Showing papers on "Interpersonal relationship published in 1980"

The Dyadic Trust Scale: Toward Understanding Interpersonal Trust in Close Relationships.

Abstract: Interpersonal trust is an aspect of close relationships which has been virtually ignored in social scientific research despite its importance as perceived by intimate partners and several family theorists. This article describes the development, validation, and correlates of the Dyadic Trust Scale, a tool designed for such research. It is unidimensional, reliable, relatively free ifrom response biases, and purposely designed to be consistent with conceptualizations qf trust from various perspectives. Dyadic trust proved to be associated with love and with intimacy of self-disclosure, especiallyjfor longer married partners. It varied by level of commitment, being lowest jor ex-partners and highest for those engaged and living together, for newlyweds, and for those married over 20 years. Partners reciprocated trust more than either love or depth qfself-disclosure. Future research could fruitfully relate dyadic trust to such issues as personal growth in relationships, resolving interpersonal conflict, and developing close relationships subsequent to separation or divorce.

Measuring social relationships The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction

Abstract: It is generally recognized that social relationships occupy a central position in psychiatry. To examine the role of social relationships in the onset of minor psychiatric morbidity it is necessary to construct an instrument which will meet the need for a valid, reliable and comprehensive index of social relationships. Such an instrument has now been developed and used in a sample of the general population. The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction arose from a research need, and was constructed to assess the availability and perceived adequacy for any individual of a number of facets of social relationships. These consist both of persons and of the provisions obtained through them. Data from a general population sample suggest this instrument to be sufficiently valid and reliable, and also sensitive to predictable variations between sociodemographic groups, to justify its use in clinical and epidemiological studies, both in psychiatry and general medicine.

The social uses of television

Abstract: Building from the social constructivist view, this paper provides evidence that audience members create specific and sometimes elaborate practical actions involving television in order to gratify particular needs in the context of family viewing. The ethnography of mass communication is recommended as a methodological framework suitable for discovering and documenting these behaviors. Based on findings from systematic participant observation research, and from the pertinent uses and gratifications literature, a typology of the social uses of television, with emphasis on their communicative value, is presented. Mass media are found to be valuable social resources, not unlike language or the occasions for talk, which are particularly useful to the imaginative social member for the construction and maintenance of desired relations at home.

Networks of Faith: Interpersonal Bonds and Recruitment to Cults and Sects'

Abstract: A long tradition in social science explains recruitment to religious cults and sects on the basis of a congruence between the ideology of a group and the deprivations of those who join. A more recent approach to recruitment argues that interpersonal bonds between members and potential recruits are the essential element. In this paper we first show that these are complementary, not competing, approaches. Then, because the available evidential base for the role of interpersonal bonds is limited and qualitative, we present quantitative data pertaining to three quite different radical religious groups. In each case there is overwhelming support for the crucial role played by social networks in the formation and growth of such groups. Next we seek the boundaries of this phenomenon.Available studies suggest that not merely cult and sect recruitment, but commitment to conventional faiths as well, is supported by social networks.However, networks do not seem to play an important role in acceptance of mildly devia...

Task force report: Social networks as mediators of social support. An analysis of the effects and determinants of social networks.

Abstract: The intent of this paper is to present a representative, though not exhaustive, overview of the current literature on social networks, with an emphasis on research linking social networks to psychological adaptation. This overview includes a review of social network concepts; and analysis of the multiple determinants of social networks; an analysis of the varied effects of social networks; and the implications for policies and practices of community mental health centers. This paper adopts the view that the concept of social network is a useful tool in examining both the functional and the dysfunctional influences of one's primary group on individual adaption.

Interplay : The Process of Interpersonal Communication

Abstract: Each chapter ends with activities and a summary Preface PART ONE: FOUNDATIONS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION CHAPTER ONE: INTERPERSONAL PROCESS WHY WE COMMUNICATE Physical Needs Identity Needs Social Needs Practical Needs THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS A Model of Communication Insights from the Communication Model Communication Principles Communication Misconceptions INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION DEFINED Quantitative and Qualitative Definitions Personal and Impersonal Communication: A Matter of Balance Interpersonal Communication and Technology COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE Communication Competence Defined Characteristics of Competent Communication CHAPTER TWO: COMMUNICATION AND THE SELF COMMUNICATION AND THE SELF-CONCEPT How the Self-Concept Develops Characteristics of the Self-Concept Changing Your Self-Concept PRESENTING THE SELF: COMMUNICATION AS IDENTITY MANAGEMENT Public and Private Selves Characteristics of Identity Management Why Manage Impressions? How Do We Manage Impressions? Identity Management and Honesty CHAPTER THREE: PERCEIVING OTHERS THE PERCEPTION PROCESS Selection Organization Interpretation Negotiation INFLUENCES ON PERCEPTION Physiological Influences Psychological Influences Social Influences Cultural Influences COMMON TENDENCIES IN PERCEPTION We Judge Ourselves More Charitably Than We Do Others We are Influenced by Our Expectations We are Influenced by the Obvious We Cling to First Impressions We Assume Others are Like Us We Favor Negative Impressions PERCEIVING OTHERS MORE ACCURATELY Perception Checking Building Empathy PART TWO: CREATING AND RESPONDING TO MESSAGES CHAPTER FOUR: LANGUAGE THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE Language is Symbolic Language is Rule-Governed Language is Subjective THE IMPACT OF LANGUAGE Naming and Identity Credibility and Status Affiliation, Attraction, and Interest Power Sexism and Racism USES (AND ABUSES) OF LANGUAGE Precision and Vagueness The Language of Responsibility Disruptive Language MALE AND FEMALE LANGUAGE USE Content Reasons for Communicating Conversational Style Non-Sex Variables CHAPTER FIVE: NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION DEFINED CHARACTERISTICS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION All Behavior has Communicative Value Nonverbal Communication is Primarily Relational Nonverbal Communication is Ambiguous Nonverbal Communication is Influenced by Culture FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Repeating Substituting Complementing and Accenting Regulating Contradicting Deceiving TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Face and Eyes Body Movement Touch Voice Proxemics and Territoriality Time Physical Attractiveness Clothing Physical Environment CHAPTER SIX: LISTENING THE IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING REASONS FOR LISTENING THE CHALLENGE OF LISTENING Hearing is not Listening Listening is not Easy All Listeners do not Receive the Same Message Poor Listening Habits COMPONENTS OF LISTENING Hearing Attending Understanding Remembering Responding TYPES OF LISTENING RESPONSES Silent Listening Questioning Paraphrasing Empathizing Supporting Analyzing Evaluating Advising Which Style to Use? CHAPTER SEVEN: EMOTIONS WHAT ARE EMOTIONS? Physiological Changes Nonverbal Reactions Cognitive Interpretations Verbal Expression TYPES OF EMOTIONS First-Order and Second-Order Emotions Primary and Mixed Emotions Intense and Mild Emotions INFLUENCES ON EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION Personality Culture Biological Sex and Gender Social Conventions Social Roles Fear of Self-Disclosure Emotional Contagion GUIDELINES FOR EXPRESSING EMOTIONS Recognize your Feelings Choose the Best Language Share Multiple Feelings Recognize the Difference Between Feeling and Acting Accept Responsibility for Your Feelings Choose the Best Time and Place to Express Your Feelings MANAGING DIFFICULT EMOTIONS Facilitative and Debilitative Emotions Thoughts Cause Feelings Irrational Thinking and Debilitative Emotions Minimizing Debilitative Emotions PART THREE: DIMENSIONS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS CHAPTER EIGHT: DYNAMICS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS WHY WE FORM RELATIONSHIPS Appearance Similarity Complementarity Rewards Competency Proximity Disclosure COMMUNICATION AND RELATIONAL DYNAMICS Developmental Models of Interpersonal Relationships Dialectical Perspectives On Relational Dynamics Characteristics of Relational Development COMMUNICATING ABOUT RELATIONSHIPS Content and Relational Messages Expression of Relational Messages COMPLIANCE GAINING IN INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS Types of Compliance-Gaining Strategies Which Strategy to Choose? CHAPTER NINE: INTIMACY AND DISTANCE IN RELATIONSHIPS INTIMACY AND DISTANCE: STRIKING A BALANCE Dimensions of Intimacy Dimensions of Distance The Dialectics of Intimacy and Distance INFLUENCES ON INTIMACY AND DISTANCE Male and Female Intimacy Styles Cultural Influences on Intimacy SELF-DISCLOSURE IN RELATIONSHIPS A Definition of Self-Disclosure Degrees of Self-Disclosure A Model of Self-Disclosure Risks and Benefits of Self-Disclosure ALTERNATIVES TO SELF-DISCLOSURE Lying Equivocation Hinting The Ethics of Evasion GUIDELINES FOR SELF-DISCLOSURE Is the Other Person Important to You? Is the Risk of Disclosing Reasonable? Is the Self-Disclosure Appropriate? Is the Disclosure Relevant to the Situation at Hand? Is the Disclosure Reciprocated? Will the Effect be Constructive? Is the Self-Disclosure Clear and Understandable? CHAPTER TEN: COMMUNICATION CLIMATE WHAT IS COMMUNICATION CLIMATE? HOW COMMUNICATION CLIMATES DEVELOP Levels of Message Confirmation Defensiveness Climate Patterns CREATING POSITIVE CLIMATES Evaluation versus Description Control versus Problem Orientation Strategy versus Spontaneity Neutrality versus Empathy Superiority versus Equality Certainty versus Provisionalism TRANSFORMING NEGATIVE CLIMATES Seek more Information Agree with the Critic CHAPTER ELEVEN: MANAGING CONFLICT WHAT IS CONFLICT? Expressed Struggle Perceived Incompatible Goals Perceived Scarce Rewards Interdependence Inevitability FUNCTIONAL AND DYSFUNCTIONAL CONFLICTS Integration versus Polarization Cooperation versus Opposition Confirmation versus Disconfirmation Agreement versus Coercion De-escalation versus Escalation Focusing versus Drifting Foresight versus Shortsightedness Positive versus Negative Results INDIVIDUAL CONFLICT STYLES Nonassertion Indirect Communication Passive Aggression Direct Aggression Assertion Which Style to Use? CONFLICT IN RELATIONAL SYSTEMS Complementary, Symmetrical, and Parallel Styles Intimate and Aggressive Styles Conflict Rituals VARIABLES IN CONFLICT STYLES Biological Sex and Gender Culture METHODS OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION Win-Lose Lose-Lose Compromise Win-Win NEW-PART FOUR: CONTEXTS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS CHAPTER TWELVE: CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Culture Intercultural Communication Interpersonal and Intercultural Communication CULTURAL VALUES AND NORMS High- versus Low-Context Individualism versus Collectivism Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Achievement versus Nurturing CODES AND CULTURE Verbal Codes Nonverbal Codes Decoding Messages DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE Motivation and Attitude Tolerance for Ambiguity Open-mindedness Knowledge and Skill CHAPTER THIRTEEN: COMMUNICATING WITH FAMILY AND AT WORK COMMUNICATION IN FAMILIES Types of Family Communication Elements of Family Communication Effective Communication in Families RELATIONSHIPS AT WORK Communicating in Organizations Relationships in Work Groups Interviewing Glossary References Name Index Subject Index Credits

Nursing theories: The base for professional nursing practice

Abstract: 1. An Introduction to Nursing Theory. 2. Nursing Theory in Clinical Practice. 3. Environmental Model: Florence Nightingale. 4. Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: Hildegard E. Peplau. 5. Definitions and Components of Nursing: Virginia Henderson. 6. Care, Core, and Cure: Lydia E. Hall. 7. Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory: Dorothea E. Orem. 8. Behavioral System Model: Dorothy E. Johnson. 9. Patient-Centered Approaches: Faye G. Abdellah. 10. Nursing Process Discipline: Ida Jean Orlando. 11. The Prescriptive Theory of Nursing: Ernestine Wiedenbach. 12. The Conservation Principles, A Model for Health: Myra. E. Levine 13. Systems Framework and Theory of Goal Attainment: Imogene M. King. 14. Science of Unitary Human Beings: Martha E. Rogers. 15. Roy Adaptation Model: Sister Callista Roy. 16. The Neuman Systems Model: Betty Neuman. 17. Humanistic Nursing: Josephine G. Paterson & Loretta T. Zderad. 18. Theory of Transpersonal Caring: Jean Watson. 19. Theory of Human Becoming: Rosemarie R. Parse. 20. The Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory: Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, & M. A. P. Swain. 21. Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality: Madeleine M. Leininger. 22. Health as Expanding Consciousness: Margaret Newman. 23. Nursing as Caring: Anne Boykin & Savina Schoenhofer. 24. Using Nursing Theory in Clinical Practice. 25. Nursing Theory and Practice with Other Disciplines.

Review of Social-Cognitive Problem-Solving Interventions with Children.

Abstract: This article critically reviews training studies of interpersonal problem solving, family problem solving, verbally mediated self-control applied to social behavior, and social perspective taking with children. Treatment procedures are described, and the outcome data are examined. Although some encouraging results have been reported, the need for assessments of behavioral adjustment, for better control group procedures, and for more long-term follow-up reports are particularly noted. The discussion also considers the need to examine specific deficits in social-cognit ive abilities, the similarities across different training programs, and the need for analysis of the active treatment ingredients in multifaceted training programs. Although it seems reasonable to assert that a child's positive mental health is related to the way he or she resolves the social/interpersonal problems that arise in day-to-day living, there has been surprisingly little systematic research into the processes concerning how children think when confronted with personal and interpersonal problems. Until recently, research into human problem-solv

Perceptions of communication behavior associated with relationship terms

Abstract: Individuals use a variety of terms to designate the nature of their relationships with others, e.g., friend, lover, pal, etc. Although expectations for certain types of communicative behavior surely accompany the use of these terms, it was not clear what their communicative referents were. The first phase of this study obtained intimacy‐scaled ratings from 100 subjects to 62 relationship terms. Then more than 1,000 subjects ranging in age from 12 to 90 from eight locations across the United States responded to the six relationship words selected (lover, best friend, friend, pal, colleague, acquaintance) in terms of associated communicative behavior. The three factors central to these responses (personalness, synchrony, difficulty) were then used to analyze the relationship terms varied according to the gender, age, and marital status of the subject and the composition of a relationship to a specific other by gender. Among other findings: All age groups perceived increases in both personalized and synchron...

Concepts of intimacy in the general population.

Abstract: A random sample of 50 adults in the general population received an open ended interview regarding their concepts of intimacy. A second random sample of 24 couples from the general population and 24 clinical couples received a standardized interview in which concepts of intimacy were systematically rated to develop an operational definition of the dimensions of intimacy. Self-disclosure was identified as a fundamental aspect of intimacy in interpersonal relationships and marriage. Expression of affection, compatibility, cohesion, identity, and the ability to resolve conflict were also considered important aspects of intimacy. Sexual satisfaction was considered less important than previous definitions of intimacy have suggested. The perception of his or her parents' level of intimacy was thought to influence the subject's own interpersonal relationships. Couples with marital maladjustment and/or psychiatric illness were less aware of aspects of their marriage which influence intimacy. They more frequently disagreed that sexuality influenced their level of intimacy. The study suggests that self-disclosure and parental interpersonal intimacy may be fundamental factors in marital adjustment which merit further research.

Erikson stage resolution: The relationship between identity and intimacy.

Abstract: Ego identity and intimacy statuses were determined for 88 college students, 44 men and 44 women, and related to each other and to measures of intimacy, loving, and liking. As hypothesized, more advanced stages of identity development were associated with higher levels of intimacy formation. Further, for both males and females, occupational identity development was the primary predictive factor in the identity/intimacy stage resolution relationship.

Social Integration and Morale: A Re-Examination.

Abstract: The concern for social integration among the aged lies in its implications for well-being in old age. Evidence about the link between social integration and morale is still inconclusive. This appears to be due to poor conceptionalization and lack of specification concerning the relationships between social integration and other correlates of morale. In this study, social integration is viewed in terms of both its subjective and objective aspects. The central hypothesis is that the relationship between objective aspects of social integration and morale is mediated by the subjective sense of integration. This hypothesis was examined through the use of a structural equation model. Four data sets were used for this inquiry which included surveys conducted in North Carolina, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Detroit. Findings indicate that objective social integration only has an indirect impact on morale, with subjective sense of integration being the intervening variable. This relationship remains significant even when other factors such as socioeconomic status, financial satisfaction, and health status were controlled.

Dyadic and Social Network Influences on Adolescent Exposure to Pregnancy Risk.

Abstract: It is hypothesized that qualities of the adolescent dyadic relationship peer relationships and family relationships will influence the degree to which adolescents are exposed to pregnancy risk in terms of frequency of sexual intercourse and regularity of effective contraceptive use. A multivariate analysis of 147 12- to 18-year-old females supports the idea that qualities of the interpersonal relationship of the adolescent couple are more consistently and strongly associated with exposure to pregnancy risk than those of the other relationships a finding consistent with recent research on the college-age population. However certain qualities of the dyadic relationship such as peer contraceptive use and relationship satisfaction were found to have a counterbalancing influence in that they were positively related to frequency of intercourse and also to regularity of effective contraceptive use. In addition female power in the relationship was found to be inversely correlated with frequency of sexual intercourse and positively correlated with contraceptive use indicating a consistent relationship between interpersonal power and the indicators of pregnancy risk. Finally a multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the strongest predictors of pregnancy risk. (Authors modified)

Supportive Networks: Life Ties for the Elderly

Abstract: Recent studies suggest that the increased vulnerability of the older person to physical and/or mental breakdown is related to loss or deficiency in the pattern of supportive ties. With increases in the geographical separation of adult children from their parents, and with greater longevity, the needs of the elderly are increasingly being transferred from the family either to public service settings or to voluntary associations. The resource needs depend in part on the individual's existing contacts and state of health, as well as upon the psychological history of the person. Various programs have addressed the differences in social support for older people in markedly different ways. Six different programs are examined to illustrate the importance of attention to health status, ethnicity, and style of life in the provision of social support. By evaluating the offerings of these programs against the concepts of network theory we are able to show how the needs for social support among the elderly are highly differentiated and deserving of equally differentiated forms of response.

Low adolescent self-esteem leads to multiple interpersonal problems: A test of social-adaptation theory.

Abstract: This article reports the results of a study that annually monitored the self-esteem and interpersonal problems of over 100 boys during their sophomore, junior, and senior years of high school. Cross-lagged panel correlation differences show that low self-esteem leads to interpersonal problems in all three time lags when multiple interpersonal problems constitute the dependent variable but not when single interpersonal problem criteria constitute the dependent variable. These results are interpreted as supporting social-adaptation theory rather than self-perception theory. Implications for the conceptual status of personality variables as causal antecedents and for the assessment of individual differences are discussed.

Purposes and effects of lying

Abstract: This paper reports the results of three exploratory studies aimed at describing the purposes and consequences of lies. Observational modes were: a partly open‐ended questionnaire, content analysis of several tape‐recorded interviews, and a large‐scale survey. Several results appeared in all three studies. Two of three lies are told for selfish reasons, and three of four are told to social or economic superiors. These and other results are interpreted to mean that a dominant reason for lying is to equalize imbalanced interpersonal relations. Furthermore, liars are consistently more satisfied with their lies than with themselves. Therefore, the report concludes that the social proscription against deceit creates personal costs for the liar. As a consequence, lying takes place only when rewards are both large and assured. Many lies are told repeatedly—in identical situations—and so are presumably field‐tested for both costs and benefits.

The Importance of Perceived Homophily, Level of Uncertainty, Feeling Good, Safety, and Self-Disclosure in Interpersonal Relationships.

Abstract: This investigation assessed the relationship of the independent variables of perceived homophily to the dependent variables of: (1) level of uncertainty, (2) feeling good, and (3) safety. Also, the relationship of uncertainty level, feeling good, and safety was assessed to the dependent variables of self‐disclosure. Results indicated that perceived attitude‐value homophily has moderately high independent predictive power concerning level of uncertainty, feeling good, and safety. Perceived background homophily and perceived appearance homophily have little or no independent predictive power to those dependent variables. Also, the independent predictive power of uncertainty level, feeling good, and safety was low for self‐disclosure variables. Feeling good was the single best predictor of self‐disclosive communication, accounting for five percent of the variance in a self‐disclosure variable.