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Showing papers on "Iodide published in 1981"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the reaction of zerovalent palladium to aromatic iodides in tetrahydrofuran in the presence of the ligand triphenylphosphine.

189 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A critical evaluation of the mean activity and osmotic coefficients in aqueous solutions of eleven bi-univalent compounds of zinc and cadmium and ethylene bis(trimethylammonium) chloride and iodide at 298.15 K is presented in this article.
Abstract: A critical evaluation of the mean activity and osmotic coefficients in aqueous solutions of eleven bi‐univalent compounds of zinc and cadmium and ethylene bis(trimethylammonium) chloride and iodide at 298.15 K is presented. Osmotic coefficients were calculated from direct vapor pressure measurements, from isopiestic measurements and from freezing point depression measurements. Activity coefficients were calculated from electromotive force measurements on galvanic cells with and without transference. Given are empirical coefficients for three different correlating equations, obtained by a weighted least squares fit of the experimental data, and tables consisting of the activity coefficients of the compounds, the osmotic coefficients and activity of water, and the excess Gibbs energy of the solution as functions of the molality for each electrolyte system. The literature coverage is through the computerized version of Chemical Abstracts of September 1979.

180 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Iodine-132 tracer was used as a tracer to demonstrate that ozone causes iodine vapor to be released from the sea surface as discussed by the authors, this rate of release was porportional to ozone concentration in the range 0-100 ppb and depended on mixing of the water phase.
Abstract: Iodine-132 was used as a tracer to demonstrate that ozone causes iodine vapor to be released from the sea surface. This rate of release was porportional to ozone concentration in the range 0–100 ppb and depended on mixing of the water phase. At the mean ozone concentration existing at the sea surface the rate of iodine release was equivalent to an annual contribution of 6 to 12 × 1010 g to the atmosphere. This estimate is subject to uncertainties arising from inadequate knowledge of the mean concentration of iodide at the sea surface and the effect of mixing of the surface sea water on the rate of release of iodine. The significance of such a contribution to the iodine budget of the atmosphere is discussed.

135 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, trifluoromethylation by substitution of the halogen in aromatic halides was achieved by the use of sodium triffluoroacetate and copper(I) iodide.
Abstract: Regiospecific trifluoromethylation by substitution of the halogen in aromatic halides was achieved by the use of sodium trifluoroacetate and copper(I) iodide. The reaction proceeded smoothly in dipolar aprotic solvents in good to high yields.

133 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, aldehydes were added to 1-acylethenyl anion equivalent to give aldol adducts in fair to good yields, and Diethylaluminium iodide was found to be an efficient reagent for the same type transformation.
Abstract: Organoaluminium reagents R2AlX (X=SPh, SeMe) easily add to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in 1,4-fashion. The resulting aluminium enolates react with aldehydes to give aldol adducts in fair to good yields. Formal elimination of HX from the adducts provides α-substituted α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The overall transformation is an addition of aldehydes to 1-acylethenyl anion equivalent. Diethylaluminium iodide also is found to be an efficient reagent for the same type transformation.

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid phase diagrams of the binary R4NX-water (R=n-C3H7-n-c6H13 and i-C5H11; X=F, Cl, Br, and I) systems were determined in the temperature range between −20 °C and +80 °C.
Abstract: Solid-liquid and liquid-liquid phase diagrams of the binary R4NX–water (R=n-C3H7–n-C6H13 and i-C5H11; X=F, Cl, Br, and I) systems were determined in the temperature range between −20 °C and +80 °C. These diagrams showed (1) the formation of a clathrate-like hydrate for four salts (n-C5H11)4NF, (n-C5H11)4NCl, (i-C5H11)4NBr, and (i-C5H11)4NI; (2) a phase separation into two liquid phases in the systems of (n-C5H11)4NBr, (i-C5H11)4NBr, (n-C6H13)4NCl, and (n-C6H13)4NBr; (3) that the solubility (in water at a definite temperature) of a series of the salts did not show a systematic change with respect to either the alkyl-chain length or the kind of anion; and (4) that the salt which gave the maximum solubility in water at 25 °C was (n-C5H11)4NCl for chloride, (n-C4H9)4NBr for bromide, and (C2H5)4NI for iodide, respectively. The effect of anions on the solubilities of a series of salts having the same cation was examined. It was found that the ratio mcl⁄mI at 25 °C became as high as 22800 for the tetrapentylammo...

77 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that the reaction between Compound I and iodide occurred by way of a 2-electron transfer and the rate constant was roughly estimated at 2.1 X 10(7) M-1 s-1, much higher than that obtained from overall kinetic data.

65 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, aryl-3,3-diethyltriazenes with trimethylsilyl halides in acetonitrile at 60/sup 0/C resulted in the rapid and quantitative evolution of nitrogen and in the formation of arylsides.
Abstract: Treatment of 1-aryl-3,3-diethyltriazenes with trimethylsilyl halides in acetonitrile at 60/sup 0/C resulted in the rapid and quantitative evolution of nitrogen and in the formation of aryl halides. 1-Aryl-3,3-diethyltriazenes were prepared by a conventional route in high yields, and trimethylsilyl iodide and bromide were produced in site by the reaction of trimethylsilyl chloride with sodium iodide or lithium bromide, respectively. The high reactivity of trimethylsilyl halides toward 1-aryl-3,3-diaklytriazenes may be explained in terms of their strong electrophilicity and the marked affinity of the trimethylsilyl group toward nitrogen. The reaction rate seemed to be markedly dependent on the nature of the free halide ion in solution; iodide ion reacted faster than bromide ion, and chloride ion was only converted to the aryl chloride after an extended reaction period. In addition, in the absence of trimethylsilyl chloride, neither iodide not bormide ion reacted with the aryldialkyltriazenes under our experimental conditions. Since the trimethylsilyl chloride with sodium iodide or lithium bromide, this method is applicable to the preparation of aromatic radiohalide compounds. For example aromatic radiohalide derivatives may be prepared from bromide (/sup 75/Br or /sup 77/Br) and iodide (/sup 123/I, /sup 125/I, or /sup 131/I) with high radiochemical purity and yields which makesmore » this synthetic method useful for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals of medicinal interest.« less

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Nonactivated aryl iodides readily react with areneselenolates, in the presence of copper(I) iodide, in hexamethylphosphoric triamide to produce the corresponding diaryl selenides in good yields.
Abstract: Nonactivated aryl iodides readily react with areneselenolates, in the presence of copper(I) iodide, in hexamethylphosphoric triamide to produce the corresponding diaryl selenides in good yields.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the early stages of the title reaction in the temperature range of 494-545 K and found that the initial rates were consistent with an iodine atom abstraction chain mechanism, and the bond dissociation energy D(SiH3H) = 378 ± 5 kJ/mol (90 kcal/mol).
Abstract: The title reaction has been investigated in the temperature range of 494–545 K. During the early stages of reaction the only observed products were silyl iodide and hydrogen iodide. Initial rates were found to obey the rate law over a wide range of initial iodine and monosilane pressures. Secondary reactions, most probably of SiH3I with I2, became more important as the reaction progressed. However, provided [SiH4]0/[I2]0 > 20, these secondary processes had a negligible effect on the kinetics, and an integrated rate expression could be used. These kinetics are consistent with an iodine atom abstraction chain mechanism, and for the step has been deduced. From this the bond dissociation energy D(SiH3H) = 378 ± 5 kJ/mol (90 kcal/mol) is obtained. The kinetic and thermochemical implications of this value, especially to the pyrolysis of monosilane, are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
John F. Knifton1
TL;DR: In this article, the scope and mechanism of carboxylic acid homologation has been examined in relation to the structure of the acid substrate, the concentration, and composition of the ruthenium catalyst precursor and iodide promoter, syngas ratios, as well as 13C enrichment studies and the spectral identification of RUThenium iodocarbonyl intermediates.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The anomerization of methyl glycofuranoside derivatives with methylmagnesium iodide or t-butylmagnesium bromide occurred in a one-way manner.
Abstract: The anomerization of methyl glycofuranoside derivatives with methylmagnesium iodide or t-butylmagnesium bromide occurred in a one-way manner. For example, methyl 5-O-benzyl-β-D-ribofuranoside (3β) was converted into the corresponding α-anomer (3α) in a 95% yield when a mixture of 3β and t-butylmagnesium bromide in benzene–ether was heated at about 75 °C to remove the ether; the reverse reaction (from 3α to (3β) did not proceed. The reaction of 3β with methylmagnesium iodide gave open-chain products (33%), besides 3α (30%). Twenty kinds of anomers were tested, and the mechanisms of the reactions were discussed. The cleavage of a benzyl- or trityl-protecting group with the Grignard reagent was also observed during the reaction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the charge densities and the configurations of iodine doped in poly(2 and 4-vinylpyridines) have been studied by using the Mossbauer effect of 129I at 16 K.
Abstract: The charge densities and the configurations of iodine doped in poly(2‐ and 4‐vinylpyridines) have been studied by using the Mossbauer effect of 129I at 16 K. The ’’outer complex’’ is first formed in the system of poly(2‐vinylpyridine) and iodine. The extent of the charge transfer is estimated to be 0.22 in the outer complex, which is nearly the same as pure pyridine. The iodine of the outer complex varies gradually to the tri‐iodide anion and then to the iodide anion by accepting electrons from the pyridine ring of the polymer. In the system of poly(4‐vinylpyridine) and iodine both the outer complex and the ’’inner complex’’ are first observed, and the iodine species in these complexes vary gradually to the I3− ion and finally to the I− ion in a similar manner as the system of poly(2‐vinylpyridine) and iodine. From the values of the Mossbauer parameters the charge or electron populations of the iodine species are calculated, and the arrangements of these species are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the aqueous iodide/iodine redox system has proved to be the most favorable electrolyte in designing efficient and stable electrochemical solar cells based on layered semiconducting materials.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The trifluoromethylation of carbonyl compounds was studied in this paper with ultrasonically dispersed zinc iodide, and the results showed that α-trifluorsmixture of carbinols in good yields can be obtained.
Abstract: The trifluoromethylation of carbonyl compounds with trifluoromethylzinc iodide, prepared from trifluoromethyl iodide with ultrasonically dispersed zinc, smoothly proceeded to give corresponding α-trifluoromethyl carbinols in good yields.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the synthesis of modified fatty acids and glycerophospholipid analogs and the synthetic scheme involves the preparation of the modified head group and then coupling this either chemically or enzymatically to a preformed phospholipids molecule.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the synthesis of modified fatty acids and glycerophospholipid analogs. The synthetic scheme involves the preparation of the modified head group and then coupling this either chemically or enzymatically to a preformed phospholipid molecule. An aqueous solution of sn -glycero-3-phosphate dicyclohexylammonium salt (III) is converted to the pyridinium salt by passage through pyridinium Dowex 50 ion exchange resin. The aqueous pyridine solution is evaporated under reduced pressure, and the gummy pyridinium salt is rendered anhydrous by repeated evaporation of added dry pyridine. sn -Glycero-3-phosphorylcholine is acylated with 14 C-labeled fatty acid anhydrides in chloroform following the same procedure as for the non-radiolabeled phospholipids. The carboxyl group is transformed into a hydroxymethyl group, and the latter is blocked by a tetrahydropyranyl group. The photosensitive diazirine is introduced by an alkylation reaction. The resulting diazirino alcohol is converted to the iodide. Radioactivity is incorporated into the molecule by a near quantitative displacement of the iodide by [ 14 C]sodium cyanide.

Patent
01 Jul 1981
TL;DR: The title complexes of as discussed by the authors are polyoxazoline or poly-2-oxazine homopolymers, such as the homopolymer of polymerized 2-ethyl-2oxozoline or 2-methyl-2 -oxazine, and IBrCl -or polyhalide anion of the formula (XY 2n ), where X and Y are individually chloride, bromide or iodide, but not both chloride, and n is 1, 2 or 3, and an independently supplied cation selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals
Abstract: The title complexes comprise (a) a poly-2-oxazoline or poly-2-oxazine, such as the homopolymers of polymerized 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline or 2-ethyl-2-oxazine, and (b) IBrCl - or polyhalide anion of the formula (XY 2n ) - where X and Y are individually chloride, bromide or iodide, but not both chloride, and n is 1, 2 or 3, and an independently supplied cation selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, hydrogen and mixtures thereof. These complexes are readily prepared in either an aqueous or anhydrous environment at room temperature and are significantly more stable than either complexes of polyoxazolines or polyoxazines and halogen or interhalogen; or complexes of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyhalide anions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the corrosion of aluminum (alloys 1199-H14 and 7075-T6) by solutions of Al(NO3), AlBr3, AlCl 3, Al2(SO4)3, All3 and NaCl of various concentrations was measured.
Abstract: The corrosion of aluminum (alloys 1199-H14 and 7075-T6) by solutions of Al(NO3)3, AlBr3, AlCl3, Al2(SO4)3, Al(ClO4)3, All3 and NaCl of various concentrations has been measured. Experiments were also conducted in saturated solutions of aluminum acetate, benzoate, phosphate, chromate, and fluoride. The dissolution rate of the alloys varies considerably with the salt, the nitrate and iodide being most aggressive. The corrosion rate in sulfate solutions is much less than the rate in bromide, chloride, or perchlorate. The pH of the various salt solutions is not the determining parameter, but for a given salt (AlCl3) the corrosion rate increases with decrease in pH. The hydrolysis of the salts was considered from the viewpoint of assessing the significance of the hydrolysis reaction on aluminum corrosion. Salts such as AlCl3, Al(NO3)3, Al2(SO4)3, and AlBr3 are treated as the salts of the respective strong acid and the weak base Al(OH)++ with a pkb of 8.67. The conjugate acid of this weak base is the hy...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the variations of the limiting ionic Walden products are discussed on the basis of acid-base type interactions for cations, and on a basis of structural effects for anions.
Abstract: Conductances of sodium bromide, iodide, and perchlorate, potassium chloride, and tetraphenylboride (BPh4−) as well as triisoamyl-n-butylammonium iodide (i-Am3BuNI) have been measured in aqueous mixtures containing up to 20 mole percent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at 25°C. Experimental data were analyzed by the 1965 Fuoss-Onsager-Skinner (FOS) equation. Single-ion limiting equivalent conductances were calculated by assuming that λ0 (i−Am3BuN+=λ0 (BPh4−). The variations of the limiting ionic Walden products are discussed on the basis of acid-base type interactions for cations, and on the basis of structural effects for anions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A series of 3-substituted (chloro, bromo, fluoro or methyl) 7-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-10-methylphenothiazines were synthesized as potential antitumor agents.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that when iodide is photooxidized at a n -type MoSe 2 electrode at a high rate, a dim film is observed to spread over the metallic bright electrode and reflected light intensity throughout the visible and near ir spectral region drops by 70-80%.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Phenylytterbium iodide has been found to react with ketones, aldehydes, esters, and nitriles to give alcohols and/or ketones.
Abstract: Phenylytterbium iodide has been found to react with ketones, aldehydes, esters, and nitriles to give alcohols and/or ketones. The reactions with esters at low temperature give ketones as main products, and the reactivity of esters to Ph–Yb–I is higher than that of ketones in contrast to the Grignard reaction.

Patent
01 May 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method to produce higher homologs by treating the carbonyloxy-containing compounds with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a ruthenium-containing compound, a proton donor, an iodide promoter, and optionally, a manganese -containing compound.
Abstract: This invention produces higher homologs, i.e., differing by at least a --CH2 -unit, of carbonyloxy-containing compounds by treating the carbonyloxy-containing compounds with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a ruthenium-containing compound, a proton donor, an iodide promoter, and optionally, a manganese-containing compound.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the extraction constants (Kex) for these ion-pairs between an aqueous phase and several organic phases (1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, chlorobenzene, benzene and toluene) were determined.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An alternative method of preparing vinyl halides is reported in this article, where boronic acids (readily prepared via the hydroboration of alkynes) react with iodine monochloride to yield the corresponding vinyl iodides.