Showing papers on "Intraperitoneal injection published in 1975"

Inhibition of d -amphetamine-induced locomotor activity by injection of haloperidol into the nucleus accumbens of the rat

Abstract: The effect of intracerebral administration of antagonists of dopamine and noradrenaline upon the locomotor stimulation induced by intraperitoneal injection of d-amphetamine sulfate in rats was investigated. Injection of low doses of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol (2.5 Μg and 5 Μg) bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens antagonized the locomotor stimulation following d-amphetamine. No significant inhibition was observed following administration of the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine or the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol into the nucleus accumbens. Injection of the same doses of haloperidol into the caudate nucleus did not inhibit the d-amphetamine induced locomotor activity, in contrast to the effects seen following injection into the nucleus accumbens. The results confirm the significance of dopaminergic mechanisms for the locomotor stimulant effect of d-amphetamine and indicate that the mesolimbic dopamine system plays an important role in this respect.

Preparation and partial characterization of hepatic regenerative stimulator substance (SS) from rat liver

Abstract: 1. The elucidation of the biochemical controls of growth processes is basic to understanding both normal and malignant growth. The exquisitely sensitive control demonstrated in the regenerating liver provides an excellent model system for growth studies. 2. Intraperitoneal injection of an extract from weanling rat liver into 34% hepatectomized rats stimulates [3H]thymidine incorporation into recipient hepatic DNA 2.5-fold. This stimulation is seen after a 10 hr lag period. 3. Extracts from weanling rat liver contain the highest level of the hepatic regenerative stimulator substance (SS), whereas extracts from adult liver give no significant stimulation. 4. If adult rats are partially hepatectomized, SS is demonstrated in their livers 12-15 hr after hepatectomy. 5. Partial characterization of SS shows that it is a soluble material not sedimented by centrifugation for 2 hr at 145,000 g. The stimulator activity is stable to heating at 65 degrees C and 100 degrees C for 15 min but is lost when treated with 10% perchloric acid.

Blood and liver enzymes in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.) with emphasis on their diagnostic use: Study of CCl4 toxicity and a case of Aeromonas infection

Abstract: The effect of one intraperitoneal injection of 1.33 ml of CCl4 per kg of fish was studied. Two experimental series were performed and studied for 10 days (with diluent) and 24 h (pure CCl4) periods. LDH, GOT, GPT, GR, GDH, CPK, G-6-Pase, and AlkPase were studied. The activity of all enzymes in blood increased: LDH (four times the control), GOT (two times), GPT (three times); they reached a maximal activity 12 h after injection of diluted CCl4. The levels of some enzymes were also examined in the liver. With pure CCl4, maximal enzyme activity in blood occurred earlier (6 h). A 6 to 10 times increase was observed for GOT, GPT, LDH, GR, and GDH. Histopathological observations were correlated with these enzymes studies. An Aeromonas disease characterized by the destruction of the dermis, the exposure of the muscle, and by the presence of numerous petechiae in the liver enabled us to examine the relationships between naturally induced tissue damage and enzyme levels in blood. The levels of seven blood enzymes were determined and the most significant modifications were observed for LDH and CPK. which increased their concentration from 3 to 7 times respectively. A pyruvate saturation test demonstrated that LDH was probably from liver as it was observed after CCl4 poisoning. The contribution of such biochemical studies in fish research is evaluated.

The role of c3 as an opsonin in the early stages of infection.

Abstract: In order to investigate the role of C3 in host defense in vivo, normal AKR/J mice, genetically deficient in C5, were depleted of serum C3 by the injection of purified cobra venom factor (CoVF). Concurrent with their C3 depletion, their serum opsonizing activity decreased to a level less than 20% of normal. When these mice were challenged with an intraperitoneal injection of pneumococci 2 hr after the CoVF treatment, the LD50 was from 30 to 80 times lower than the LD50 in saline-treated control animals. When the CoVF was given only 6 hr after the pneumococcal challenge, the LD50 was the same as in the control mice. If the pneumococci were first preopsonized in vitro and then injected into CoVF-treated animals, the LD50 was the same as that in control animals. These experiments demonstrate that C3 plays a significant role in vivo in the host's defense against infection and that a major part of that role is through its action as an opsonin. Furthermore, these experiments demonstrate that the role of C3 is most significant during the early stages of bacterial invasion.

Studies in vivo of cobra factor and murine C3.

Abstract: The effect of the isolated C3-cleaving factor (CoF) of cobra venom on murine C3 in vivo and in vitro was studied. Optimal quantities of 100-200 units (0.5 minus 1.0 mg) of CoF per kg administered to mice by intraperitoneal injection in divided doses caused plasma C3 levels to fall to less than 5 per cent of normal from 1 to at least 4 days afterwards. Passive anti-CoF serum promptly abrogated the in vivo plasma C3 depletion, and under optimal conditions C3 levels reached 50 per cent of normal after approximately 15 hours. Injection of as little as 20 mug per mouse of CoF in saline induced a precipitating anti-CoF antibody response which prevented subsequent depletion of plasma C3 by CoF. The in vivo half-life of 125I-labelled CoF in normal mice estimated by whole body elimination and clearance from the blood was 24 hours. The presence in vivo of antibodies to CoF caused rapid clearance from the blood and elimination of 125I-labelled CoF, and also localization of some CoF in the spleen, liver and kidneys.

Restoration of antibody-forming capacities by PS-K in tumor-bearing mice.

Abstract: PS-K, a protein-bound polysaccharide from a basidiomycetes, was found to suppress tumor growth after grafting of sarcoma-180 or Ehrlich tumor in ICR mice. In the present study, effect of PS-K on antibody-forming capacities was examined in tumor-bearing mice and normal controls. 1) PS-K did not enhance the capacities of normal mice to produce antibodies against sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), hamster erythrocytes (HRBC), and trinitrophenyl group (TNP). 2) The capacities of mice to produce IgG antibody against SRBC, IgM antibody aganist HRBC, and IgG antibody against TNP were depressed after grafting of sarcoma-180. Intraperitoneal injection of PS-K restored these capacities to the normal levels. 3) Oral as well as intraperitoneal administration of PS-K restored the capacity of the mice bearing sarcoma-180 to produce IgG antibody against SRBC. 4) The capacity to produce IgG antibody against SRBC was depressed after grafting of Ehrlick tumor and it recovered to the normal level after intraperitoneal injection of PS-K. These results showed that antibody-fforming capacity of mice was depressed after tumor grafing and recovered after administration of PS-K.

Comparative Effects of Amoxycillin and Ampicillin in the Treatment of Experimental Mouse Infections

Abstract: Amoxycillin was significantly more effective than ampicillin in the parenteral treatment of intraperitoneal mouse infections. After subcutaneous injection, antibiotic blood concentrations were the same for both compounds, but amoxycillin was more effective than ampicillin in reducing bacterial counts in the peritoneal cavity and in the blood of infected mice. Amoxycillin also produced greater bactericidal effects than ampicillin in vivo after intraperitoneal injection and consequently was more effective by this route in the treatment of infection. The results of these studies show that the superior activity of amoxycillin in the mouse when given by injection was due to its higher level of bactericidal activity in vivo compared with ampicillin and to differences in the distribution of the two penicillins in the infected animal.

In vivo studies on protease and elastase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract: Protease and elastase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inoculated in female mice by intravenous, intraperitoneal, intrapleural and intranasal route, and the lethality and damage of various organs were examined. The protease and elastase exhibited respectively the following minimum lethal dose (MLD) values in 24 hr; 300 and 375 mug inoculated intravenously; 200 and 125-250 mug intraperitoneally; and 100 and 62.5 mug intrapleurally. The instillation of a defined dose of the enzyme by the intranasal route was difficult to control, therefore the MLD could not be defined exactly. The protease and elastase were capable of eliciting hemorrhage at various organs of mice according to the route of inoculation. Of protease, intravenous injections elicited petechial hemorrhage at the lungs and parietal bone-area, and severe one in the medullary area of kidney. The intraperitoneal injection resulted in petechial hemorrhage of the lungs, diaphragm, peritoneum and gastrointestinal serosa. Intrapleural injections and intranasal instillation resulted in confluent pulmonary hemorrhage. Of elastase, intravenous injections elicited confluent pulmonary hemorrhage, hemorrhage in the medullary area of kidney and cerebral ventricles, and petechial hemorrhage at the stomach-walls. The intraperitoneal injections resulted in petechial hemorrhage at the lungs, diaphragm, peritoneum and gastointestinal serosa. Intrapleural injections resulted in confluent pulmonary hemorrhage, and petechiae at the diaphragm and pleura. Intranasal instillation resulted in confluent pulmonary hemorrhage.

A very rapid effect of androgen on initiation of protein synthesis in prostate.

Abstract: The initiation of protein synthesis by ribosomal particles of rat ventral prostate was studied by measuring ribosomal binding of an initiator (35-S)methionyl-tRNAf. The binding activity is dependent on ribosomes, GTP, and a prostate cytosol protein fraction. The 40S but not the 60S ribosomal subunit particles are active. The cytosol activity decreases rapidly within one hour after the rat is castrated. This loss is prevented by an intraperitoneal injection of 17beta-hydroxy-5-alpha-androstan-3-one (5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone). The cytosol activity can be stimulated almost immediately (within 10 min) after an intravenous injection of low dose (15 mug per rat) of 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone into the castrated rat.

Response of hepatic carbohydrate and cyclic AMP metabolism to cadmium treatment in rats.

Abstract: Daily intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride (0.25 or 1 mg/kg) for 21 or 45 days into rats significantly stimulated the activities of hepatic pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase, increased the concentrations of glucose and urea in the blood, and decreased the levels of glycogen in the liver. Whereas chronic cadmium treatment failed to alter adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (phosphodiesterase) activity, the endogenous levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and the activity of basal- and fluoride-stimulated forms of hepatic adenylate cyclase (AC) were markedly increased in cadmium-injected animals. Treatment with the higher dose (1.0 mg/kg) of cadmium chloride for 45 days produced greater metabolic alterations in hepatic tissue than those seen with the lower dose (0.25 mg/kg) given for a shorter period of time (21 days). Discontinuation of cadmium administration for 14 days in rats previously injected with cadmium chloride...

Acute effects of methyl mercury toxicity in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) liver

Abstract: The results of this study have demonstrated that in the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) a single intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg/kg methyl mercuric chloride caused: 1. Deposition of mercury in the liver. 2. Accumulation and concentration of mercury over the time period of 96 hours. 3. Marked pathology as evidenced by necrosis of exocrine pancreatic and parenchymal cells at 72 and 96 hours. 4. Inflammation at the hepatic capsular surface.

The effect of various immunosuppressive agents on mouse peritoneal macrophages and on the in vitro phagocytosis of Escherichia coli O4:K3:H5 and degradation of 125I-labelled HSA-antibody complexes by these cells.

Abstract: Large doses of hydrocortisone, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate injected subcutaneously, and whole-body irradiation (500 rads) caused a reduction in the number of peritoneal cells (PE cells) obtained after intraperitoneal injection of the treated mice with proteose-peptone. The same dose of cyclophosphamide and irradiation induced morphological changes in PE macrophages. There were more giant cells in the peritoneal exudates from treated mice as compared to control mice. 'Pharmacological' and larger doses of hydrocortisone, methotrexate and azathioprine or anti-lymphocyte globulin had no effect on the in vitro phagocytic capacity of proteose-peptone-stimulated mouse PE macrophages. This also applied to doses of up to 50 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide. In contrast, whole-body irradiation (500 rad) and 100 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide decreased the phagocytic capacity of mouse macrophages in vitro and reduced the ability of PE cells to degrade 125I-labelled HSA-antibody complexes in vitro. The greatest effect was noted 4-5 days after whole-body irradiation or four to five subcutaneous injections of cyclophosphamide.

The effect of isoprenaline and propranolol on rat myocardial ornithine decarboxylase.

Abstract: The intraperitoneal injection of isoprenaline in rats caused an increase in myocardial ornithine decarboxylase activity which reached a maximum of about four times the control value one hour after the injection. The intraperitoneal injection of dl-propranolol had no effect on myocardial ornithine decarboxylase activity. The injection of dl-propranolol 30 min before the injection of isoprenaline almost completely prevented the effect of isoprenaline.

delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol suppression of the primary immune response in rats.

Abstract: The interaction of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC) with the primary immune response was investigated in female Fischer rats receiving sesame oil vehicle or Δ9‐THC in oral doses of 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg. Rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) after, during, or before treatment with Δ9‐THC in order to evaluate the effect of the cannabinoid on the inductive and productive phases of the primary immune response to SRBC. At necropsy, body and spleen weights were recorded, sera were analyzed for antibody to SRBC by an hemagglutination method (HT), and splenic antibody forming cells (AFC) were determined by the localized hemolysis In gel plaque formation. Δ9‐THC inhibited the primary immune response by 33–44% at 10 mg/kg, suppressed the inductive phase by 48–78% at all doses, and impaired the productive phase by 26–59% at the higher doses. These results are the first direct demonstration of a Δ9‐THC‐induced immunosuppression of both phases of the primary immune response.

BCG therapy of pleural and peritoneal growth of transplanted rat tumours.

Abstract: Growth of intrapleurally injected cells of immunogenic methylcholanthrene-induced rat sarcomas was suppressed by intrapleural injection of viable or 1 times 10-6 R radiation-sterilized BCG vaccine. As little as 10 mug moist weight of organisms was effective, and treatment could be given several days before or after tumour challenge. Pleural effusion growth of a moderately immunogenic ascitic hepatoma was also controlled by intrapleurally administered BCG. In contrast, BCG injected intravenously, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally was without influence on pleural tumour growths. Similarly, intraperitoneal growth of these tumours was suppressed only by intraperitoneal injection of BCG. With two other transplanted tumours, a chemically induced mammary carcinoma and a spontaneous sarcoma, both of which lack significant immunogenicity, BCG treatment of pleural and peritoneal growths was less successful and more variable. Nevertheless, these studies indicate the potential of this type of treatment of thoracic and peritoneal tumour deposits for possible clinical application in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma.

Phytoene as a protective agent against sunburn (greater than 280 nm) radiation in guinea pigs.

Abstract: — Phytoene, the colorless triene precursor of β-carotene (17 mg/g body weight) or a placebo was given to guinea pigs by daily intraperitoneal injection for 14 days, after which the animals were exposed to radiation (> 280 nm). It was found that the animals receiving phytoene developed significantly less erythema to the radiation than did the animals receiving placebo.

Some effects of prenatal exposure to d-amphetamine sulfate and phenobarbital on developmental neurochemistry and on behavior.

Abstract: Amphetamine. Prenatal intraperitoneal injection of d-amphetamine sulfate (5 mg/kg) produces decreases in the levels of catecholamines in the brain the day of birth and increases on day 30. Open-field activity from days 12 to 31 was higher for the group of animals injected with amphetamine or saline if scores were totaled across all test days. At day 75 the offspring of amphetamine-injected mothers exhibited altered open-field behavior. The effects were not observed with subcutaneous injection regardless of the dose used (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg). The lowest subcutaneous dose decreases neonatal viability. Phenobarbital. Prenatal intraperitoneal injection of phenobarbital (80 mg/kg) resulted in decreased litter size, increases mortality, and decreased amounts of nucleic acid and protein in the brains of surviving offspring. Behavioral deficits associated with response perseveration could be demonstrated at 60 days in the mice prenatally exposed to this dosage. Subcutaneous injections of phenobarbital to pregnant mice at 80 and 40 mg/kg, but not 20 mg/kg, doses increased neonatal mortality. Mature animals prenatally exposed to 40 mg/kg phenobarbital have altered open-field behavior and differ from control animals on a passive avoidance task. Mature offspring prenatally exposed to the 20 or 40 mg/kg dose also responded less than controls on an operant task requiring an increasing number of responses per reinforcement. These studies suggest that prenatal exposure to phenobarbital has in some way altered the animals' reactivity to stimualtion.

Acute cytogenetic effect of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide (AF-2, a food preservative) on rat bone marrow cells in vivo

Abstract: The cytogenetic effects of 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide (AF-2), a food preservative used in Japan, on rat bone marrow cells in vivo were studied. The aberrant metaphase cells in the bone marrow increased and reached the peak level 6 h after intraperitoneal injection of 240 mg/kg body weight of AF-2 and returned to the normal level within 24 h. A dose-response relationship was obtained using 4–240 mg/kg of AF-2. Chromosome aberrations were also induced after oral administration of 30–240 mg/kg. The aberrations were mostly chromatid breaks and the distribution among and within chromosomes was similar to those induced by a carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz( a )anthracene (DMBA). The present results provide the first evidence of in vivo cytogenetic effects of AF-2 on mammalian cells and, together with the evidence of mutagenicity already proved in other organisms, warn of the possible genetic hazards to cells exposed to this compound.

A mouse hepatotropic variant of influenza virus.

Abstract: A hepatotropic variant of avian influenza virus A/Turkey/England 63 (Hav 1, Nav 3) was selected by serial passages in mouse liver. Adaptation to this organ was established after 13in vivo passages and was found to improve during further passages as shown by increasing rates of replication in livers of ICR mice. The mutant virus finally selected was stable and differed from the original virus mainly in lethality upon intraperitoneal injection in mice, in its ability to grow to high titers in livers of susceptible animals and in plaque morphology in chick embryo fibroblasts. No differences were detected in hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization by standard mouse antisera. Pathogenicity for the liver was independent of the route of inoculation, included other laboratory animals sensitive to influenza virus and could be inhibited by amantadine. Fatal hepatitis in 50 per cent of susceptible mice by the intraperitoneal route required from 10 to 20 EID50. Pathological changes consisted of severe necrosis of liver parenchyma accompanied by release of F antigen into the serum and were apparently due to virus replication in hepatic cells as evidenced by immunofluorescence.

Effect of pyrazole on ethanol metabolism in ethanol-tolerant rats.

Abstract: Adult male rats were pair-fed liquid diets, providing 37% of calories as ethanol or sucrose, for 1 month Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity in the cytosol fractions of liver homogenates from the two groups did not differ with respect to total activity per 100 g body weight, Km for ethanol, or Ki for pyrazole Other rats, fed in the same way, were fasted for 18–24 h, then given an intraperitoneal injection of pyrazole followed 1 h later by an injection of ethanol, 3 g/kg Blood alcohol curves showed an unexplained slower rise to maximum level in the chronic alcohol group Both groups showed a period of several hours in which the blood alcohol stayed at the respective maximum concentrations, which were higher in the control group After 7–8 h the alcohol concentration began to fall in both groups, significantly more rapidly in the chronic alcohol-fed animals A kinetic analysis shows that the results are adequately explained by the known effects of pyrazole on the ADH–mitochondrial system The results ar

Effect of Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone on the Thyroid of a Teleost, Chasmichthys dolichognathus, and a Hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri

Abstract: Intraperitoneal injection of mammalian thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) caused hypertrophy of possible thyrotropic cells in the pituitary gland of the teleost, Chasmichthys dolichognathus. The epithelial cells of the thyroid follicles also appeared hypertrophic after the TRH injection. On the other hand, in the hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri, TRH injection had no effect either on the cytological appearance of the adenohypophysis or on the thyroidal activity in terms of serum thyroxine concentration and epithelial cell height.

Behaviour of Doxycycline in the Tissues

Abstract: Little is known about the behaviour of antibiotics in the tissues. To investigate this problem, rats were sacrificed in groups of six, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 18 h after an intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg doxycycline/kg body weight. The antibiotic levels were determined in the nine major organs and in the serum by a microbiological method. One hour after injection, the doxycycline concentrations in all the tissues were already higher than the serum concentrations. After 4 h, the concentration exceeded 2.5 mug/ml in the lungs, muscles, testes and heart, and were much greater in the excretory organs: 11.4 +/- 4.1 mug/ml in the liver, 10.2 +/- 1.6 in the renal medulla and 27.8 +/- 7.0 in the renal cortex. Throughout the experiment, the lung and muscle concentrations were about double the serum concentrations, and this occurred with great regularity. Doxycycline is thus capable of penetrating extremely rapidly and intensely into tissues, while still retaining a great degree of freedom of movement between plasma and tissues.

Delta-9 -tetrahydrocannabinol and decreased macrophage migration inhibition activity.

Abstract: Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (0.31 mg - 1.25 mg per kg body weight) given to immunized rats by intraperitoneal injection depresses the activity of macrophage migration inhibition factor. The lowest levels of activity in peritoneal exudates were observed 15 hours after the injection of cannabinoid. This decreased activity may be related to the impaired cellular immunity observed in regular users of cannabis.