Showing papers on "Interval training published in 2005"
TL;DR: It is concluded that short sprint interval training (approximately 15 min of intense exercise over 2 wk) increased muscle oxidative potential and doubled endurance capacity during intense aerobic cycling in recreationally active individuals.
Abstract: Parra et al. (Acta Physiol. Scand 169: 157–165, 2000) showed that 2 wk of daily sprint interval training (SIT) increased citrate synthase (CS) maximal activity but did not change “anaerobic” work c...
811 citations
TL;DR: Performing high intensity 4 min intervals dribbling a soccer ball around a specially designed track together with regular soccer training is effective for improving the Vo2max of soccer players, with no negative interference effects on strength, jumping ability, and sprinting performance.
Abstract: Background: Improved oxygen uptake improves soccer performance as regards distance covered, involvements with the ball, and number of sprints. Large improvements in oxygen uptake have been shown using interval running. A similar physiological load arising from interval running could be obtained using the soccer ball in training. Objectives: The main aim was to study physiological adaptations to a 10 week high intensity aerobic interval training program performed by professional youth soccer players, using a soccer specific ball dribbling track. Methods: Eleven youth soccer players with a mean (SD) age of 16.9 (0.4) years performed high intensity aerobic interval training sessions twice per week for 10 weeks in addition to normal soccer training. The specific aerobic training consisted of four sets of 4 min work periods dribbling a soccer ball around a specially designed track at 90–95% of maximal heart frequency, with a 3 min recovery jog at 70% of maximal heart frequency between intervals. Results: Mean Vo 2max improved significantly from 63.4 (5.6) to 69.8 (6.6) ml kg −1 min −1 , or 183.3 (13.2) to 201.5 (16.2) ml kg −0.75 min −1 (p Conclusion: Performing high intensity 4 min intervals dribbling a soccer ball around a specially designed track together with regular soccer training is effective for improving the Vo 2max of soccer players, with no negative interference effects on strength, jumping ability, and sprinting performance.
316 citations
TL;DR: It is found that interval training provides an effective means to improve the cardiovascular fitness and health status of highly functional patients with coronary artery disease and anaerobic tolerance to a greater extent than the traditional exercise training model.
Abstract: We found that interval training provides an effective means to improve the cardiovascular fitness and health status of highly functional patients with coronary artery disease. We also revealed that interval training improves anaerobic tolerance to a greater extent than the traditional exercise training model without increasing the risk to the patient. This research supports the implementation of interval training for highly functional patients with coronary artery disease.
287 citations
TL;DR: High-intensity IE training is equally effective to moderately intense CLE training in inducing peripheral muscle adaptations; however, IE is associated with fewer training symptoms.
197 citations
TL;DR: Increasing the amount of anaerobic interval training, stretching whilst the muscle is fatigued, and implementing sport specific training drills resulted in a significant reduction in the number and consequences of hamstring muscle strain injuries.
Abstract: Objectives: To assess in a single team of Australian Rules football players the effect of a specific intervention program on the incidence and consequence of hamstring muscle strain injuries. Method: A prospective study was performed with a single team being followed for four playing seasons for hamstring injury. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to confirm the diagnosis of hamstring muscle injury. After two playing seasons an intervention program was implemented with the number of athletes with hamstring injury, competition days missed, and incidence of hamstring match injuries per 1000 h of playing time being compared pre- and post-intervention. The intervention program involved stretching whilst fatigued, sport specific training drills, and an emphasis on increasing the amount of high intensity anaerobic interval training. Results: In the seasons prior to the intervention, nine and 11 athletes sustained hamstring injury compared to two and four following intervention. Competition days missed reduced from 31 and 38 to 5 and 16 following intervention and match incidence decreased from 4.7 to 1.3 per 1000 h of playing time. A beneficial effect was demonstrated with a smaller number of players having hamstring injuries (p = 0.05), a lower number of competition games missed being recorded (p Conclusions: Increasing the amount of anaerobic interval training, stretching whilst the muscle is fatigued, and implementing sport specific training drills resulted in a significant reduction in the number and consequences of hamstring muscle strain injuries.
182 citations
TL;DR: Improvements in TT40 performance were related to significant increases in VO2peak, VT1,VT2, and ANC but were not accompanied by significant changes in PV, suggesting peripheral adaptations rather than central adaptations are likely responsible for the improved performances witnessed in well-trained endurance athletes following various forms of high-intensity interval training programs.
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of 3 different high-intensity interval training regimens on the first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2), anaerobic capacity (ANC), and plasma volume (PV) in well-trained endurance cyclists. Before and after 2 and 4 weeks of training, 38 well-trained cyclists (VO2peak = 64.5 +/- 5.2 ml[middle dot]kg-1[middle dot]min-1) performed (a) a progressive cycle test to measure VO2peak, peak power output (PPO), VT1, and VT2; (b) a time to exhaustion test (Tmax) at their VO2peak power output (Pmax); and (c) a 40-km time-trial (TT40). Subjects were assigned to 1 of 4 training groups (group 1: n = 8, 8 3 60% Tmax at Pmax, 1:2 work-recovery ratio; group 2: n = 9, 8 x 60% Tmax at Pmax, recovery at 65% maximum heart rate; group 3: n = 10, 12 x 30 seconds at 175% PPO, 4.5-minute recovery; control group: n = 11). The TT40 performance, VO2peak, VT1,VT2, and ANC were all significantly increased in groups 1, 2, and 3 (p < 0.05) but not in the control group. However, PV did not change in response to the 4-week training program. Changes in TT40 performance were modestly related to the changes in VO2peak, VT1, VT2, and ANC (r = 0.41, 0.34, 0.42, and 0.40, respectively; all p < 0.05). In conclusion, the improvements in TT40 performance were related to significant increases in VO2peak, VT1,VT2, and ANC but were not accompanied by significant changes in PV. Thus, peripheral adaptations rather than central adaptations are likely responsible for the improved performances witnessed in well-trained endurance athletes following various forms of high-intensity interval training programs.
143 citations
TL;DR: Under self-paced conditions, varying rest duration in a range of 1 to 4 min had limited impact on performance during repeated 4-min high-intensity exercise bouts.
Abstract: Purpose:To investigate the effect of rest duration on self-selected intensity, physiological responses, and RPE during a standardized, high-intensity interval training prescription.Subjects:Nine well-trained male runners (VO2max 71 ± 4 mL·kg−1·min−1) performed three treadmill interval train
127 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the utility, safety and physiological adaptations of resistance exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) are reviewed and recommendations based on current research are presented.
Abstract: The utility, safety and physiological adaptations of resistance exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) are reviewed and recommendations based on current research are presented. Patients with CHF have a poor clinical status and impaired exercise capacity due to both cardiac limitations and peripheral maladaptations of the skeletal musculature. Because muscle atrophy has been demonstrated to be a hallmark of CHF, the main principle of exercise programmes in such patients is to train the peripheral muscles effectively without producing great cardiovascular stress. For this reason, new modes of training as well as new training methods have been applied. Dynamic resistance training, based on the principles of interval training, has recently been established as a safe and effective mode of exercise in patients with CHF. Patients perform dynamic strength exercises slowly, on specific machines at an intensity usually in the range of 50–60% of one repetition maximum; work phases are of short duration (≤60 seconds) and should be followed by an adequate recovery period (work/recovery ratio >1: 2). Patients with a low cardiac reserve can use small free weights (0.5, 1 or 3kg), elastic bands with 8–10 repetitions, or they can perform resistance exercises in a segmental fashion. Based on recent scientific evidence, the application of specific resistance exercise programmes is safe and induces significant histochemical, metabolic and functional adaptations in skeletal muscles, contributing to the treatment of muscle weakness and specific myopathy occurring in the majority of CHF patients. Increased exercise tolerance and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), changes in muscle composition, increases in muscle mass, alterations in skeletal muscle metabolism, improvement in muscular strength and endurance have also been reported in the literature after resistance exercise alone or in combination with aerobic exercise. According to new scientific evidence, appropriate dynamic resistance exercise should be recommended as a safe and effective alternative training mode (supplementary to conventional aerobic exercise) in order to counteract peripheral maladaptation and improve muscle strength, which is necessary for recreational and daily living activities, and thus quality of life, of patients with stable, CHF.
104 citations
TL;DR: Intensive endurance training in elderly men enhanced parasympathetic parameters of HRV and, interestingly, of SBR.
Abstract: Autonomic nervous system activity decreases continuously with age and appears to be a powerful predictor of disease and death. Attempts are thus made to reactivate autonomic drive with the intent of improving health. We assessed maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), auto- nomic nervous system activity by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis and spontaneous cardiac baroreflex activity (SBR) in eleven elderly men (73.5±4.2 years) before and after a 14-week program of intensive cycloergometer interval training. The standard HRV indices were calculated using time domain (mean RR, PNN50, RMSSD, SDNN, SDANN and SDNNIDX), and Fourier transform (total power, ULF,VLF, LF, LFnu, HF, HFnu and LF/HF) analyses of 24-hour, daytime and nighttime Holter recordings. The SBR was calculated from 15-minute recordings of spontaneous blood pressure and RR interval variations using the sequence (slope, slSBR) and cross-spectral (αSBRHF and αSBRLF) methods. After the training period,VO2max increased by 18.6 % (26.8±4.4 to 31.8±5.2 ml · kg–1 · min–1, p<0.01). The nocturnal parasympathetic indices of HRV increased (PNN50: 3.05±2.21 to 5.00±2.87%, RMSSD: 29.1±7.6 to 38.8±10.9 ms, HF: 117±54 to 194±116 ms2/Hz, all p<0.05) as did the SBR indices (slSBR: 7.0±1.8 to 9.8±2.1 ms·mmHg–1, p<0.01; αSBRHF: 6.9±2.2 to 10.5±3.7 ms ·mmHg–1, p<0.05; αSBRLF: 5.3±2.3 to 6.9±3.1 ms ·mmHg–1, p=0.22). Intensive endurance training in elderly men enhanced parasympathetic parameters of HRV and, interestingly, of SBR. Physiological mechanisms and long-term clinical effects on health status should be further investigated.
92 citations
TL;DR: Four weeks of interval training induced an improvement in endurance performance, however, short-term exposure to hypoxia did not elicit a greater increase in performance or any hematological modifications.
Abstract: ROELS, B., P. G. MILLET, C. MARCOUX, O. COSTE, J. D. BENTLEY, and R. CANDAU. Effects of Hypoxic Interval Training on Cycling Performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 138 –146, 2005. Purpose: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that intermittent hypoxic interval training improves sea level cycling performance more than equivalent training in hypoxia or normoxia. Methods: Thirty-three well-trained cyclists and triathletes (25.9 2.7 yr, V u O2max 66.1 6.1 mL·min 1 ·kg 1 ) were divided into three groups: intermittent hypoxic (IHT, N 11, PIO2 of 100 mm Hg), intermittent hypoxic interval training (IHIT, N 11) and normoxia (Nor, N 11, PIO2 of 160 mm Hg) and completed a 7-wk training program, consisting of two high-intensity (100 or 90% relative peak power output) interval training sessions each week. Each interval training session was performed in a laboratory on the subject’s own bicycle, in normoxic or hypoxic conditions for the Nor and the IHT group, respectively. The IHIT group performed warm-up and cool-down plus recovery from each interval in hypoxic conditions. In contrast to IHT, interval exercise bouts were performed in normoxic conditions. Results: Mean power output during a 10-min cycle time trial improved after the first 4 wk of training by 5.2 3.9, 3.7 5.9, and 5.0 3.4% for IHIT, IHT, and Nor, respectively, without significant differences between groups. Moreover, mean power output did not show any significant improvement in the following 3 wk in any group. V u O2max (L·min 1 ) increased only in IHIT during the training period (8.7 9.1%; P 0.05). No changes in cycling efficiency or in hematological variables (P 0.05) were observed. Conclusion: Four weeks of interval training induced an improvement in endurance performance. However, short-term exposure to hypoxia (114 min·wk 1 ) did not elicit a greater increase in performance or any hematological
89 citations
TL;DR: This issue of the Journal of Applied Physiology contains a report by Burgomaster et al that reminds us of the “potency” of very intense exercise, performed as 30-s sprints, for stimulating metabolic adaptations within skeletal muscle.
Abstract: this issue of the Journal of Applied Physiology contains a report by Burgomaster et al. ([2][1]) that reminds us of the “potency” of very intense exercise, performed as 30-s sprints, for stimulating metabolic adaptations within skeletal muscle. This group employed “sprint interval training”
TL;DR: The addition of explosive training and high-resistance interval training to the programs of already well-trained cyclists produces major gains in sprint and endurance performance, partly through improvements in exercise efficiency and anaerobic threshold.
Abstract: In several recent studies, athletes experienced substantial gains in sprint and endurance performance when explosive training or high-intensity interval training was added in the noncompetitive phase of a season. Here we report the effect of combining these 2 types of training on performance in the competitive phase. We randomized 18 road cyclists to an experimental (n = 9) or control (n = 9) group for 4-5 weeks of training. The experimental group replaced part of their usual training with twelve 30-minute sessions consisting of 3 sets of explosive single-leg jumps (20 for each leg) alternating with 3 sets of high-resistance cycling sprints (5 x 30 seconds at 60-70 min(-1) with 30-second recoveries between repetitions). Performance measures, obtained over 2-3 days on a cycle ergometer before and after the intervention, were mean power in a 1- and 4-km time trial, peak power in an incremental test, and lactate-profile power and oxygen cost determined from 2 fixed submaximal workloads. The control group showed little mean change in performance. Power output sampled in the training sprints of the experimental group indicated a plateau in the training effect after 8-12 sessions. Relative to the control group, the mean changes (+/-90% confidence limits) in the experimental group were: 1-km power, 8.7% (+/-2.5%); 4-km power, 8.1% (+/-4.1%); peak power, 6.8% (+/-3.6); lactate-profile power, 3.7% (+/-4.8%); and oxygen cost, -3.0% (+/-2.6%). Individual responses to the training were apparent only for 4-km and lactate-profile power (standard deviations of 2.5% and 2.8%, respectively). The addition of explosive training and high-resistance interval training to the programs of already well-trained cyclists produces major gains in sprint and endurance performance, partly through improvements in exercise efficiency and anaerobic threshold.
TL;DR: It would appear that a high-intensity interval protocol confers a different training effect in comparison to continuous steady-state training in boys, and possible mechanisms that underpin these adaptations may include increased blood volume and a concomitant adjustment in stroke volume.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess whether the magnitude of change in aerobic power was different in boys (mean age 10.25 +/- 0.50 y) who followed a high-intensity interval training protocol, compared to those who followed a moderate-intensity continuous training protocol. Boys were assigned to either a control group (n = 15), a continuous training group (n = 10), or an interval training group (n = 10). They completed peak oxygen uptake tests at baseline and following an 8-week training period. The control group continued with normal activity habits, whilst the continuous training group followed a 20-minute steady-state cycle protocol at 80-85 % of the maximal heart rate, and the interval training group completed 30-s sprints on a cycle ergometer, interspersed with active rest periods. The two training protocols were designed to incur similar cardiovascular work over the 20 minutes of each training session. Significant increases (p < 0.05) in peak oxygen uptake were noted for both the interval and continuous training groups. The interval training group showed marked pre- to post-increases in both peak oxygen pulse, oxygen pulse at the ventilatory threshold, and ventilatory threshold that were not apparent in the continuous group boys. It would appear that a high-intensity interval protocol confers a different training effect in comparison to continuous steady-state training in boys. Possible mechanisms that underpin these adaptations may include increased blood volume and a concomitant adjustment in stroke volume.
TL;DR: After 6 weeks of a wheelchair interval-training program in subjects with recent SCI, the increase of Vt and the decrease of oxygen cost of Ve indicated better ventilatory efficiency.
TL;DR: Although this novel exercise programme, utilizing high intensity interval training, was safe, clinically feasible and beneficial in terms of physical functioning, the 12 weeks of intradialytic cycle exercise failed to reverse the muscle atrophy characteristic of this population.
Abstract: Haemodialysis (HD) patients are characterized by muscle wasting and consequently decreased physical functioning and poor outcome This pilot study investigated if a novel intradialytic exercise programme could increase lean mass via up-regulation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system Nine HD patients were assessed before (w-12) and after a 3-month control phase (w0), after a three-month intradialytic interval training programme using high intensity cycle exercise (w12), and after a withdrawal of treatment phase (w24) Body composition was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS); physical functioning by knee extensor strength (KES) and 30-s sit stand test (SST); and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in serum and muscle by radioimmunoassay Despite significant increases in training load (+274%, P<0001), peak power output (+71%, P<0001) and physical function (KES: +19%, P<005; SST: +20%, P<005) following the intervention phase, lean masses by DEXA, intra cellular water by BIS (a surrogate measure of body cell mass) and serum and muscle IGFs remained unchanged following training Although this novel exercise programme, utilizing high intensity interval training, was safe, clinically feasible and beneficial in terms of physical functioning, the 12 weeks of intradialytic cycle exercise failed to reverse the muscle atrophy characteristic of this population Future studies, using primary outcome measures similar to those employed in the present study, should investigate other anabolic interventions to determine potential treatments for the muscle wasting associated with end stage renal disease
TL;DR: The significant somatotypes-aerobic training interaction suggests different trainability with intermittent and individualised aerobic training according to somatotype.
Abstract: Purpose: This study examined the association between dominant somatotype and the effect on aerobic capacity variables of individualised aerobic interval training. Methods: Forty one white North African subjects (age 21.4±1.3 years; V˙o 2max = 52.8±5.7 ml kg −1 min −1 ) performed three exercise tests 1 week apart (i) an incremental test on a cycle ergometer to determine V˙o 2max and V˙o 2 at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2); (ii) a VAM-EVAL track test to determine maximal aerobic speed ( v V˙o 2max ); and (iii) an exhaustive constant velocity test to determine time limit performed at 100% v V˙o 2max (tlim100). Subjects were divided into four somatometric groups: endomorphs-mesomorphs (Endo-meso; n = 9), mesomorphs (Meso; n = 11), mesomorphs-ectomorphs (Meso-ecto; n = 12), and ectomorphs (Ecto; n = 9). Subjects followed a 12 week training program (two sessions/week). Each endurance training session consisted of the maximal number of successive fractions for each subject. Each fraction consisted of one period of exercise at 100% of v V˙o 2max and one of active recovery at 60% of v V˙o 2max . The duration of each period was equal to half the individual tlim100 duration (153.6±39.7 s). After the training program, all subjects were re-evaluated for comparison with pre-test results. Results: Pre- and post-training data were grouped by dominant somatotype. Two way ANOVA revealed significant somatotype-aerobic training interaction effects (p v V˙o 2max , V˙o 2max expressed classically and according to allometric scaling, and V˙o 2 at VT2. There were significant differences among groups post-training: the Meso-ecto and the Meso groups showed the greatest improvements in aerobic capacity. Conclusion: The significant somatotype-aerobic training interaction suggests different trainability with intermittent and individualised aerobic training according to somatotype.
TL;DR: In conclusion, swimming IT sets of equal time duration at but of differing work-interval durations led to slightly different and HR resp...
Abstract: While the physiological adaptations following endurance training are relatively well understood, in swimming there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the metabolic responses to interval training (IT). The hypothesis tested predicted that two different endurance swimming IT sets would induce differences in the total time the subjects swam at a high percentage of maximal oxygen consumption . Ten trained triathletes underwent an incremental test to exhaustion in swimming so that the swimming velocity associated with could be determined. This was followed by a maximal 400-m test and two intermittent sets at (a) 16 × 50 m with 15-s rest (IT50); (b) 8 × 100 m with 30-s rest (IT100). The times sustained above 95% (68.50 ± 62.69 vs. 145.01 ± 165.91 sec) and 95% HRmax (146.67 ± 131.99 vs. 169.78 ± 203.45 sec, p = 0.54) did not differ between IT50 and IT100 (values are mean ± SD). In conclusion, swimming IT sets of equal time duration at but of differing work-interval durations led to slightly different and HR resp...
TL;DR: The results observed in humans during heavy exercise conditions with a large prevalence of HF in contrast to LF, this prevalence increasing with exercise repetitions are confirmed and the observed decrease in LF/HF ratio could provide an index of hyperpnea in horses during interval training.
Abstract: RR intervals of ten elite trotting horses were recorded during an interval training session performed on track. This study examined two hypotheses. Firstly, like in humans, the hyperpnea combined with a decrease in cardiac autonomic control on heart rate during heavy exercise could result in a prevalence of high frequency heart rate variability. Secondly, this prevalence could increase with the heavy exercise repetition. Two exercise intensities were compared: moderate (ME) and heavy (HE). Furthermore, heavy exercise repetitions were compared between the beginning and the end of the interval training session. When comparing ME and HE periods: heart rate was significantly lower (155 +/- 12 vs. 210 +/- 9 ms, p < 0.001), LF spectral energy (0.04 - 0.2 Hz) was significantly higher (ME: 6.94 +/- 4.80 and HE: 0.24 +/- 0.14 ms(2) . Hz (-1), p < 0.001) whereas HF (0.2 - 2 Hz) was significantly lower (ME: 7.09 +/- 2.24 and HE: 10.60 +/- 3.64 ms(2) . Hz (-1), p < 0.05). In relative terms, ME showed similar results in both LFn (LF/LF+HF) and HFn (HF/LF+HF) whereas HE showed a large prevalence of HFn energy compared to LFn (p < 0.001). The difference in LF/HF ratio between the two exercise conditions was significant (1.14 +/- 0.92 vs. 0.09 +/- 0.12, p < 0.001). Exercise repetition induced a significant increase in heart rate between the beginning and the end of the interval training session (207 +/- 10 beats . min (-1) vs. 212 +/- 9 beats . min (-1), p < 0.001) whereas LF energy decreases (1.54 +/- 1.65 vs. 0.32 +/- 0.24 ms(2) . Hz (-1), p < 0.01) and HF energy remained constant (10.79 +/- 4.10 vs. 10.40 +/- 3.35 ms(2) . Hz (-1), NS). This study confirmed the results observed in humans during heavy exercise conditions with a large prevalence of HF in contrast to LF, this prevalence increasing with exercise repetitions. The observed decrease in LF/HF ratio could provide an index of hyperpnea in horses during interval training.
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: Rimaud et al. as discussed by the authors reviewed the literature about training program characteristics for spinal cord injury and described their efficacy, limits, and results, with the aim of proposing specific recommendations, and recommended that training at or above 70% of maximum heart rate for 30 minutes of rhythmic exercise, three days per week during eight weeks, will provide a sound of basis for design of an endurance exercise program for people with SCI.
Abstract: Introduction. – Individualised exercise training programs in spinal cord injury (SCI) individuals are considered highly effective for improving and maintaining capacity for physical activity, as well as for reducing cardiovascular risk. However, no consensus exists on the type, intensity, and frequency of the training programs for SCI. Objective. – To review the literature about training program characteristics for SCI and describe their efficacy, limits, and results, with the aim of proposing specific recommendations. Methods. – Query using Medline and Embase databases. Ninety-nine references were found, including the following: Clinical studies examining physical endurance capacity of individuals with SCI, physiological responses to maximal exercise, or cardiovascular differences between sedentary and wheelchair-trained subjects; Articles? investigating the effects of training programmes for SCI. * Auteur correspondant. Adresse e-mail : diana.rimaud@univ-st-etienne.fr (D. Rimaud). Annales de readaptation et de medecine physique 48 (2005) 259–269 http://france.elsevier.com/direct/ANNRMP/ 0168-6054/$ see front matter © 2005 Elsevier SAS. Tous droits reserves. doi:10.1016/j.annrmp.2004.12.004 Results. – Various combinations of training intensity, duration, frequency, type, and ergometers have been proposed for SCI. Whatever the characteristics of the training program, a review of 25 cardiorespiratory training studies involving SCI subjects revealed an average improvement of 9% to 99% in VO2max, 19% to 118% in power output, and a decrease in submaximal values after 4 to 36 weeks of training. Discussion – Conclusion. – Wheelchair ergometers seems to be interesting for SCI because it mimics closely the daily motor tasks of wheelchair users and allows for adjustment of the wheelchair. Both continuous and interval training programmes are appropriate, but intermittent exercise intensities may be more beneficial since they mimic the intermittent nature of daily activity patterns. Furthermore, on the basis of the results of these studies, we recommend that training at or above 70% of maximum heart rate, for 30 minutes of rhythmic exercise, three days per week during eight weeks, will provide a sound of basis for design of an endurance exercise programme for people with SCI. © 2005 Elsevier SAS. Tous droits reserves. Mots cles : Exercice maximal ; Capacite physique ; Exercice en creneaux ; Ergometre pour fauteuil roulant ; Ergometre a bras
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The "Heart Failure - A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise TraiNing" (HF-ACTION) trial, a large randomized controlled clinical trial, will answer the question of whether exercise training can reduce morbidity and mortality in HF patients.
Abstract: Heart failure (HF) is characterized by dyspnea and fatigue leading to exercise intolerance. HF patients have been advised to avoid exercise because of concerns about detrimental cardiac effects. However, in many studies on the effects of exercise training HF patients have demonstrated beneficial outcomes. Furthermore, exercise training has been found to be safe. Recent studies have demonstrated that exercise training might reduce morbidity and mortality. Although these data are promising, confirmation is required from a large clinical trial powered to examine the effects of exercise training on mortality and morbidity. The "Heart Failure - A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise TraiNing" (HF-ACTION) trial, a large randomized controlled clinical trial, will answer that question. Standardized guidelines for exercise training HF patients have not been established. Exercise training should be individualized according to the results of the exercise test. Ideally, the exercise program should be initiated in the setting of a supervised program followed by a home-based program. Each patient should have a tailored activity program based on a prescription for the frequency of each session, the intensity, duration of each session, and modalities to be used. Exercise training should involve aerobic exercise. Resistance exercise and interval training might be an acceptable method for HF patients; however, more studies are required for these types of exercise programs.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the occurrence of oxidative lesions in lipids due to physical training in athletes, through quantification of the urinary chemiluminescence and plasmatic malondialdehyde (MDA).
Abstract: Several studies have demonstrated that intense physical exercise causes oxidative stress in animals and humans, being possibly related, for instance, to fatigue and tissue lesions. However, the effects of high intensity exercise or training performed by athletes on the occurrence of oxidative stress are not fully clear, possibly due to methodological limitations. The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence of oxidative lesions in lipids due to physical training in athletes, through the quantification of the urinary chemiluminescence and plasmatic malondialdehyde (MDA). Post-exercise samples were collected after four training protocols: a) treadmill running (25-30 min); b) 20 km running performed by marathon runners; c) interval training accomplished by 400 m runners; d) soccer game with 50 min duration; and e) strength training with and without creatine supplementation. In the last four items, only the urinary chemiluminescence was evaluated. The conditions that presented elevation in urinary chemiluminescence after exercise completion were: a) 20 km running; b) soccer game; and c) strength training without creatine supplementation. The treadmill running increased plasmatic MDA concentration during and after its performance, and the plasmatic antioxidant capacity had an inverse behavior compared to the increase in MDA. The exercise used in this work promoted oxidative stress in a different way and this may be related to the duration and the intensity performed by athletes, and not only to intensity. In this work it was also observed that creatine ingestion associated with strength training might work as antioxidant.
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the mean heart rate response in two training methods of equal average intensity based on running, the relationship of the maximal aerobic speed (VAM) with the reserve heart rate (FCR), and the effects of these modes of training on the basal heart rate.
Abstract: The aims of this study were to compare the mean heart rate response in two training methods of equal average intensity based on running, the relationship of the maximal aerobic speed (VAM) with the reserve heart rate (FCR) and the effects of these modes of training on the basal heart rate (FCB) The study was carried out with eight physical activity students (23,25 years old; VAM: 17,93 Kmh), who performed: CC= 8 km at 70% VAM and CI= 4x(1000m at 90% VAM+1000m at 50% VAM) Heart rate was registered during sessions and FCB before and after of the training session The difference in the mean heart rate between both training modes not statistically significant However, the mean heart rate of the CC (FCCC) (Z=2,240; p<0,05) and CI (FCCI) (Z=2,380; p<0,05) were significantly higher than the calculated 70% heart rate reserve (FCR70%) The FCB was only significantly higher after CI (Z=2,319; p<0,05) In conclusion, two different training modes, but of equal average intensity, can produce a similar mean heart rate The intensity of the programed run based on the VAM is significantly higher than one based on the FCR The strongly increase in FCB can be influenced by the interval training method
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this work it was observed that creatine ingestion associated with strength training might work as antioxidant, and this may be related to the duration and the intensity performed by athletes, and not only to intensity.
Abstract: Several studies have demonstrated that intense physical exercise causes oxidative stress in animals and humans, being possibly related, for instance, to fatigue and tissue lesions. However, the effects of high intensity exercise or training performed by athletes on the occurrence of oxidative stress are not fully clear, possibly due to methodological limitations. The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence of oxidative lesions in lipids due to physical training in athletes, through the quantification of the urinary chemiluminescence and plasmatic malondialdehyde (MDA). Post-exercise samples were collected after four training protocols: a) treadmill running (25-30 min); b) 20 km running performed by marathon runners; c) interval training accomplished by 400 m runners; d) soccer game with 50 min duration; and e) strength training with and without creatine supplementation. In the last four items, only the urinary chemiluminescence was evaluated. The conditions that presented elevation in urinary chemiluminescence after exercise completion were: a) 20 km running; b) soccer game; and c) strength training without creatine supplementation. The treadmill running increased plasmatic MDA concentration during and after its performance, and the plasmatic antioxidant capacity had an inverse behavior compared to the increase in MDA. The exercise used in this work promoted oxidative stress in a different way and this may be related to the duration and the intensity performed by athletes, and not only to intensity. In this work it was also observed that creatine ingestion associated with strength training might work as antioxidant.
Dissertation•
01 Jul 2005
TL;DR: The mechanisms responsible for previously observed enhancements in endurance (750 kJ) performance following two weeks of sprint interval training remain unclear, but may be related to changes in vascular structure and function.
Abstract: Increased arterial stiffness and vascular endothelial dysfunction have been identified as independent risk factors for the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Traditional endurance training has been associated with elevated levels of central arterial compliance and an attenuation of cardiovascular events. As well, the positive benefits of aerobic-based training have been acknowledged as effective modulators of vascular endothelial function. To date, the impact of sprint interval training on cardiovascular health has not been evaluated. Furthermore, the mechanisms responsible for previously observed enhancements in endurance (750 kJ) performance following two weeks of sprint interval training remain unclear, but may be related to changes in vascular structure and function. Nine young healthy males [age: 22 ± 0.5 (mean± SEM)] participated in a two week sprint interval training program consisting of 4-6 30 second maximum effort exercise bouts performed every other day on a cycle ergometer. In addition, each participant was required to complete a 750 kJ time trial on a cycle ergometer as a measure of aerobic exercise performance before (PRE) and after (POST) training. Measurements of supine, resting carotid pulse pressure, carotid cross-sectional compliance, and brachial vascular endothelial function (using flow mediated dilation) were also acquired PRE and POST training. Resting pulse pressure did not show any significant changes with exercise training (PRE= 48.6±1.6, POST= 52.4±2.5 mmHg, p>0.05). Mean brachial artery diameter was not changed with sprint interval training (PRE= 4.29±0.17, POST= 4.38±0.18 mm,
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: It is suggested that high-intensity interval training enhanced endurance performance and reduced the fatiguing of the muscles and was possibly due to recruitment of addition slow-twitch motor units.
Abstract: Little is known about the mechanism that improves the capabilities of athletes by high, intensity interval training (HIT). This study was conducted to determine the neurophysiological changes due to HIT. Changes in surface electromyography (SEMG) in well-trained endurance cyclists due to the training were identified. Seven subjects (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] 64.6 plusmn 4.8 ml.kg-1.min-1, mean plusmn SD) undertook a 3 week training intervention, replacing ~ 15% of their weekly endurance training with 6 sessions of laboratory-based HIT (8times5 min work bouts at 82% of PPO [~85% VO2max], with 60 sec active recovery at 100 W). SEMG was used to assess neuromuscular changes before and after the 3 wk training program. During the first and sixth training session, SEMG was recorded. To determine the effects of the HIT program on performance, subjects performed a 40 km time trial (TT40) before and after the training intervention. The frequency of SEMG is a measure of the muscle fatigue and hence was used to identify the variation of the signal properties. Three weeks of intensified training decreased the mean power frequency of the SEMG signal during the latter stages of HIT (interval seven) 50.2 plusmn 5.1 to 47.5 plusmn 4.2 Hz (P<0.05). The preliminary conclusions of these experiments suggest that high-intensity interval training enhanced endurance performance and reduced the fatiguing of the muscles. It is suggested that this was possibly due to recruitment of addition slow-twitch motor units
01 Jan 2005
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01 Jan 2005