Showing papers on "Interval training published in 2006"
TL;DR: Data demonstrate that SIT is a time‐efficient strategy to induce rapid adaptations in skeletal muscle and exercise performance that are comparable to ET in young active men.
Abstract: Brief, intense exercise training may induce metabolic and performance adaptations comparable to traditional endurance training. However, no study has directly compared these diverse training strategies in a standardized manner. We therefore examined changes in exercise capacity and molecular and cellular adaptations in skeletal muscle after low volume sprint-interval training (SIT) and high volume endurance training (ET). Sixteen active men (21 +/- 1 years, ) were assigned to a SIT or ET group (n = 8 each) and performed six training sessions over 14 days. Each session consisted of either four to six repeats of 30 s 'all out' cycling at approximately 250% with 4 min recovery (SIT) or 90-120 min continuous cycling at approximately 65% (ET). Training time commitment over 2 weeks was approximately 2.5 h for SIT and approximately 10.5 h for ET, and total training volume was approximately 90% lower for SIT versus ET ( approximately 630 versus approximately 6500 kJ). Training decreased the time required to complete 50 and 750 kJ cycling time trials, with no difference between groups (main effects, P
1,081 citations
TL;DR: It was showed that both small-sided games and running are equally effective modes of aerobic interval training in junior soccer players, with significant improvements in aerobic fitness and match performance in both groups of soccer players.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of specific (small-sided games) vs. generic (running) aerobic interval training on physical fitness and objective measures of match performance in soccer. Forty junior players were randomly assigned to either generic (n=20) or specific (n=20) interval training consisting of 4 bouts of 4 min at 90-95 % of maximum heart rate with 3 min active rest periods, completed twice a week. The following outcomes were measured at baseline (Pre), after 4 weeks of pre-season training (Mid), and after a further 8 weeks of training during the regular season (Post): maximum oxygen uptake, lactate threshold (Tlac), running economy at Tlac, a soccer-specific endurance test (Ekblom's circuit), and indices of physical performance during soccer matches (total distance and time spent standing, walking, and at low- and high-intensity running speed). Training load, as quantified by heart rate and rating of perceived exertion, was recorded during all training sessions and was similar between groups. There were significant improvements in aerobic fitness and match performance in both groups of soccer players, especially in response to the first 4 weeks of pre-season training. However, no significant differences between specific and generic aerobic interval training were found in any of the measured variables including soccer specific tests. The results of this study showed that both small-sided games and running are equally effective modes of aerobic interval training in junior soccer players.
612 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that short-term SIT improved cycling TT performance and resulted in a closer matching of glycogenolytic flux and pyruvate oxidation during submaximal exercise.
Abstract: Our laboratory recently showed that six sessions of sprint interval training (SIT) over 2 wk increased muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity (Burgomaster KA, Hughes SC, Heigenhauser GJF, Bradwell SN, and Gibala MJ. J Appl Physiol 98: 1895–1900, 2005). The present study tested the hypothesis that short-term SIT would reduce skeletal muscle glycogenolysis and lactate accumulation during exercise and increase the capacity for pyruvate oxidation via pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Eight men [peak oxygen uptake (Vo2 peak) = 3.8 ± 0.2 l/min] performed six sessions of SIT (4–7 × 30-s “all-out” cycling with 4 min of recovery) over 2 wk. Before and after SIT, biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained at rest and after each stage of a two-stage cycling test that consisted of 10 min at ∼60% followed by 10 min at ∼90% of Vo2 peak. Subjects also performed a 250-kJ time trial (TT) before and after SIT to assess changes in cycling performance. SIT increased muscle glycogen content by ∼50% (main effect,...
420 citations
TL;DR: The results show that when matched for training volume, high-intensity interval training above the LT results in similar improvements in βmin vitro than moderate-intensity continuous training below the LT, which suggests that training intensity is an important determinant of changes toβmin vitro.
Abstract: We examined changes in muscle buffer capacity (beta m(in vitro)), VO2peak and the lactate threshold (LT) after 5 weeks of high-intensity interval training (INT) above the LT or moderate-intensity continuous training (CON) just below the LT. Prior to and immediately after training, 16 female subjects performed a graded exercise test to determine VO2peak and the LT, followed 2 days later by a resting muscle biopsy from the vastus lateralis muscle to determine beta m(in vitro). Following baseline testing, the subjects were randomly placed into the INT (n=8) or CON training group (n=8). Subjects then performed 5 weeks of cycle training (3 days per week), performing either high-intensity INT (6-10x2 min at 120-140% LT with 1 min rest) or moderate-intensity CON (80-95% LT) training. Total training volume was matched between the two groups. After the training period, both groups had significant improvements in VO2peak (12-14%; P 0.05). Our results show that when matched for training volume, high-intensity interval training above the LT results in similar improvements in VO2peak and the LT, but greater improvements in beta m(in vitro) than moderate-intensity continuous training below the LT. This suggests that training intensity is an important determinant of changes to beta m(in vitro).
182 citations
TL;DR: The group ingesting NaHCO(3) before each training session had larger improvements in the LT and endurance performance, possibly because of a reduced metabolic acidosis during training and a greater improvement in muscle oxidative capacity.
Abstract: This study determined the effects of altering the H(+) concentration during interval training, by ingesting NaHCO(3) (Alk-T) or a placebo (Pla-T), on changes in muscle buffer capacity (beta m), endurance performance, and muscle metabolites. Pre- and posttraining peak O(2) uptake (V(O2 peak)), lactate threshold (LT), and time to fatigue at 100% pretraining V(O2 peak) intensity were assessed in 16 recreationally active women. Subjects were matched on the LT, were randomly placed into the Alk-T (n = 8) or Pla-T (n = 8) groups, and performed 8 wk (3 days/wk) of six to twelve 2-min cycle intervals at 140-170% of their LT, ingesting NaHCO(3) or a placebo before each training session (work matched between groups). Both groups had improvements in beta m (19 vs. 9%; P < 0.05) and V(O2 peak) (22 vs. 17%; P < 0.05) after the training period, with no differences between groups. There was a significant correlation between pretraining beta m and percent change in beta m (r = -0.70, P < 0.05). There were greater improvements in both the LT (26 vs. 15%; P = 0.05) and time to fatigue (164 vs. 123%; P = 0.05) after Alk-T, compared with Pla-T. There were no changes to pre- or postexercise ATP, phosphocreatine, creatine, and intracellular lactate concentrations, or pH(i) after training. Our findings suggest that training intensity, rather than the accumulation of H(+) during training, may be more important to improvements in beta m. The group ingesting NaHCO(3) before each training session had larger improvements in the LT and endurance performance, possibly because of a reduced metabolic acidosis during training and a greater improvement in muscle oxidative capacity.
130 citations
TL;DR: Six weeks of low-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training were similarly effective in enhancing VO2 on-kinetics following step transitions to moderate and severe exercise in previously untrained subjects.
Abstract: Purpose To examine the relative effectiveness of moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training on pulmonary O2 uptake (VO2) kinetics at the onset of moderate- and severe-intensity cycle exercise in previously sedentary subjects. Methods Twenty-three healthy subjects (11 males; mean +/- SD age 24 +/- 5 yr; VO2peak 34.3 +/- 5.5 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) were assigned to one of three groups: a continuous training group that completed three to four sessions per week of 30-min duration at 60% VO2peak (LO); an interval training group that completed three to four sessions per week involving 20 x 1-min exercise bouts at 90% VO2peak separated by 1-min rest periods (HI); or a control group (CON). Before and after the 6-wk intervention period, all subjects completed a series of step exercise tests to moderate and severe work rates during which pulmonary VO2 was measured breath-by-breath. Results ANOVA revealed that continuous and interval training were similarly effective in reducing the phase II VO2 time constant during moderate (LO: from 31 +/- 8 to 23 +/- 5 s; HI: from 32 +/- 9 to 21 +/- 4 s; both P Conclusions Six weeks of low-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training were similarly effective in enhancing VO2 on-kinetics following step transitions to moderate and severe exercise in previously untrained subjects.
126 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that vOBLA and 5000 m running performance can be significantly improved in well-trained runners using a 4 week training program consisting of 2 HIT sessions (performed at 95% or 100% vVO2 max) and 4 submaximal run sessions per week.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of two different high-intensity interval training (HIT) programs on selected aerobic physiological indices and 1500 and 5000 m running performa...
124 citations
TL;DR: Continuous rather than interval exercise training improves early HRR1, a marker of parasympathetic activity, suggesting a greater contribution to the autonomic nervous system.
Abstract: BackgroundHeart rate recovery (HRR1) immediately after exercise reflects parasympathetic activity, which is markedly attenuated in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. The aim of our study was to ...
122 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated whether interval exercise is no less effective than high-intensity continuous exercise and whether it is tolerated better by patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Abstract: Background Guidelines recommend high-intensity continuous exercise to reduce peripheral muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but acknowledge that interval exercise might be an equally effective alternative that is better tolerated by patients. Objective To assess whether interval exercise is no less effective than high-intensity continuous exercise and whether it is tolerated better by patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Design Randomized, noninferiority trial. Setting Publicly funded rehabilitation hospital in Switzerland. Patients 98 patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with or without recent exacerbations. Intervention 12 to 15 supervised interval or high-intensity continuous exercise sessions (over 3 weeks) followed by exercise at home. Measurements Health-related quality of life determined by using the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) (scores from 1 [most severe impairment] to 7 [no impairment]) after 5 weeks and number of unintended breaks during supervised exercise. Results Both groups experienced large improvements in health-related quality of life (increase of CRQ total scores of 1.00 [SD, 0.98] for the interval exercise group and 1.02 [SD, 1.05] for the continuous exercise group). Adjusted between-group differences between the interval exercise group and the continuous exercise group (-0.05 [95% CI, -0.42 to -0.32] for CRQ and 1.1 meters [CI, -25.4 to 27.6 meters] for 6-minute walking distance) were within the a priori defined boundaries of noninferiority (0.5 for CRQ and 45 meters for 6-minute walking distance). Twenty-one (47.9%) patients using interval exercise and 11 (24.0%) patients using continuous exercise were able to adhere to the protocol (difference, 23.9 percentage points [CI, 5.0 to 42.8 percentage points]; P = 0.014). The median number of unintended breaks lasting 1 minute or more was 2 (interquartile range, 0 to 16) for patients in the interval exercise group and 11 (interquartile range, 2 to 26) for patients in the continuous exercise group (P = 0.023). Limitations The study focused on initiation of exercise and not on outpatient or home-based maintenance of exercise. Conclusions Clinicians and patients can choose either of the 2 exercise plans to initiate physical exercise. International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial number: SRCTN11611768.
120 citations
TL;DR: High intensity deep water running with vest improves submaximal work capacity, maximal aerobic power, and maximal ventilation with the effects transferable to land-based activities in elderly women.
Abstract: Deep water running with wet vest is a safe form of exercise for elderly with mobility limitations. However, it is not known to what extent their aerobic power may be improved. Therefore, the aim was to assess the effects of high intensity deep water interval training with vest in elderly women. Twenty-nine healthy women 69 ± 4 years old participated. They performed a graded maximal exercise test on the cycle ergometer. They were randomly assigned to a control or to a training group. A submaximal exercise test on the cycle ergometer was executed only by the training group. They trained in deep water running/walking wearing a vest two times a week for 8 weeks. The target heart rate was 75% of maximal heart rate and the training consisted of several short working periods and resting intervals. After the intervention the heart rate at rest was 8% lower for the training group (P<0.01). Their heart rate at submaximal exercise was 3% less (P<0.01), their maximal oxygen uptake was raised by 10% (P<0.01), and their maximal ventilation was increased 14% (P<0.01). The values for the control group were unaltered after the period of intervention. In conclusion, high intensity deep water running with vest improves submaximal work capacity, maximal aerobic power, and maximal ventilation with the effects transferable to land-based activities in elderly women.
99 citations
TL;DR: Exercise training alters the cardiac proteome of the rat heart; the changes include a marked increase in the expression of hsp20, a ˜20 kDa heat shock protein that persisted for at least 72 h of detraining.
Abstract: Chronic exercise training elicits adaptations in the heart that improve pump function and confer cardioprotection. To identify molecular mechanisms by which exercise training stimulates this favorable phenotype, a proteomic approach was employed to detect rat cardiac proteins that were differentially expressed or modified after exercise training. Exercise-trained rats underwent six weeks of progressive treadmill training five days/week, 0% grade, using an interval training protocol. Sedentary control rats were age- and weight-matched to the exercise-trained rats. Hearts were harvested at various times (0-72 h) after the last bout of exercise and were used to generate 2-D electrophoretic proteome maps and immunoblots. Compared with hearts of sedentary rats, 26 protein spot intensities were significantly altered in hypertrophied hearts of exercise-trained rats (p <0.05), and 12 spots appeared exclusively on gels from hearts of exercise-trained rats. Immunoblotting confirmed that chronic exercise training, but not a single bout of exercise, elicited a 2.5-fold increase in the abundance of one of the candidate proteins in the heart, a 20 kDa heat shock protein (hsp20) that persisted for at least 72 h of detraining. Thus, exercise training alters the cardiac proteome of the rat heart; the changes include a marked increase in the expression of hsp20.
TL;DR: It is concluded that high-intensity resistance training in the competitive phase is likely to produce beneficial gains in performance for most distance runners.
Abstract: In a recent study competitive road cyclists experienced substantial gains in sprint and endurance performance when sessions of high-intensity interval training were added to their usual training in the competitive phase of a season. The current study reports the effect of this type of training on performance of 20 distance runners randomized to an experimental or control group for 5 to 7 weeks of training. The experimental group replaced part of their usual competitive-phase training with 10 x ?30-minute sessions consisting of 3 sets of explosive single-leg jumps (20 for each leg) alternating with 3 sets of resisted treadmill sprints (5 x ?30-second efforts alternating with 30-second recovery). Before and after the training period all runners completed an incremental treadmill test for assessment of lactate threshold and maximum running speed, 2 treadmill runs to exhaustion for prediction of 800- and 1500-m times, and a 5-km outdoor time trial. Relative to the control group, the mean changes (+/-90% confidence limits) in the experimental group were: maximum running speed, 1.8% (+/- 1.1%); lactate-threshold speed, 3.5% (+/-3.4%); predicted 800-m speed, 3.6% (+/- 1.8%); predicted 1500-m speed, 3.7% (+/- 3.0%); and 5-km time-trial speed, 1.2% (+/- 1.1%). We conclude that high-intensity resistance training in the competitive phase is likely to produce beneficial gains in performance for most distance runners.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of high-intensity interval training on the VO2 response during severe, constant-load exercise was examined, and it was found that the training resulted in significant improvements in VO2 max (2.34+/-0.37-2.78+/- 0.15) and power at VO2 LT (113+/-17-136+/-20 W) (p 0.05) in the time constants of either phase or the amplitude of the slow component.
TL;DR: It is shown that an intense interval training session can cause mild, detectable pulmonary edema in some women.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is shown that in order to maintain similar power outputs during repeated maximal rowing exercise, the recovery interval must be greater than 6 min.
Abstract: This study examined the effect of recovery time on the maintenance of power output and the heart rate response during repeated maximal rowing exercise. Nine male, junior rowers (age: 16 ± 1 years; body mass: 74.0 ± 9.1 kg; height: 1.78 ± 0.03 m) performed two consecutive all-out 1000 m bouts on a rowing ergometer on three separate occasions. The rest interval between the two bouts was 1.5 (INT1.5), 3 (INT3) and 6 min (INT6), allocated in random order. Power output was averaged for each 1000 m bout and for the first and last 500 m of each bout. Heart rate kinetics were determined using a two-component exponential model. Performance time and mean power output for the first bout was 209 ± 3 s and 313 ± 10 W respectively. Recovery of mean power output was incomplete even after 6 min (78 ± 2, 81 ± 2 and 84 ± 2 % for INT1.5, INT3 and INT6 respectively). Mean power output after INT6 was higher (p < 0.01) only compared with INT1.5. Power output during the first 500 m of bout 2 after INT6 was 10% higher compared with the second 500 m. During INT1.5 and INT3 power output during the first and the second 500 m of bout 2 was similar. Peak heart rate (~197 b·min(-1)) and the HR time constant (~13 s) were unaffected by prior exercise and recovery time. However, when the recovery was short (INT1.5), HR during the first 50 s of bout 2 was significantly higher compared with corresponding values during bout 1. The present study has shown that in order to maintain similar power outputs during repeated maximal rowing exercise, the recovery interval must be greater than 6 min. The influence of a longer recovery time (INT6) on maintenance of power output was only evident during the first half of the second 1000 m bout. Key PointsThe recovery of mean power output during two repeated maximal 1000 m bouts of rowing exercise was incomplete even after a 6 min rest interval.The benefit of the longer rest interval was apparent only during the first 500 m of bout 2.The HR time constant was unaffected by prior exercise and the time of recovery. However, when the recovery was short, HR during the first 50 s of bout 2 was significantly higher compared with the corresponding values of bout 1.
TL;DR: The observed increase in fHF during the interval training could be induced by alterations of the coupling between breathing and stride frequency linked to the emergence of fatigue.
Abstract: REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Interval training is a commonly used training method for trotting horses. In addition, trainers are provided with efficient and inexpensive heart rate monitor devices for the management of training. HYPOTHESIS: Since the high frequency (HF) frequency peak (fHF) of heart rate variability (HRV) corresponds to the breathing frequency in combination with stride frequency during trotting, it is hypothesised that modifications of breathing and stride frequencies induced by repeated exercise could be detected from fHF. METHODS: RR interval time series of 7 trotting horses were recorded during an interval training session. Interval training was made up of 5 successive 800 m high-velocity trotting runs (H1, H2...H5) separated by 1 min recovery bouts at low speed (R1, R2...R5). Fast Fourier transform (FFT) and Poincar?lot analysis techniques were applied to RR series. RESULTS: Repeated exercise had significant effects on HRV components during interval training. Despite constant trotting velocities during high-speed and recovery, repetition induced a decrease in mean RR interval (H1: 295 +/- 19 vs. H5: 283 +/- 15 msec, P 0.05) and in the long term index of Poincar?lot (SD2; R1: 43.29 +/- 28.90 vs. R5: 18.19 +/- 9.35 msecs, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The observed increase in fHF during the interval training could be induced by alterations of the coupling between breathing and stride frequency linked to the emergence of fatigue. The decrease in SD2 and SDRR during successive recovery bouts could be linked with a deterioration of the recovery pattern. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: HRV can provide breathing frequency data of Standardbreds during training without any respiratory device. Furthermore, HRV could provide useful makers of the emergence of fatigue states during training.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Findings indicate that the SIT program increases HSP72 level of the rat hindlimb muscles, and the S IT-induced accumulation of HSP 72 differs between fast and slow muscles.
Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that endurance exercise training increases the level of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in skeletal muscles. However, little attention has been drawn to the effects of high intensity-short duration exercise, or sprint- interval training (SIT) on HSP72 level in rat skeletal muscles. This study performed to test the hypothesis that the SIT would induce the HSP72 in fast and slow skeletal muscles of rats. Young male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were randomly assigned to a control (CON) or a SIT group (n = 8/group). Animals in the SIT group were trained (1 min/sprint, 6~10 sets/day and 5~6 days/week) on a treadmill for 9 weeks. After the training period, HSP72 levels in the plantaris (fast) and soleus (slow) muscles were analyzed by Western blotting method. Enzyme activities (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and citrate synthase) and histochemical properties (muscle fiber type compositions and cross sectional area) in both muscles were also determined. The SIT resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of HSP72 in both the plantaris and soleus muscles compared to the CON group, with the plantaris producing a greater HSP72 increase than the soleus (plantaris; 550 ± 116%, soleus; 26 ± 8%, p < 0.05). Further, there were bioenergetic improvements, fast-to-slow shift of muscle fiber composition and hypertrophy in the type IIA fiber only in the plantaris muscle. These findings indicate that the SIT program increases HSP72 level of the rat hindlimb muscles, and the SIT-induced accumulation of HSP72 differs between fast and slow muscles. Key PointsThere is no study about the effects of high intensity but short duration exercise, or sprint-interval training (SIT) on heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) level in skeletal muscles.The SIT program (≤ 10 min·day(-1)) accumulated HSP72 in rat skeletal muscles.The SIT-induced accumulation of HSP72 in the plantaris (fast) muscle was drastic compared to the soleus (slow) muscle and accompanied with the improvements of enzyme activities, fast-to-slow shift within fast muscle fiber type and muscle hypertrophy.
TL;DR: Pulmonary gas exchange is not worsened in women during interval training despite the mild edema triggered by exercise, and the level of pulmonary edema obtained is not related to the gas exchange impairment during exercise.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the physiological effectiveness and the influence of two modifications of aerobic training (interval and continuous) on the physical performance in the patients with coronary heart disease.
Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate the physiological effectiveness and the influence of two modifications of aerobic training (interval and continuous) on the physical performance in the patients with coronary heart disease. 38 males with coronary heart disease (age 60 +/- 10.2 years) passed three months training programme of 60 min 3 times a week (10 min of warm up phase, 25 min of aerobic phase, 15 min of resistance training, 10 min of relaxing phase). Patients with coronarographically verified stenosis > 50% luminal diameter and/or left ventricular ejection fraction lower than 40 % (n = 22) had in terms of aerobic phase interval training prescribed (30 second work phases with work load intensity on the level of anaerobic threshold alternating with 60 second recovery phases with intensity of 5 W); other patients (n = 16) passed aerobic phase of the programme with continual work load of intensity on the level of ventilatory anaerobic threshold. After the determination of three month rehabilitation programme the maximal achieved performance as well as aerobic capacity evaluated by spiroergometric examination statistically significantly increased in the group of patients with interval training and also in the group with continuous training. Despite the group with interval training performed 2.5-3 times less work in each training unit (p < 0.01), the performance and aerobic capacity parameters after the termination of three month programme did not statistically significantly differ from the group with continuous training. The advantage of the continuous training is a possibility to achieve an improvement also in the patients with left ventricular dysfunction and chronic coronary heart disease who could have worse tolerance of the continual work load.
Dissertation•
01 Mar 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a 3.3-approximation algorithm for the 3.1-GHz bandit-16.3 GHz frequency bandit model, and
Abstract: 3
01 Jan 2006
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: This study showed that there was no relationship between aerobic fitness and the rate of HRrec post-maximal exercise in trained team sport athletes, and it is not appropriate to assume that well-trained teamSport athletes with high aerobic capacity will recover faster from high-intensity bouts of exercise than less aerobically fit athletes.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness (i.e. maximal aerobic power or V · O2max) and heart rate recovery (HRrec) from maximal exhaustive exercise in trained team sport athletes. Fifty-three male, national senior- and junior-level soccer and field hockey players performed a graded maximal treadmill run to exhaustion to assess measured V · O2max. During the active recovery period (walking at 3.0 km hr –1 ) of the same test, the subjects’ HR at 1, 2 and 3 minutes was recorded (i.e. HRrec at the 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd minute, respectively). The V O2max and HRrec protocols were standardized across all subjects. Subjects’ mean V O2max and HRmax at the end of the incremental test was 56.8 ± 6.1 mL kg –1 min –1 and 191.1 ± 8.4 beats min –1 , respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed no significant correlations between subjects’ V O2max and HRrec (expressed as a percentage of HRmax) at either the 1 st (r = –0.13), 2 nd (r = 0.04) or 3 rd minute (r = –0.05) (all p > 0.05) post-maximal exercise. This study showed that there was no relationship between aerobic fitness and the rate of HRrec post-maximal exercise in trained team sport athletes. During aerobic interval training sessions, it is not appropriate to assume that well-trained team sport athletes with high aerobic capacity will recover faster, in terms of HR, from high-intensity bouts of exercise than less aerobically fit athletes.
Book•
01 Apr 2006
TL;DR: What running can do for you, including reduced risk of breast cancer, diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis, obesity and high blood pressure is explained.
Abstract: Introduction Ready Why run? What running can do for you, including reduced risk of breast cancer, diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis, obesity and high blood pressure. When and where to run Finding the time and choosing safe routes Kit Trainers, bras, clothing, water bottles, backpacks, heart rate monitors and much more Nutrition Fuelling your runs, eating a healthy balance of food, when to eat, eating after a run, weight loss Steady How fit are you? Simple tests to measure your fitness level How to run Form, gait and pacing yourself Warming up and cooling down How to warm up, step-by-step stretching exercises Training Different types of running - from run/walk to interval training and fartlek - clearly explained Injury prevention and treatment How to prevent injuries, what to do if something hurts, and common complaints Go! Races Finding and choosing a race, preparation, what to expect on race day Training schedules Easy-to-follow schedules tailored to your fitness level for 5K, 10K, half marathon and marathon Faster, stronger, longer How to improve performance through smart training, advanced nutrition and training tools Index
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Improved aerobic capacity does not increase the rate of nitrogen elimination at rest, and the method for evaluating nitrogen elimination in healthy young women was found to be reproducible.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION The rate of nitrogen elimination may be an important factor in evaluating the risk of DCS following dives. The present study determined the reproducibility of a method for evaluating nitrogen elimination (series I), and the effect of chronic training on the nitrogen elimination in healthy young women (series II). METHODS Nitrogen elimination was determined with subjects wearing an AGA full-face mask breathing pure oxygen. To evaluate the reproducibility of the method for nitrogen elimination, three tests were performed in six subjects in series I. Nitrogen elimination in series II was measured before and after the training period. The training protocol (series II) consisted of interval training, three times per week for eight weeks. Four repeated intervals alternated between four minutes at 90-95% of maximum heart rate and three minutes at 50-60%. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the three repeated tests. Interval training for eight weeks increased maximum oxygen uptake by 22.1%. Endurance training did not influence the total nitrogen elimination at rest. CONCLUSION The method for evaluating nitrogen elimination at rest was found to be reproducible. Improved aerobic capacity does not increase the rate of nitrogen elimination at rest.
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: People with all degrees of severity of COPD can benefit from participation in an exercise-training program in inpatient, outpatient, or home-based settings, and clinicians should consider the individual needs and goals of the patient when designing an aerobic exercise program.
Abstract: Purpose: Pulmonary rehabilitation has been found to consistently improve exercise capacity, quality of life, and symptoms in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Different types of exercise can be integrated into a pulmonary rehabilitation program. For the purposes of this article, we focus specifically on aerobic exercise, providing recommendations for optimal aerobic exercise prescription in individuals with COPD. Summary of Key Points: Individuals with all degrees of severity of COPD can benefit from participation in an exercise-training program in inpatient, outpatient, or home-based settings. Aerobic exercise training using the large muscle groups of the lower extremities, via ground-based walking, a treadmill, a cycle ergometer, or a combination of all three modalities, is preferred. High-intensity training yields significant physiological improvements in aerobic fitness. However, in individuals with COPD, training intensity should be guided by patient tolerance and safety. Interval training is an alternate option for patients who cannot sustain continuous periods of high-intensity exercise. Individuals with COPD should aim to exercise at least three to five times per week, completing 20 to 30 minutes per session. Conclusions: The clinical recommendations provided serve as a guide to help optimize aerobic fitness in individuals with COPD. As with all exercise prescriptions, clinicians should consider the individual needs and goals of the patient when designing an aerobic exercise program.
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: Wearing an ice vest prior to and during warm-up effectively lowers Tc during longdistance interval training, which suggests that reducing body core temperature slightly can result in improved running performance.
Abstract: THE EFFECTS OF WEARING A COOLING VEST DURING THE WARM-UP ON LONG DISTANCE INTERVAL TRAINING Andrew R. Tegeder Department of Exercise Sciences Master of Science Purpose: Reducing body temperature before exercise is called precooling. Past research suggests that reducing body core temperature (Tc) slightly can result in improved running performance. This study evaluated the effects that warming up, while wearing a cooling vest prior to an interval workout, had on Tc, and interval time in long-distance runners. Methods: Nineteen healthy male collegiate cross-country runners were recruited for this study. Each subject warmed up and exercised under two different conditions: (a) an experimental condition in which subjects wore a Nike PreCool ice vest during warm-up and (b) a control condition. Subjects performed a warm-up followed by running eight 1000 m intervals separated by 90 s of rest. Heart rate (HR) and Tc were measured prior to warm-up, just prior to start of the first interval, and after each interval. Results: Tc measured directly prior to the first interval was significantly lower in the vest condition than the non-vest condition (difference = 0.37°C; P < 0.05). This difference persisted through the end of the sixth interval. Tc rose at a faster rate in the non-vest condition, though this difference was not significant (P = 0.07). Differences in HR and interval times were found to be nonsignificant between conditions for all intervals. Conclusion: Wearing an ice vest prior to and during warm-up effectively lowers Tc during longdistance interval training.