Showing papers on "Interpersonal relationship published in 1984"

Interpersonal Psychotherapy Of Depression

Abstract: * Overview of IPT The Interpersonal Approach To Depression * The Nature of DepressionsNormal and Clinical * The Interpersonal Approach * The Interpersonal Approach to Understanding Depression. Conducting Interpersonal Therapy Of Depression * Goals and Tasks of IPT * Dealing with the Depression and Diagnosing the Interpersonal Problems * Grief * Interpersonal Role Disputes * Role Transitions * Interpersonal Deficits * Termination of Treatment * Specific Techniques * An Integrative Case Example Selected Aspects Of IPT * Combining Psychotherapy with Pharmacotherapy * Problems Occasionally Encountered in the Therapy * The IPT Therapist: Professional Background, Role, and Training

On understanding emotion

Abstract: Emotions - fleeting, insubstantial, changeable, and ambiguous - seem to defy study and analysis Nothing is more complex, mysterious, and subject to conflicting theories and interpretations than human emotion Yet the central importance of emotion in human affairs is undeniable Emotions affect all levels of life - personal, organizational, political, cultural, economic, and religious Emotions give meaning to life Emotional disturbances can destroy that meaning How should emotions be studied? How can an understanding of the inner feelings of individuals illuminate important social interactions and human developments? In his book, Norman Denzin presents a systematic, in-depth analysis of emotion that combines new theoretical advances with practical applications Based on an intensive, critical examination of classical and modern theoretical research - and on revealing personal interviews in which ordinary people express their emotional lives - he builds a new framework for understanding ordinary emotions and emotional disturbances Denzin analyzes how people experience joy and pain, love and hate, anger and despair, friendship and alienation - and examines the personal, psychological, social, and cultural aspects of human emotion to provide new perspectives for understanding human experience and social interactions He offers new insights on the role of emotions in family violence and recommends ways of helping people escape from recurring patterns of violence And in criticizing current conceptions of emotionally disturbed people, he reveals the nature of their inner lives and the ways they perceive and relate to others In sum, this book presents new insights on human relationships and human experience It is now available in paperback for the first time, with a new introduction by the author

Social Support and Cancer: Findings Based on Patient Interviews and Their Implications

Abstract: Past research indicates that social support is beneficial to cancer patients in adjusting to the stress of the disease. In this article, a brief review of research on social support is provided as a framework within which support among cancer patients can be examined. Research on cancer is then reviewed, and selected results from an investigation of 79 cancer patients are reported. The findings indicate that: health care providers are particularly important sources of support to cancer patients; of several types, emotional support is seen as especially helpful; and the types of support seen as most helpful by those with cancer depends on who provides them. In addition, variability in stress among cancer patients mediated the frequency of interpersonal problems, and the association between support and various indices of adjustment. Implications of these results for future research on social support in stressed populations, especially cancer patients, are discussed.

When Belief Creates Reality

Abstract: Publisher Summary It is a basic and an undeniable fact of social life that one form impressions of other people whom they encounter in the day-to-day lives. As a direct result of generations of theory and research on impression formation and person perception, investigators have learned a great deal about the way individuals process information to form beliefs and impressions of other people. Accordingly, there exists considerable knowledge about the antecedents of social beliefs. The practical implications of these reality-constructing consequences of social beliefs are considerable, both at the level of individual lives and at the level of society. This chapter highlights that the processes of social thought are intimately woven into the fabric of social interaction and interpersonal relationships. The events of the lives are very much a reflection of one's beliefs about other people in the social worlds. Finally, it is in this sense that beliefs can and do create reality.

Patrons, Clients and Friends: Interpersonal Relations and the Structure of Trust in Society

Abstract: The form of social relations described by the terms 'patronage' and 'patron-client relations' is of central concern to sociologists, anthropologists and political scientists today. Characterised by its voluntary and highly personal but often fully institutionalised nature, it is a type of behaviour found in almost every human society. It touches upon basic aspects of the construction and regulation of social order and is therefore closely connected to major theoretical problems and controversies in the social sciences. This book analyses some special types of these interpersonal relations - ritual kinship, patron-client relations and friendship - and the social conditions in which they develop. The authors draw upon a wide range of examples, from societies as diverse as these of the Mediterranean, Latin America, the Middle and Far East and the U.S.S.R., in their study of the core characteristics of such relationships. They look at them as mechanisms of social exchange, examine their impact on the institutional structures in which they exist, and assess the significance of the variations in their occurrence. Their analysis highlights the importance of these relationships in social life and concludes with a stimulating discussion of the ensuring tensions and ambivalences and the ways in which these are dealt with - though perhaps never fully overcome. Patrons, clients and friends is the first systematic comparative study of these interpersonal relations and makes the first attempt to relate them to central aspects of social structure. It will therefore be an important contribution to both comparative analysis and social theory and will be of interest to a wide range of social scientists.

The Relationships Among Beliefs, Organizational Position, and Whistle-Blowing Status: A Discriminant Analysis

Abstract: Survey data from a random sample of 8,500 employees were examined to determine whether persons who report perceived organizational wrongdoing differ from other employees as to their beliefs about o...

The use of informal and formal help: four patterns of illness behavior in the black community.

Abstract: Most studies of professional help use among black Americans fail to describe this group's relationship to blacks experiencing distress but not requesting professional help, and generally ignore the salience of informal social support processes. A more comprehensive understanding of black help-seeking behavior would come from an approach which describes both the users and nonusers of formal helping services, and examines the benefits derived from the interpersonal relationships that comprise black friend- and kin-based networks. These analyses focused on four patterns of informal and formal help use in the National Survey of Black Americans. The findings indicated that most people use informal help only, or they use informal and professional help together. In addition, gender, age, income, and problem-type were significantly related to the different patterns of illness behavior. The implications of these findings for help seeking in the black community were discussed.

Brand Congruence in Interpersonal Relations: A Social Network Analysis

Abstract: Previous studies dealing with the notion of brand congruence suffer from questionable methods of group determination, suspect demonstrations of brand congruence effects, and inadequate attention paid to types of social relation. To overcome these shortcomings, the present study uses graph-theoretic social network techniques to examine interpersonal relationships and brand choice behavior in natural environments. The brand choices of individuals in a social relationship were compared to those of unrelated individuals across various products, types of social relation, and types of basic sociological structure (dyad, clique, and 2-plex). While significant brand congruence effects were obtained, they were clustered in a few products mediated by types of social relation. Conspicuousness of the product, as traditionally defined, was found to be insufficient to account for these findings.

The training and generalization of social interaction skills with autistic youth.

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to increase the initiations and duration of social interactions between autistic and nonhandicapped youths. Experiment 1 taught two autistic youths to initiate and elaborate social interactions with three age-appropriate and commonly used leisure objects; a radio, a video game, and gum. The students were first taught to use the objects and subsequently instructed in the related social skills. The youths generalized these social responses to other non-handicapped peers in the same leisure setting. A second experiment trained a third autistic youth to emit similar social leisure skills. The use of the leisure objects and the related social skills were taught at the same time. The autistic youth learned these skills and generalized them to other handicapped peers in the same leisure setting. The importance of teaching generalized social responding in particular subenvironments was emphasized.

Context and coping: toward a unifying conceptual framework.

Abstract: After offering a conceptual framework to unify the domains of context and coping, some conclusions are drawn about the underlying patterns of social climate and the characteristics of growth-promoting environments. New directions of research on the dynamics of the environmental system are described. The conceptual framework is used to exemplify ways to explore the stress and coping process in regard to such issues as stress and resource predictors of adaptation, stress prevention and resistance, and cross-situational influences. The foregoing material then highlights implications of a social ecological perspective for conducting conceptually informed evaluation research and changing and improving community settings. Finally, such conceptual problems as person-environment matching and the need to formulate unified perspectives of stressors and resources are discussed to identify promising ways to spark the maturation of community psychology.

Out of the Classroom: A Chilly Campus Climate for Women?.

Abstract: EVALUATION, DEVALUATION AND THE OUT·OF·CLASS CLIMATE . .. . ............. . .. 3 Everyday Inequities In the Campus Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 General Behaviors That Single Out Women . .... 4 General Behaviors That Overlook Women . . . . . . 4 Men's and Women's Communication Patterns: Mixed Signals . . . .. .. .... .... ..... 5 The Effects of a Chilly Campus Climate . .. ... .. 5

Social skills training with verbal autistic adolescents and adults: A program model

Abstract: An ongoing social skills training program was implemented with 15 verbal autistic adolescents and adults. The major long-range goals were for the participants to have positive peer-related social experiences in a supportive atmosphere and to learn useful skills in this way. Short-term training objectives included how to meet other people, stay on a topic of conversation, ask questions, pay attention, and express one's feelings and emotions. Teaching techniques included modeling, coaching, and role-playing. Preliminary indications suggest that the main goals and training objectives were being accomplished and that clients were progressing in their conversational skills, their selection of relevant topics, and their perceptions of themselves. The implications of this program for the understanding and treatment of autistic adolescents and adults is described, as well as the viability of a social skills training model. The need for more research on this most important issue is highlighted.

The Development and Maintenance of Friendship

Abstract: A behavioural examination of friendship development is presented. First, the construction of the Friend Observation Checklist (FOC), a self-report behaviour checklist for assessing friendship behavioural exchange, is described. Second, a twelve-week longitudinal study of friendship development is reported. Seventy male and female college students, who were just beginning their first term of school, used the FOC to track the behaviours occurring in newly developing friendships. A three-month follow-up was also conducted. Dyads which successfully developed into close friendships showed different behavioural and attitudinal trends from dyads which did not become close friends. Both the dyads' breadth of interaction and the intimacy level of their interaction were positively correlated with ratings of friendship intensity. As the friendships progressed, the intimacy level of dyadic interaction accounted for an increasing percentage of the variance in friendship ratings, beyond that accounted for by sheer quan...

White lies in interpersonal communication: A taxonomy and preliminary investigation of social motivations

Abstract: (1984). White lies in interpersonal communication: A taxonomy and preliminary investigation of social motivations. Western Journal of Speech Communication: Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 309-325.

Perceived stress in medical, law, and graduate students.

Abstract: Students in the medical and law schools and graduate students in chemistry and psychology at a single institution were asked to complete a questionnaire about events and activities related to their educational programs which they perceived to be stressful. The questionnaire was designed to elicit information about stress associated with academic activities, personal relationships, time pressures, and financial concerns. Information was also obtained about time utilization, health behaviors, crises, and support systems. The authors' hypothesis that medical students would report higher perceived stress levels than students in the other programs was not supported, as the highest total stress score was reported by law students. Factor analysis of a 31-item stress scale produced six separate factors pertaining to the sources of stress: academic concerns, time concerns, fear of failing, classroom interactions, economic issues, and world issues. Time restrictions and economic and academic issues had the highest mean stress scores. The hypotheses by the authors that students would report program-specific stresses and that utilization of support services would differ among the four groups of students were both supported. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Family crisis following the diagnosis of a handicapped child

Abstract: The literature on family reaction to the diagnosis of a handicapped child is reviewed. Based upon this literature, a five-stage model of a family crisis is proposed. Each of these stages is then described in terms of its effects upon the modalities of behavior, affect, sensation, interpersonal relations, and cognitions. Implications for intervention with families of handicapped children are discussed, and suggestions for future research are offered.

Organizational Socialization and Group Development: Toward an Integrative Perspective

Abstract: It is suggested here that conceptual similarities between organizational socialization and group development, as well as the frequently simultaneous occurrence of these two processes, necessitate an integrative treatment of socialization and group development. Stage models of socialization and group development are compared, and three processes common to both are identified as one means of integration. Three specific research ideas that acknowledge these process linkages are offered as suggestions for future research.

Network Interference in Pair Relationships: A Social Psychological Recasting of Slater's Theory of Social Regression

Abstract: Slater's (1963) functionalist theory of social anxiety is recast in terms of social psychological processes. As individuals become increasingly involved in an intimate relationship they withdraw from their respective social networks, producing reactions of social anxiety among network members and attempts to interfere with the relationship. Measures of network interference and relationship stage (casual dating to marriage) are derived from questionnaires administered to a random sample of university students (NI = 750). Findings indicate that, with reference to parents, siblings, other relatives, and friends, the proportion of network members perceived as interfering changes across stages in a curvilinear fashion. Other issues are discussed concerning the causal linkage of social withdrawal and interference, the conditions that influence the degree of interference, and the interrelations of perceptions of interference and actual attempts at interference.

The Types of Social Relations Predicting Elderly Well-Being:

Abstract: It is widely believed that supportive social networks are especially important resources for older adults. Previous work has lacked attention to the specific types of social relations, subjective e...

Subjective network assessments and subjective well-being.

Abstract: Inconsistent evidence about the contributions of informal social networks to well-being may reflect a failure to measure quality as well as quantity of social involvement. The associations of both objective and subjective network characteristics with measures of subjective well-being were investigated in a sample of 1,185 persons aged 60 and over. The objective and subjective dimensions were empirically distinct, with subjective assessments of social ties and supports exhibiting stronger associations with well-being. Having enough instrumental help and contact with children appeared to be particularly important. Understanding the quality of social ties helps clarify the contributions of social involvement to the quality of life in old age.

Equity, Marital Satisfaction, and Stability

Abstract: Equity Theory, a social psychological theory concerned with fairness in interpersonal relations, has been shown to be predictivein casual encounters. Is it applicable in intimate relations as well? Newlyweds were asked a series of questions designed to measure the perceived level of equity in their relationship. Measures of their contentment/distress with the relationship and stability of the relationship were also taken. It was hypothesized that men and women who felt equitably treated would feel more content in their marriage and would perceive the marriage as more stable than would men and women in inequitable marriages. Strong evidence in support of both hypotheses was found. Also reported is a test of a post hoc hypothesis that women and men should be differentially concerned with equity. No significant sex differences were found on any of the dependent variables in the study.

Integration of Severely Handicapped Students and the Proportion of IEP Objectives Achieved

Abstract: The study investigated the educational impact of integration of severely handicapped students in regular public schools. Thirteen school districts and one residential institution were selected on t...

Intimacy and Generativity: Self-Perceived Transitions

Abstract: The idea that individuals continue to experience themselves as changing during midlife and old age has received much attention in recent years. In the popular literature, numerous works have focused on the impact such life stages or crises have in modifying self-perceptions, creating new attitudes toward life, and offering different ways of relating to others. Gail Sheehy's Passages, for example, outlines a predictable series of crises in adult life up to the mid-forties: in the early thirties the "urge to merge" or establish close, interpersonal relationships with others; a later, "Catch30" period in which original choices are reevaluated; and a period of "rooting and extending"-settling down, buying houses, climbing career ladders, raising children.' A subsequent book by Sheehy, Pathfinders, addresses the ways in which certain individuals use the negotiations through these passages as opportunities for expansion and self-renewal.2 More specific to the life stages of women is Maggie Scarf's Unfinished Business, which examines various psychological tasks encountered in the six decades of a woman's life from the teens to the sixties.3 Scarf discusses experiences at stressful junctures of loss, disruption of emotional bonds, and depression, pointing out, for example, that depression may occur in a woman's thirties as she regrets-and also resents-mistaken choices made in her twenties. Lillian Rubin's Women of a Certain Age examines

The measurement of marital intimacy

Abstract: The Waring Intimacy Questionnaire (WIQ), is a 90-item, true/false questionnaire specifically developed to measure the quantity and quality of marital intimacy. Eight facets of marital intimacy are measured: affection, cohesion, conflict resolution, compatibility, expressiveness, sexuality, autonomy and identity. Forty items provide a measure of total intimacy and a social desirability scale is included. Reliability and validity data are presented which suggest that the WIQ merits further study for evaluation of its clinical and research utility.