acceptance of individual differences.
Abstract: A paucity of research exists concerning training programs for the development of interpersonal functioning in socially maladjusted or delinquent adolescent females. Females in a residential institution participated in a role-play program designed to enhance social perspective-taking ability. In 15 sessions girls were coached in specific social skills and acted multiple role perspectives in typical problem situations. Compared to girls in a fitness training program, girls in the role-play training program showed enhanced performance on a measure of social perspective taking. Generalized effects were also found for performance on tests of interpersonal problem analysis, empathy, and the acceptance of individual differences. Additionally, observational data indicated that role-play training resulted in increased prosocial behaviors. Role-play training had no effect on a measure of referential communication.