Showing papers on "Intraperitoneal injection published in 1967"

Effect of FSH on protein biosynthesis in testes of the immature rat.

Abstract: Incorporation of amino acid-14C into tricholoracetic acid-precipitable material by testis from 20-day-old rats was measured in vitro. It was concluded that this incorporation Was a measure of testicular protein biosynthesis in that it was time dependent, was abolished by heating the tissue, was neither altered by extracting the precipitate with hot NaCl nor decreased by alkaline hydrolysis, and was inhibited by addition of puromycin in vitro. Protein biosynthesis in the testis of the immature rat was stimulated by FSH administered as a single intraperitoneal injection. The response to FSH was observed with 3 amino acids (lysine-14C, leucine-14C and tyrosine-14C), was time dependent (significant Stimulation was observed 30 min following injection and maximal stimulation was reached after 1 hr), was dose dependent (within the range 0f 0.2 to 200 μg/rat), and was abolished by addition of puromycin in vitro. The stimulation of tiesticular protein biosynthesis by FSH proved to be specific for that hormone and ...

Retrograde Amnesia Produced by Intraperitoneal Injection of Physostigmine

Abstract: Intraperitoneal injection of physostigmine in rats produced a retrograde amnesia of a trained task of escaping shock. This amnesic effect was a U-shaped function of the length of the interval between initial training and injection. In all cases, retraining Occurred 30 minutes after injection. A substantial effect was produced by physostigmine if its application was made 30 minutes after training; there was no effect if application and tests were made 1, 2, or 3 days after the original training. When the substance was injected and the rats were retrained 5, 7, or 14 days after the original training, a substantial effect again appeared. These results are similar to those reported in experiments in which another anticholinesterase, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, was applied intracerebrally. The data demonstrate a similar pattern of change of the amnesia with time, and they substantiate the view that neither the place of application nor the brain lesions caused the reported amnesia.

Experimental Neurolathyrism in Monkeys

Abstract: UNTIL now the cause of the relation between Lathyrus sativus and the spastic paraplegia, known as neurolathyrism, has been inferred purely on epidemiological grounds and neurotoxic manifestations with or without histopathological verification have not so far been obtained1–4. The isolation and characterization of β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (OX-Dapro), an unusual amino-acid, which was “neurotoxic” to 1 day old chicks have, however, been reported5,6. We have found that intraperitoneal injection of this compound in adult chicks required a proportionately much larger dose to produce similar effects. An intraperitoneal or intravenous administration of this compound to adult rats at a level of 1 mg/g body weight or intraperitoneally in mice did not produce any symptoms, while administration of 25 µg intracisternally was seen to produce convulsions. It was felt that this might be caused by an effective “blood–brain barrier”7 and thus we decided to investigate the effect of this compound when intrathecally injected into adult monkeys (Macaca radiata).

Toxicologic studies with alpha-methyltyrosine, an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase.

Abstract: α-Methyltyrosine (αMT) has been used to deplete tissues of their catecholamine stores. After the intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg of αMT, 40% of the rats became depressed, lethargic, hypothermic and emaciated. These effects were marked by the 20th hr, and the animals died 28 to 48 hr after injection. Approximately 80% of rats receiving 300 mg/kg of αMT were similarly affected. Rats exhibiting overt signs of toxicity had high blood urea nitrogen levels and excreted large volumes of urine with abnormally high contents of glucose and protein. These results, along with histologic evidence, were indicative of kidney damage. One consequence of this injury was the inability of the affected animals to excrete αMT. The delayed death may result from renal damage per se or from the prolonged high concentration of αMT in the tissues. The renal injury was prevented by repeated oral administration of water. When administered by the oral route (200 mg/kg) or by multiple intraperitoneal injections of small doses (50 mg/kg every 4 hr), αMT depleted tissues of their catecholamine stores without producing concomitant renal damage and its sequelae.

Temperature effects produced in dogs and monkeys by injections of monoamines and related substances into the third ventricle.

Abstract: 1. In dogs the effects on rectal temperature of noradrenaline, adrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine were studied following their injection into the third ventricle through a chronically implanted cannula. Tranylcypromine was given also by the intraperitoneal route. 2. The hypothermic effect of the catecholamines and the hyperthermic effect of 5-HT previously demonstrated in anaesthetized dogs were obtained also in an unanaesthetized dog, but 5-HT was effective only in doses under 20 μg. 3. Tranylcypromine (1 mg) injected into the third ventricle of dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium produced shivering and a rise in temperature. 4. Tranylcypromine (10 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally caused a rise in temperature in the unanaesthetized dog. For a time shivering and panting, two effects which produce opposite change in temperature, were observed together. When injected shortly before an intraperitoneal injection of an anaesthetizing dose of pentobarbitone sodium, tranylcypromine not only prevented the fall in temperature which is normally produced by the anaesthetic but caused a greater and longer lasting rise than when given alone. 5. The intraperitoneal injections of tranylcypromine produced profuse salivation, a peripheral effect which persisted after acute denervation and which was not abolished by atropine or tolazoline. 6. In rhesus monkeys anaesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbitone sodium, noradrenaline, adrenaline, 5-HT and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) were injected into the cannulated third ventricle. The catecholamines caused a fall in rectal temperature. No evidence was obtained that the fall resulted from a rise in hypothalamic temperature. The injections of 5-HT or of its precursor 5-HTP raised rectal temperature. Monkeys thus respond to the monoamines injected intraventricularly, in the same way as cats and dogs, and unlike rabbits, sheep, goats, oxen and rats.

“Transfer of learning” by injection of brain RNA: A replication

Abstract: Brain RNA was extracted from two groups of rats one of which had learned a passive avoidance of a dark chamber previously preferred by both groups. Recipient groups received the two kinds of RNA extract via intraperitoneal injection. The group injected with the extract from the brains of the conditioned animals showed significantly greater avoidance of the preferred chamber.

Phosphoribosylamidotransferase: regulation of activity in virus-induced murine leukemia by purine nucleotides.

Abstract: Infection with Friend leukemia virus causes a marked increase in the activity of splenic phosphoribosylamidotransferase in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of purine nucleotides and their free bases inhibits this enzyme. This is the first example of the control of phosphoribosylamidostransferase in vivo in the mammalian system as well as in virus-induced leukemia. Experiments in vitro support the findings in vivo.

Experimental Transmission of a Murine Microsporidian in Swiss Mice

Abstract: The production of ascitic fluid and splenomegaly on intraperitoneal injection in weanlings was used as a test for microsporidia after introduction by other routes and in other loci. Oral and cerebral administration was followed only by enlarged spleens which reproduced the ascitic response on passage. Microsporidia were demonstrable by phase microscopy in all fluids. Positive findings were also obtained with liver, kidney, brain, lungs, blood, and urine. Intramuscular and intranasal injection were occasionally followed by ascites, but splenomegaly again predominated. The results of contact experiments indicated that the organisms were not readily communicable either in weanlings or nurslings. Relation of the microsporidian to Encephalitozoon cuniculi (Nosema cuniculi Lainson et al.) is discussed.

Group A Streptococcal L Forms I. Persistence Among Inoculated Mice

Abstract: L forms induced from two strains of group A Streptococcus were inoculated intraperitoneally and intravenously into conventional and germ-free mice. After intravenous injection, streptococcal L forms disappeared very quickly from the blood, whereas, after intraperitoneal injection, it was possible to isolate them as long as 25 days after inoculation. Observations suggest that a certain degree of reversion to a bacterial form may occur spontaneously in animals.

The metabolism of dipotassium 2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl [35S]sulphate, a substrate for lysosomal arylsulphatases A and B

Abstract: The metabolic fate of dipotassium 2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl [35S]sulphate ([35S]NCS), a chromogenic substrate for lysosomal arylsulphatases A and B, has been studied in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of [35S]NCS into free-ranging animals is followed by excretion of the bulk of the radioactivity in the urine within 24hr., less than 13% being eliminated as inorganic [35S]sulphate. Most of the urinary radioactivity can be accounted for as [35S]NCS, but small amounts of a labelled metabolite are also present. Experiments in which [35S]NCS was injected intravenously into anaesthetized rats with bile-duct and bladder cannulae confirm that the ester is rapidly excreted in the urine. However, small amounts of radioactivity appear in bile, mainly in the form of the metabolite detected in urine. When [35S]NCS is perfused through the isolated rat liver, about 35% of the dose is hydrolysed within 3hr. Similar results are obtained if [35S]NCS is injected into anaesthetized rats in which kidney function has been eliminated by ligature of the renal pedicles. The labelled metabolite has been isolated from bile obtained by perfusing several rat livers with blood containing a total of 100mg. of [35S]NCS. It has been identified as 2-β-glucuronosido-5-nitrophenyl [35S]sulphate. The implications of the various findings are discussed. The Appendix describes the preparation of [35S]NCS.

Course of infection of Leishmania donovani in hamsters inoculated by the intraperitoneal route.

Abstract: Groups of golden hamsters were inoculated intraperitoneally with a logarithmic dilution series of L. donovani obtained from homogenized hamster spleen tissue. The prepatent period and median time to death were determined at each dosage level by examining subgroups of animals at various intervals postinoculation. Patent infections were detected by examination of spleen and liver impression smears stained with Giemsa's stain and by inoculation of culture tubes containing Tanabe's medium with ground spleen tissue. The median time to death at each dosage level was compared to that resulting from intracardially induced infections. Both the prepatent period and median time to death were increased at each 10-fold reduction in inoculum size following intraperitoneal injections. The median time to death was greater in intraperitoneally induced infections than intracardially induced infections for each dosage. The culture method was a more sensitive means of demonstrating parasites. The hamster has long been used as a diagnostic tool in the study of leishmaniasis. Tissue from suspected human or animal infections is injected into the animals and evaluated by examining spleen and liver impression smears for leishmaniform parasites and by examining culture tubes, inoculated with hamster tissue, for leptomonads. The route of hamster inoculation is a critical determinant of the course of the infection. Intracardial injections induce consistently reproducible infections (Stauber, 1955, 1958) whereas intraperitoneal inoculations cause more variable results. In addition, both the prepatent period and the time to death are longer when the intraperitoneal route is used. The ease of the intraperitoneal injection technique, however, in spite of the subsequent problems, has made it the more preferred method. Consequently, an attempt was made in this work to evaluate the leishmanial infection in terms of prepatent periods and median times to death following intraperitoneal inoculations of different dosages of parasites. MATERIALS AND METHODS Groups of golden hamsters were inoculated intraperitoneally (IP) with 10-fold dilutions of Leishmania donovani (Khartoum strain) obtained from homogenized hamster spleen. Subgroups of one to 10 hamsters were subsequently killed at various intervals, and the patency of the infections Received for publication 19 September 1966. * Supported by USPHS Research and Training Grants AI-00092 and AI-00187 from NIAID. t Present address: Department of Zoology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30601. 641 was determined by the following methods: (1) by finding at least one parasite per 1,000 organ cell nuclei counted on spleen and liver impression smears stained with Giemsa's stain, (2) by positive cultures of leptomonads from known amounts of ground spleen tissue in Tanabe's medium following 2 to 3 weeks' incubation at 25 C (Hanson and Stauber, 1964). Total parasite counts from impression smears were determined by the method of Stauber (1955, 1958). The last examination period is referred to as the median time to death (MTD). This represents the time when half of the animals in the final group had died, and the remaining ones were examined for parasites.

Bradykinin as a mediator of human pain.

Abstract: SummaryIn man, the polypeptides brady-kinin and kallidin, but not eledoisin, produce pain on intraperitoneal injection. None of these substances produces pain when injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly in higher concentrations. Therefore, none of these polypeptides can be considered as a universal mediator of pain.

The effect of nicotinamide and homologs on the activity of inducible enzymes and NAD content of the rat liver.

Abstract: The activity of tryptophan pyrrolase (L-tryptophan:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC [113112][1]) and tyrosine transaminase (L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC [2615][1]) of the rat liver increases after intraperitoneal injection of nonphysiological amounts of nicotinamide Actinomycin D (2 mg/kg), injected 30 minutes prior to nicotinamide, inhibited this effect of nicotinamide Certain pyridine derivatives related to nicotinamide, such as nicotinic acid, 5-fluoronicotinamide, isonicotinic acid hydrazide, and nikethamide ( N,N -diethylnicotinamide) had similar effects by increasing tryptophan pyrrolase activity Hypophysectomy abolished the induction of enzymes caused by nicotinamide, 5 mmoles/kg (within 6 hr after injection), while hydrocortisone (52 x 10-2 mmoles/kg) in hypophysectomized rats increased enzyme activity 10-fold during the same period Feeding inhibited by 50% the increase of tryptophan pyrrolase by nicotinamide as compared to the rate of induction in fasted animals On the other hand, induction of tryptophan pyrrolase by hydrocortisone, 52 x 10-2 mmoles/kg, did not depend on the nutritional state of the animals Augmentation of NAD in rat liver following injection of nicotinamide precedes enzyme induction Starvation increases NAD accumulation from nicotinamide Actinomycin D has no effect on NAD augmentation from precursors Newly formed NAD following injection of nicotinamide is almost exclusively localized in the cytoplasmic cell fraction of rat liver The rate and degree of NAD accumulation following injection of various metabolic precursors of NAD exhibit marked tissue dependent variation A working hypothesis is proposed, predicting that nicotinamide causes enzyme induction in liver by augmenting NAD levels of adrenals Increased pyridine nucleotide content of adrenals may then cause an increased synthesis and release of cortical hormones; thus the latter would be the true inducers of liver enzymes Toxic nicotinamide homologs that do not augment NAD levels, but act as enzyme inducers, may release cortical hormones directly, without contributing to their continued biosynthesis ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by research grants of the American Heart Association, Inc (66-652), the National Science Foundation (GB-3488), and the United States Public Health Service (R0l-01239-11 and R01-CA-07955-03), and in part by USPHS training grant HE-5251 [1]: pending:yes

Effects of neonatal thymectomy on the haemolysin response to sheep erythrocytes in Swiss albino mice. A time-course study of total, 19S and 7S antibody.

Abstract: Mice thymectomized within 24 hours of birth were immunized by intraperitoneal injection of sheep erythrocytes at 6 weeks of age and again 60 days later. Serum haemolysin activity was measured at various times following antigen injection. The serum haemolysin was fractionated by sucrose gradient centrifugation into two classes. A time-course of the antibody response was constructed for total, 19S and 7S haemolysins. Both reduction in circulating antibody activity and delay in reaching maximal levels were observed.

Comparative effects of aldosterone and heat acclimatization on oxidative enzymes in rat tissues.

Abstract: The activities of several oxidative enzymes of liver, kidney, heart, and muscle tissue were compared in groups of rats treated with aldosterone, exposed to heat stress, and acclimatized to a hot environment. A single intraperitoneal injection of 2 μg D-aldosterone monoacetate/g body weight caused an increase in the activity of liver succinoxidase after 3 h and in kidney and heart succinoxidase after 8 h. Similarly, the activity of cytochrome oxidase was enhanced 8 h after a single injection of the mineralocorticoid. Repeated administration of 2 μg D-aldosterone monoacetate/g body weight for 16 days (chronic aldosterone) elicited a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in liver succinoxidase similar to that in heat stress (P < 0.05) and in acclimatization to a hot environment (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the activity of the succinoxidase of kidney, heart, and muscle tissues was slightly stimulated by the chronic aldosterone treatment, by heat stress, and by heat acclimatization. Although the activity of cytoch...

Determination of cellular and subcellular distribution of tritiated cortisol derivatives in rat liver by autoradiography.

Abstract: Forty-five min after intraperitoneal injection of a tracer dose of cortisol-l,2-3H into male adrenalectomized rats, radioactivity in the liver was shown by autoradiographic techniques to be concentrated mainly in hepatocytes. Very low labeling occurred in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system and cells of the bile duct were practically unlabeled. Controls with liver sections of nonradioactive rats indicated that the radioactivity detectable by autoradiography was caused by the hormone or its metabolites and was not artifactual. There was about 5 to 15 times more labeling in the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte than in the cell nucleus. (Endocrinology 80: 774, 1967)

Preventive Action of Tranylcypromine on Alloxan Diabetes in Rats

Abstract: The intraperitoneal injection of tranylcypromine (25 mg./kg.) twenty minutes before the intravenous administration of alloxan prevents the onset of diabetes in the rat. The same protective effect is observed when the monoamine-oxidase inhibitor is injected intravenously (10 mg./kg.) fifteen seconds before alloxan. When these two drugs are mixed in vitro and injected intravenously, the protection disappears. This protective action against diabetes appears to indicate that tranylcypromine protects important enzymatic centers against the action of alloxan at the pancreatic level.

Further Studies on the Effect of Follicle Stimulating Hormone on Amino Acid Transport in the Isolated Rat Ovary

Abstract: Amino acid uptake by isolated whole ovaries from prepuberal rats has been studied employing the non-utilizable amino acids α-amino-isobutyric acid (AIB) and 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid (cycloleucine), as well as the normal amino acid proline. The ovaries showed a nearly linear uptake of AIB during 4 hrs of incubation while cycloleucine reached steady-state levels in the tissue after approximately 1 hr. The uptake of proline resembled that of cycloleucine. Ovaries from rats which had received an i.v. injection of FSH before the extirpation of the ovaries showed both a higher rate of AIB-uptake and higher levels in the steady-state distribution of cycloleucine than ovaries from control rats. Dose-response relationships as well as the importance of the time interval between the FSH injection and the start of incubation were analysed. Addition of FSH directly to the incubation medium had no stimulatory effect on amino acid uptake. Intraperitoneal injection of puromycin before the injection of FSH blocked the effect of the hormone on AIB-uptake. Various possibilities to explain the lack of in vitro effect of FSH on amino acid uptake are discussed in relation to the observations with puromycin.

Specific activity of several enzymes of nucleotide metabolism in mouse spleen after immunization

Abstract: The specific activity of uridine kinase and rate of UMP formation de novo in the particle-free extract of mouse spleen increased within 8 hr after the intraperitoneal injection of SRBC. This heightened activity was found up to 72 hr and by 144 hr returned to or below control levels. The thymidine kinase activity increased up to 48 hr and then decreased to normal levels by 144 hr. Activities of both uridine kinase and thymidine kinase were additive after the simultaneous injection of SRBC and BGG.