Showing papers on "Intraperitoneal injection published in 1968"
TL;DR: The manner in which a single injection of S. typhosa endotoxin effects the primary hemolysin response to sheep erythrocytes in the mouse has been shown to depend on the dosage, route, and time of administration of the endotoxin, as well as on the route employed for the injection of antigen.
Abstract: The manner in which a single injection of S. typhosa endotoxin effects the primary hemolysin response to sheep erythrocytes in the mouse has been shown to depend on the dosage, route, and time of administration of the endotoxin, as well as on the route employed for the injection of antigen. The normal production of antibody, following an intravenous or an intraperitoneal injection of red blood cells, is suppressed if the bacterial lipopolysaccharide is given before and by the same route as the antigen. The response to an intraperitoneal injection of sheep red cells is also inhibited if preceded by an intravenous injection of endotoxin. By contrast, hemolysin formation to intravenous antigen is enhanced considerably by a previous intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin, and the response both to intravenous and to intraperitoneal injections of the antigen increases if the endotoxin is given by the same route either simultaneously or shortly after the foreign red cells. These findings are discussed in regard to the physiological action of bacterial endotoxins and the early events in antibody formation.
122 citations
TL;DR: Barbiturates were found to be effective enhancers of bilirubin conjugation and excretion in animals and may have important threapeutic value in the human.
Abstract: Extract: Glucuronide conjugation of bilirubin in mammalian liver is catalyzed by the microsomal enzyme uriding phosphoglucuronyltransefrasc (UDPGT). Enzymic activity as measured in vitro is low in the young of many species. The present study was designed to determine whether UDPGT activity could be modified in adult, young, and newborn animals. Following intraperitoneal injection of saline and sodium barbital in control and experimental mice, respectively, for three consecutive days, the UDPGT activity in liver homogenates was measured on the fourth day. A significant increase in the enzyme acctivity was found in all ages. Results (μg bilirubin conjugated/g protein/20 min) include; newborn of dam trated during pregnancy, 96, vs control, 38; 4 days of age, treated (3 groups with 3 different levels of barbiturate for 3 days) 240, 362, and 533, vs control, 186; adult (treated) 181 vs control, 103. These increases were not influenced by adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy, or orchiectomy. Rabbits also responded with a similar increase in UDPGT activity after pretreatment with phenobarbital given by subcutaneous injection and were utilized in clearance studies. In adult rabbits, following rapid intravenous infusion of bilirubin (8 mg/kg), an enchancement in excretion into bile and an increase in bile flow were observed. Bile flow (μl bile/100 g body weight/min) increased in adult animals following treatment: 2–3 vs control of 1–2. Total bilirubin excreated as a precent of the infused load was: treated, 76% vs control, 33%. In young rabbits, disappearance of bilirubin from serum was faster in the phenobarbital-pretreated animals than in controls. The excretion of bilirubin (Δ bilirubin mg/100 ml serum) in newborn animals was: treated, 3.01; untreated, 1.13. In 4-day-old animals, the excretions was: treated, 3.89 vs controls, 2.61. It is proposed that several mechanisms may be responsible for the barbiturate effect and they may participate differently at various ages. Speculation: Barbiturates were found to be effective enhancers of bilirubin conjugation and excretion in animals. A similar approach may have important threapeutic value in the human. Newborn and premature infants with a deficient glucuronide conjugating mechanism and a probable defect in hepatic transport can benefit from this pharamacologic approach. Applicability to patients with hyperbilirubinemia on an inherited metabolic bases also can be considered.
114 citations
TL;DR: Fractionation of non-hemoglobin proteins from hemoglobin in lysates showed that only hemoglobin promoted a lethal infection, and this role for hemoglobin would be of importance not only in peritonitis but also in problems where hemolysis and infection coexist.
Abstract: Intraperitoneal injection into mice of approximately 8 × 106 washed cells of Escherichia coli suspended in a lysate of washed human red blood cells or an aqueous solution of crystalline hemoglobin was lethal. E. coli suspended in washed intact erythrocytes, whole blood, plasma, or saline was innocuous. Fractionation of non-hemoglobin proteins from hemoglobin in lysates showed that only hemoglobin promoted a lethal infection. Overwhelming intraperitoneal growth of E. coli was attained in about 12 hr in lethal infections. The polymorphonuclear leukocytic response was ineffective against this rapid growth. The lethal mechanism is hypothesized to center on a unique role for free hemoglobin in inhibiting peritoneal absorption and stimulating an intraperitoneal exudate which supports luxuriant bacterial growth. Death is attributed to a lethal intoxication from bacterial endotoxins. This role for hemoglobin involves neither enhanced bacterial virulence nor lowered host resistance, and it would be of importance not only in peritonitis but also in problems where hemolysis and infection coexist.
57 citations
TL;DR: The mechanism of PS mobilization differs from that of catecholamine induced FFA mobilization and it is concluded that the elevated immunoassayable insulin appears to be pancreatic in origin since treatment with alloxan inhibits and/or reverses its occurrence.
Abstract: A single intraperitoneal injection of Bordetella pertussis vaccine to rats or mice causes a prolonged increase in immunoassayable plasma insulin levels. This hyperinsulinism occurs in rats in the presence of only slightly depressed plasma glucose and normal free fatty acid (FFA) levels. When the fat pad from a pertussis sensitized (PS) rat is incubated in vitro, a significantly larger amount of FFA is found in the medium than is found when normal fat pads are incubated under the same condition. The action of a variety of antilipolytic agents was studied with respect to catecholamine induced FFA mobilization from normal fat pads and FFA mobilization from PS fat pads and it is concluded that the mechanism of PS mobilization differs from that of catecholamine induced FFA mobilization. The elevated immunoassayable insulin appears to be pancreatic in origin since treatment with alloxan inhibits and/or reverses its occurrence. The production of increased plasma insulin levels appears dependent on the presence o...
53 citations
TL;DR: Injection of drugs, chemicals, or infectious agents into the peritoneal cavity of the mouse is used by investigators in a variety of disciplines for presumably reliable and safe placement of an inoculum into a known anatomical location, but there are no descriptions of the distribution of intraperitoneal inocula nor of the possible errors in their initial placement.
Abstract: Injection of drugs, chemicals, or infectious agents into the peritoneal cavity of the mouse is used by investigators in a variety of disciplines for presumably reliable and safe placement of an inoculum into a known anatomical location. However, we have found no descriptions of the distribution of intraperitoneal inocula, nor of the possible errors in their initial placement. Recently, we attempted to recover radioactively labeled bacteria from the peritoneal cavities of mice previously injected intraperitoneally with a suspension of the radioactive bacteria. Infrequently, we recovered levels of radioactivity far below that expected. It seemed likely that in these cases the injection had been mistakenly placed into a site other than the peritoneal cavity. To confirm this, we used the same technique to inject into the peritoneal cavities of B1oD2, CF #1 (Carworth Farms, New York, N.Y.) and B Alb C mice the same volume (0.2 ml) of Ethiodol (Guerbet Laboratories), a nonabsorbable radiological contrast material with a viscosity near that of water. The mice were sacrificed 15 to 30 min after injection, and anteroposterior and lateral X-rays were taken of each mouse. The injections were performed with a 25-gauge, 5A-inch (1.59 cm) disposable needle. The investigator held the mouse by the skin of the back and neck in his left hand. With the syringe in his right hand, he injected through the wall of the abdomen into one of the lower abdominal quadrants. The techniques of five experienced investigators were sampled and the results are summarized in Table 1. Of 150 mice injected, 21 (14%) showed all or part of the inoculum in a site other than the peritoneal cavity. In 13 cases, this site was the lumen of the stomach or the small bowel, although 4 subcutaneous, 3 retroperitoneal, and 1 intravascular injection occurred. All other inoculae were very well dispersed throughout the peritoneal cavity, and, in every male mouse, contrast material could be seen in the scrotum. Typi-
42 citations
TL;DR: Hyperphenylalaninemia was induced in 7‐day‐old rabbits over a 6‐hr period by intraperitoneal injection of phenylalanine.
Abstract: —
Hyperphenylalaninemia was induced in 7-day-old rabbits over a 6-hr period by intraperitoneal injection of phenylalanine.
l-[U-14C]Lysine was injected intraperitoneally into these rabbits and into a control group. The rate of incorporation of l-[U-14C]lysme into brain ribosomal protein was decreased during a 5-hr period in the presence of elevated plasma phenylalanine concentrations. Lysine transport from the peritoneum to the plasma was unaffected by the high plasma phenylalanine concentrations.
35 citations
TL;DR: Intravenous infusion or daily intraperitoneal injection of anti‐angiotensin serum did not influence blood pressure levels in renal hypertensive rats.
Abstract: 1. In the intact or nephrectomized rat, the pressor responses to synthetic angiotensin-II-amide, beta-angiotensin-II and native “rat angiotensin” could be inhibited by intravenous injection of rabbit serum containing antibodies against synthetic angiotensin-II-amide.
2. The pressor responses to vasopressin or noradrenaline were not influenced by anti-angiotensin serum.
3. A single injection of anti-angiotensin serum inhibited the pressor responses to angiotensin-II-amide for a period of 2.5 hr.
4. Intravenous infusion or daily intraperitoneal injection of anti-angiotensin serum did not influence blood pressure levels in renal hypertensive rats.
34 citations
TL;DR: The enhancement of the glucuronide biosynthesis caused by the administration of the various drugs thus reveals marked organ specificity.
32 citations
TL;DR: Protection by MEA and cysteine against monocrotaline intoxication in male Sprague-Dawley rats was studied and on the basis of improvement in growth, as well as the alleviation of pulmonary vascular injury, MEA appears to be more protective than Cysteine.
30 citations
TL;DR: LD50's have been determined for tetrodotoxin, hemicholinium-3, d -tubocurarine, strychnine, α-naphthylthiourea, 48–80 (a histamine liberator), picrotoxin, sodium fluoroacetate, McN-A-343 (a ganglionic stimulant), hexamethonium chloride, pentamethylene tetrazol, sodium pentobarbital, atrop
29 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded from the results that the mode of administration highly influences both the rates of drug absorption and of its metabolism, the latter according to systematic (s.c., i.m.) or portal (i.p., p.o.) absorption.
TL;DR: The arterial blood glucose of cats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium was found to be higher than the portal blood glucose, which agrees with the hypothesis that liver has glucoreceptors which intervene in the control of blood glucose and food-intake.
TL;DR: It is concluded that polyacrylic acid induces good host resistance to viruses and may be suitable in the prophylaxis of virus infections in vivo.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the neurosecretory response to lethal or sublethal doses constitutes an important and necessary link in the stress reaction of mammals to ionizing radiation.
Abstract: Acute whole-body exposure to 800 to 200 R of 200-kV X-rays induces instant activation of the neurosecretory processes in the hypothalamus and posterior hypophysis in rats, as observed by histochemical techniques. The same neurosecretory response is observed after exposures to 700 or 400 R or X-rays delivered at an exposure rate of 10 R/min as well as after exposures to 1000 or 800 R of137 Cs γ-rays at the rate of 1 R/min. Partial irradiation of the head alone or irradiation of the animal's body, with the head shielded, induces the same neurosecretory response. These results, added to previous information, suggest that the neurosecretory response to lethal or sublethal doses constitutes an important and necessary link in the stress reaction of mammals to ionizing radiation. Cysteamine (150 mg/kg of body weight in intraperitoneal injection) and cystamine (same radioprotective dose) stimulate the neurosecretion of normal nonirradiated rats. Subsequent exposure to X-rays (700 R or 400 R) further intensifies t...
TL;DR: Intraperitoneal injection of 50 IU PMS on Days 1–3 after mating resulted in the early transport of ova from the rat tube into the uterus, but this effect was less markedly shown in the hamster but retardation of cleavage was observed in a few cases.
Abstract: Intraperitoneal injection of 50 IU PMS on Days 1–3 after mating resulted in the early transport of ova from the rat tube into the uterus. This effect was less markedly shown in the hamster but retardation of cleavage was observed in a few cases. When 100 IU HCG was injected, tubal transport was not markedly accelerated in either the rat or the hamster. Following treatment with 50 IU PMS on Days 1–3, no living embryos were found in rats and hamsters killed on Days 16 and 13, respectively. Implantation was inhibited in the rat, though not in the hamster. It also failed when normal blastocysts were transferred synchronously into the PMS-treated rats. Implantation did occur in rats treated with various doses of PMS on Days 5–7, but fetal mortality (54–100%) increased proportionately with the dose. A single dose of 100 IU PMS on one of Days 5, 7, 9 and 11 in the rat induced 67, 92, 75 and 56% fetal mortality, respectively. Administration of 100 IU HCG on Days 1–3 had a slight effect on preand post-implantation...
TL;DR: Direct evidence confirming the assumption that tritiated thymidine does not label cells which enter the deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis phase (S) more than 1 h after injection was obtained by counting labelled epithelial nuclei in mice killed i, 4 or 6 h after a single intraperitoneal injection.
Abstract: SUMMARY Much indirect evidence supports the assumption that tritiated thymidine does not label cells which enter the deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis phase (S) more than 1 h after injection. Direct evidence confirming this assumption was obtained by counting labelled epithelial nuclei in mice killed i, 4 or 6 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of [ s H]thymidine; colchicine was used to prevent the increase in number of labelled nuclei which would otherwise have occurred because of cell division. The proportion of cells labelled was the same at 1 h as at 4 or 6 h after injection of ["HJthymidine. Nuclei were regarded as labelled if they were overlaid by 4 grains or more; comparison of nuclear and background labelling indicated that nuclei overlaid by 3 grains or less represented background labelling.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the intestinal microflora is responsible for the breakdown of the components of Brown FK to toxic products.
TL;DR: Acute renal necrosis of the distal or straight portion of the proximal convoluted tubule was induced in the mouse kidney with an intraperitoneal injection of uranyl nitrate and Regeneration of the tubula was successful.
Abstract: Acute renal necrosis of the distal or straight portion of the proximal convoluted tubule was induced in the mouse kidney with an intraperitoneal injection of uranyl nitrate. Regeneration of the tubula
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The water intake evoked by hypertonic saline is reduced by intraperitoneal injection of milligram quantities of digitoxin into normal rats: the effect is enhanced by bilateral nephrectomy.
Abstract: The water intake evoked by hypertonic saline is reduced by intraperitoneal injection of milligram quantities of digitoxin into normal rats: the effect is enhanced by bilateral nephrectomy. When deposited bilaterally in the hypothalamus, microgram quantities of the glycoside are sufficient to suppress both spontaneous drinking and the response to a hypertonic stimulus for a considerable period. In addition, the same or slightly larger amounts of digitoxin produce convulsions lasting a few hours. Ethacrynic acid, when implanted into the hypothalamus in quantities of 5 to 25 µg, exerts a strong antidipsic effect but does not evoke convulsions. Furosemide is active only in amounts of about 100 µg, and the effect lasts for only a few days. Likewise, the adipsia observed after hypothalamic implantation of 100 µg of hydrochlorothiazide is of transient character. The antidipsic activity of drugs which have been deposited in the hypothalamus does not Parallel their diuretic effect upon systemic application.
TL;DR: It was concluded that terephthaic acid did not show any toxic indications in mice fed 0.5% terephthalic acid diet and the barbiturate sleeping-time was shortened markedly by terepletic acid feeding.
Abstract: The acute toxicity of terephthalic acid and its sodium salt, the effect of terephthalic acid administration on liver and renal functions, and the chemical composition of blood plasma were studied LD50 of terephthalic acid in mice was found to be more than 5000 mg/kg by oral administration and 1430 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection Those of its sodium salt (Na2TPA) were 6300 mg/kg (oral), 8600 mg/kg (subcutaneous), 4600 mg/kg (intraperitoneal), and more than 1300 mg/kg (intravenous) Terephthalic acid feeding for 7 days (05% in diet) did not affect the dye (PSP) excretion from kidney, the transaminase activity (GOT and GPT) in blood plasma, and the contents of sugar, protein, free amino acids, and urea in blood plasma The BSP retention in liver was not increased, but rather decreased The barbiturate sleeping-time was shortened markedly by terephthalic acid feeding In view of these facts, it was concluded that terephthaic acid did not show any toxic indications in mice fed 05% terephthalic acid diet
TL;DR: The kinetic data indicate that the “induction” of tryptophan pyrrolase by poly l -Lys and histones results from decreased rate of enzymes degradation rather than increased rate of enzyme synthesis.
TL;DR: Injections of snail hemolymph into infected mice resulted first in changes in the oogram with the disappearance of immature eggs indicating a rapid effect on the females, and finally death of both sexes, which suggests that death of the worms is caused by an immunological reaction between antibodies in mouse plasma and Hemolymph antigen in the intestinal ceca of worms.
Abstract: Discussion and SummaryRecent studies have indicated that when foreign blood components are injected into mice infected with S. mansoni, the metabolism of the worms is affected resulting in changes in oviposition and death. Intraperitoneal injection of washed erythrocytes from Macaca mulatta injected into mice resulted in diminution of egg laying capacity and death of females (2). Also injection of Forssman antigen, prepared from guinea pig kidney resulted in an increased pigment formation in the worms and eggs laid in the tissues (3).Injection of hemoglobin from nonmammalian sources, and thus very foreign to mice, was thought of as a good prospect, with the idea that the metabolism of the worm could be altered more efficiently. Michelson (4) reported that the hemolymph from B. glabrata has at least four major hemoglobin components, thus the hemolymph from this snail was used since they are easily available.Injections of snail hemolymph into infected mice resulted first in changes in the oogram with the di...
TL;DR: Findings clearly indicate that renal function is impaired in mice treated with relatively large doses of endotoxin, and these doses exceed those usually required to demonstrate nonspecific resistance to experimental microbial infections in mice.
Abstract: SummaryThe effect of endotoxin on mouse renal function was studied. The following dose-related changes were noted 18 hr after the intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin to mice: (i) Elevation of the blood, brain, and liver levels of urea nitrogen; (ii) decreased excretion of urinary urea nitrogen; (iii) diminished output of urine; and (iv) inhibition of the renal clearances of inulin and PAH. These findings clearly indicate that renal function is impaired in mice treated with relatively large doses of endotoxin. It is noteworthy that these doses exceed those usually required to demonstrate nonspecific resistance to experimental microbial infections in mice. Mice were rendered tolerant to the renal inhibitory effects and to the lethal effects of endotoxin by injecting them with a relatively low dose of endotoxin for 8 consecutive days prior to the administration of a high dose of endotoxin, which would ordinarily reduce renal function and produce 85% mortality in 72 hr.
TL;DR: The data presented indicates that the site of priming affects the local inflammatory cellular response to subsequent challenging injections, and suggests that the local eosinophilia may be inhibited by the presence of antibody at the time of challenge.
Abstract: SummaryThe data presented indicates that the site of priming affects the local inflammatory cellular response to subsequent challenging injections. Animals sensitized with one or two subcutaneous injections showed a marked and persistent eosinophilia following a challenging intraperitoneal injection. On the other hand, animals sensitized by 1 or 2 intraperitoneal injections had consistently fewer eosinophils and they routinely peaked on day 1. Animals receiving 3 injections in which the site of the second injection differed from that of the primary had intermediate numbers of eosinophils. Neutrophils and mononu-clear cells showed no consistent differences in their response pattern. Repeated i.p. injections produced higher antitoxin titers than any other combination tested. There appears to be an inverse correlation between the circulating antitoxin at the time of challenge and the subsequent eosinophil responses. Animals with high antitoxin titers have fewer eosinophils in the inflammatory exudate. These ...
TL;DR: There appears to be little therapeutic potential for GSH in endotoxin shock, as injection of mice with 30 mg of GSH, especially intravenously, was complicated by the unphysiologic, extracellular distribution of the exogenous glutathione.
Abstract: ConclusionInjection of mice with 30 mg of GSH, especially intravenously, was complicated by the unphysiologic, extracellular distribution of the exogenous glutathione. The GSH given to mice to replace nonprotein sulfhydryl lost as a result of endotoxin shock provided only slight protection. Survival was significantly improved by intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg of GSH 4 hr before the endotoxin. Thus, there appears to be little therapeutic potential for GSH in endotoxin shock.
TL;DR: Radioactivity was found in all tissues and was concentrated particularly in the liver, bladder, intestine, lung and kidney, and the proportion of the injected radioactivity found in the brain varied with age but never exceeded 3%: it reached a maximum in 18 day-old rats, after which it decreased sharply and was less than 0.5%.
TL;DR: Disseminated blastomycosis was observed in adult hamsters after intramuscular, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of the mycelial or yeast phases of Blastomyces dermatitidis.
Abstract: Disseminated blastomycosis was observed in adult hamsters after intramuscular, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of the mycelial or yeast phases of Blastomyces dermatitidis.Following spontaneous death, gross examination revealed an abscess at the site of injection. In addition, cascous lesions were found in regional lymph nodes while in the lungs there were extensive caseated nodules, and pleural adhesions. Animals that survived the 63 day period of the experiment had less extensive disease, although lesions were often observed at the site of injection, in the regional lymph nodes and in the lungs.
TL;DR: Oxygen consumption by cold-exposed rats and hamsters is significantly reduced following DMSO treatment, and this implies a reduction in heat production needed for the maintenance of thermal balance under cold stress.
Abstract: Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) has received much attention because of its possible, albeit controverted, therapeutic value. Relatively large doses can be safely given to experimental animals; e.g., the LD50 for ip administration in rats is 13.08 gm/kg 1. DMSO is an excellent solvent and has proved useful as a vehicle for the parenteral administration of antibiotics and other drugs. Biological actions of DMSO were recently reviewed 2.DMSO has been widely used as a cryoprotective agent for single cells and tissues 3. Its effect on cold-exposed intact animals, however, has received little study. Intraperitoneal injection of DMSO (3-6 gm/kg) causes a slight fall in the body temperature of mice 4 and rats 5 maintained at ordinary room temperatures. The same doses can cause deep hypothermia and death within a few hours during exposure to an ambient temperature of 1°C 5. Oxygen consumption by cold-exposed rats and hamsters is significantly reduced following DMSO treatment 6, and this implies a reduction in heat produc...
TL;DR: It would appear that low-protein fed rats may have an impairment in utilization of carbohydrate, and a defect in immediate energy dissipation or an increased rate of energy production from ingested food.
Abstract: Male rats of the Wistar strain were fed either a control (20% casein) or a low-protein (5% casein) diet. Following the intraperitoneal injection of glucose solution it was observed from the blood glucose curve that low-protein fed rats had a delayed or impaired utilization of this carbohydrate. Resting oxygen consumption was not significantly different, and after glucose injection the slight increase in both groups was not significant. On refeeding after fasting, the colonic temperature of low-protein fed rats rose to a greater extent than did that of controls. Administration of protamine zinc insulin (PZI) decreased colonic temperature during fasting particularly in low-protein fed animals, and also during refeeding following a brief fasting period. From the results of these several experiments, it would appear that low-protein fed rats may have (a) an impairment in utilization of carbohydrate, and (b) a defect in immediate energy dissipation or an increased rate of energy production from ingested food. ...
TL;DR: Acute inhalation and intraperitoneal toxicities of trifluoroamine oxide (AMOX) were determined in rats and mice and females were more susceptible to the lethal effects of AMOX than the males.