Showing papers on "Iodine published in 1971"
TL;DR: No obvious differences between the 4 patients who developed iodide myxedema and the 3 who did not were evident in respect to known duration of the disease, size of goiter, initial level of thyroid function or intensity of the auto-immune process as judged by circulati...
Abstract: Studies were performed in 6 patients with proven Hashimoto's disease and one patient with probable Hashimoto's disease who were initially euthyroid, as judged from clinical findings, serum thyroxine (T4) and serum TSH concentrations. When these patients were given saturated solution of potassium iodide (5 drops containing approximately 180 mg of iodide daily), 4 of the 7 developed hypothyroidism within 4 to 6 weeks as evidenced by clinical findings, subnormal values for serum T4, and elevated values for serum TSH concentration. Values quickly returned to normal when iodides were withdrawn. In the remaining 3 patients, evidence of hypothyroidism did not develop despite continuation of iodide administration for as long as 17–30 weeks. No obvious differences between the 4 patients who developed iodide myxedema and the 3 who did not were evident in respect to known duration of the disease, size of goiter, initial level of thyroid function or intensity of the auto-immune process as judged by circulati...
184 citations
TL;DR: A series of linear amylose oligomers has been synthesized enzymically to yield samples having the number-average degree of polymerisation, DPn¯, in the range 22 to 134.
166 citations
TL;DR: In contrast to the extensive iodination of lipid usually found with chemical iodination procedures, the enzymatic method resulted in very little iodine incorporation into lipid of X-7 virus.
143 citations
TL;DR: Iodine in sea water of the Pacific was determined with special interest in the relation between iodide and iodate in the surface water as discussed by the authors, and the results were discussed with reference to the mechanism of iodide formation proposed byTsunogai andSase.
Abstract: Iodine in sea water of the Pacific was determined with special interest in the relation between iodide and iodate in the surface water of the ocean. The result was discussed with reference to the mechanism of iodide formation proposed byTsunogai andSase. The concentration of iodide varies widely from the lower value than the detection limit to 0.21μg at./l, while the concentration of total iodine is nearly constant and the mean value is 0.41μg at./l. The vertical profile of iodide often shows the maximum in the surface layer. In the surface layer, the concentration of iodide is higher in warm water (0,10μg at./l on the average) than that in cold water of lower temperature than 20° C (0.03μg at/l). The highest concentration of iodide among the warm waters is found in the surface water of the equatorial area (0.13μg at./l) where the biological productivity is also high. Iodide is generally more enriched in the water having higher biological activity even in the cold water. These results are considered to be compatible with the mechanism of iodide formation proposed.
94 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the distribution of iodide in the ocean has been studied to ascertain the source of the iodine in deep water, and it has been shown that the contribution of these two sources is much larger than the iodine from the decomposition of organic matter in the deep water.
81 citations
74 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the α to γ transition in nylon 6 was investigated by infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, and x-ray diffraction techniques, and it was found that very short treatment times, in the order of 30 sec, were found to effect the transition when a solution 0.5M with respect to iodine was used.
Abstract: The α to γ transition that occurs in nylon 6 upon iodine treatment was investigated by infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, and x-ray diffraction techniques. Thin films of nylon (0.2 mil) were treated in either iodine–potassium iodide aqueous solution or in iodine vapor. Very short treatment times, in the order of 30 sec, were found to effect the transition when a solution 0.5M with respect to iodine was used. The infrared spectra of the iodine nylon complexes formed from either the α- or γ-nylon 6 treated in vapor or dissolved iodine were all similar. This is an indication that molecular iodine is the active species in forming the complex. The temperature of the washing solution used to remove the iodine from the nylon determines whether an α-nylon 6 or γ-nylon 6 is obtained from the complex after washing. Nylon 6 plaque surfaces and thin films are similar in their behavior towards the iodine treatment. The γ-nylon 6 is a stable modification at all temperatures below its melting point. The conversion of the γ form back to the α modification can occur only if the hydrogen bonding is severely affected, e.g., by phenol treatment, iodine treatment, melting, etc. Infrared spectroscopy provided no evidence for an α–γ transition in nylon 6 on heating the sample continuously through its melting point. The shapes of the melting peaks in the above two modifications of nylon 6 were sufficiently different to provide a means of identifying the two crystalline forms.
61 citations
TL;DR: The ability of silver iodide to cause freezing of supercooled water is improved if up to 30 percent of the iodine atoms in the crystal are replaced with bromine atoms.
Abstract: The ability of silver iodide to cause freezing of supercooled water is improved if up to 30 percent of the iodine atoms in the crystal are replaced with bromine atoms.
59 citations
TL;DR: The effect of perchlorate and iodide on the thyroid concentrating mechanism for 35 S-propylthiouracil and 125 I-iodide was studied and it was found that Iodide but not per chlorate decreased the rate of metabolism of 35 S, which is concentrated by the thyroid gland in rats and man.
Abstract: Propylthiouracil is concentrated by the thyroid gland in rats and man. Four 35 S compounds were demonstrated in the rat and human thyroid by thin-layer chromatography: sulphate, intact propylthiouracil, an unknown metabolite X and origin 35 S activity which is protein bound. Unbound 35 S compounds in plasma include propylthiouracil, the glucuronide conjugate of PTU, sulphate, and X. The thyroid concentration rather than the plasma level of propylthiouracil determines the duration of inhibition of organic binding of iodine in the thyroid. The effect of perchlorate and iodide on the thyroid concentrating mechanism for 35 S-propylthiouracil and 125 I-iodide was studied. The level of perchlorate and iodide which almost completely blocked the concentration of 125 I-iodide also partially reduced the concentration of 35 S-propylthiouracil. Iodide but not perchlorate decreased the rate of metabolism of 35 S-propylthiouracil in the thyroid gland.
53 citations
TL;DR: The data provide unequivocal evidence that lactoperoxidase catalyzes iodination of tyrosine directly and not via a spontaneous reaction of enzyme generated I 2 with tyosine.
41 citations
TL;DR: It appears that synthesis and iodination of thyroglobulin are controlled by different metabolic processes, and the density of newly synthesized l-[U-14C]valine thyrogbulin was less dense than that of radioiodine-labeled protein.
TL;DR: Any infant whose mother received 131 I during pregnancy should receive careful long-term follow-up on Mechanisms of fetal thyroid damage by radioactive iodine.
Abstract: Severe hypothyroidism developed in a 4-year-old girl whose mother received four courses of sodium iodide I 131 therapy during pregnancy. Mechanisms of fetal thyroid damage by radioactive iodine include placental transfer, possible concentration of radio-active iodine by the fetal thyroid gland, and possible ablation or partial damage of the fetal thyroid gland by radioactive iodine. Any infant whose mother received 131 I during pregnancy should receive careful long-term follow-up.
TL;DR: The labelling of proteins by the iodine monochloride method was studied by using a mathematical model to support the validity of the theoretical model, and a series of iodinations of insulin were performed under various labelling conditions.
Abstract: The labelling of proteins by the iodine monochloride method was studied by using a mathematical model. The equations used were primarily derived from the mass law equation of the isotopic exchange reaction between [(125)I]iodide and iodine monochloride. For convenient application, all equations were programmed into a computing desk-top calculator. To support the validity of the theoretical model, a series of iodinations of insulin were performed under various labelling conditions. The results of these experiments compare well with the theoretically derived values. Deviations from the theoretical values occurring at molar ratios of [(125)I]iodide to iodine monochloride 4.0 are explained and suggestions made about how to prevent them. The mathematical model was used to simulate the isotopic exchange, and the iodination reaction under various conditions, to study (a) the influence of the amount of [(125)I]iodide on the amount of [(125)I]iodine monochloride formed, (b) the influence of the specific radioactivity of [(125)I]iodide on the amount of [(125)I]iodine monochloride formed, and (c) the influence of the specific radioactivity of [(125)I]iodide on the number of millicuries needed for labelling to a desired extent.
TL;DR: High concentrations of both organically bound iodine and free iodide in the saliva at a time when the plasma diatrizoate level was high suggest secretion of contrast media by the salivary glands, concomitant with the secretion of free iodine split off of the organic contrast molecule.
Abstract: After each of 3 intravenous urographic examinations a patient with advanced renal failure developed salivary gland enlargement.Total iodine and free iodide concentrations were measured in mixed saliva and in plasma collected while he had sialadenopathy.These measurements revealed high concentrations of both organically bound iodine and free iodide in the saliva at a time when the plasma diatrizoate level was high.The findings suggest secretion of contrast media by the salivary glands, concomitant with the secretion of free iodine split off of the organic contrast molecule.
TL;DR: The plasma iodohormones exhibit a diurnal rhythm in the rooster and T3 was the predominant hormone at all times investigated.
TL;DR: Phagocytosis of inert latex microparticles increases the iodide uptake and organic binding in human leukocytes by several fold in comparison to control cells.
TL;DR: In this article, the reaction of cyclopentadiene with iodide has been followed spectrophotometrically over the temperature range 171.7° to 276.5°C.
Abstract: The rate of the reaction of cyclopentadiene with iodine has been followed spectrophotometrically over the temperature range 171.7° to 276.5°C. The reaction first proceeds almost to the point of equilibrium with cyclopentadienyl iodide and HI, although the final products are fulvalene and HI. Equilibrium constants obtained are those predicted by bond additivity. A third-law value of δH0f 298 (c-C5H5I,g) = 49 kcal/mole is obtained. Rate studies of the reaction up to the iodide equilibrium, yield values for the rate constant
. Uncertainty in the Arrhenius parameters, as well as doubts as to the applicability of the usual assumption that E3 = 1 ± 1 kcal/mole, make difficult an evaluation of total cyclopentadienyl stabilization energy (TSE) from these data. However, the value is probably 15 < TSE < 20.
TL;DR: Iodine and bromine have been determined in some biological materials by neutron activation analysis as discussed by the authors, and they are extracted from irradiated samples with a 5 per cent. solution of trioctylamine in xylene.
Abstract: Iodine and bromine have been determined in some biological materials by neutron activation analysis. These elements are extracted from irradiated samples with a 5 per cent. solution of trioctylamine in xylene, first the bromine being back-extracted with N sodium nitrate solution and then the iodine being back-extracted with N ammonia solution. The extraction yield is about 94 per cent. for iodine and about 86 per cent. for bromine. The limit of detection is about 0·01 µg for iodine and about 0·1 µg for bromine.The precision of the method is about ±6 per cent. for both elements for concentrations exceeding 0·1 p.p.m.
TL;DR: The late stage of onset of hyperthyroidism in the infant, the inability to demonstrate LATS in mother or child, and the resemblance to other reported cases of iodide goiter in infancy together indicate that the hyperthy thyroidism may have been a consequence of the iodideGoiter rather than a result of the transmission of LATS from the hyper thyroidroid mother.
Abstract: A hyperthyroid mother, treated with potassium iodide, gave birth to a baby with an enormous goiter. The infant, although hypothyroid, had massive cardiomegaly and high output failure due to a shunt across the vessels of the goiter. Administration of thyroid caused shrinkage of the gland and concomitantly the heart became smaller. The infant then developed hyperthyroidism which persisted for several months. The late stage of onset of hyperthyroidism in the infant, the inability to demonstrate LATS in mother or child, and the resemblance to other reported cases of iodide goiter in infancy together indicate that the hyperthyroidism may have been a consequence of the iodide goiter rather than a result of the transmission of LATS from the hyperthyroid mother.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Xenon extracted from natural iodyrite (silver iodide) from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, contains excess Xenon-129 from the in situ decay of naturally occurring iodine-129 and excess xenon-128 from neutron capture on iodine-127.
Abstract: Xenon extracted from natural iodyrite (silver iodide) from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, contains excess xenon-129 from the in situ decay of naturally occurring iodine-129 and excess xenon-128 from neutron capture on iodine-127. On the basis of the amount of radiogenic xenon-129, it is estimated that, prior to the nuclear age, terrestrial iodine contained an equilibrium ratio of iodine-129 to iodine-127 of between 3.3 x 10-15 and 2.2 x 10-15.
Patent•
23 Apr 1971TL;DR: In this paper, a process for hydrocracking coal or other heavy hydrocarbon fractions employing a molten catalyst system, including a mineral acid that is stable at reaction conditions, and a metal halide catalyst selected from zinc chloride, bromide or iodide, antimony bromides or iodides, tinbromide, titanium iodide and arsenide, mercuric Bromide and iodide.
Abstract: There is disclosed a process for hydrocracking coal or other heavy hydrocarbon fractions employing a molten catalyst system, including a mineral acid that is stable at reaction conditions, and a metal halide catalyst selected from zinc chloride, bromide or iodide, antimony bromide or iodide, tin bromide, titanium iodide, arsenic bromide or iodide, mercuric bromide or iodide, gallium bromide, or bismuth bromide. If a halogen acid is employed as the mineral acid, it is preferred that the halogen in the metal salt correspond to the halogen in the acid.
TL;DR: In this paper, the association constants of iodide and iodide in propionitrile, dimethylformamide, and methanol were evaluated by extrapolation, yielding almost zero entropy of association.
TL;DR: Thyroidal non-thyronine iodine secretion was quantified in 22 euthyroid adult Arkansas subjects by measuring, simultaneously, thyroidal iodine accumulation A, thyroxine iodine turnover H4 and triiodothyronine iodide turnover H3.
Abstract: Thyroidal non-thyronine iodine secretion was quantified in 22 euthyroid adult Arkansas subjects by measuring, simultaneously, thyroidal iodine accumulation A, thyroxine iodine turnover H4 and triiodothyronine iodine turnover H3. Non-thyronine iodine secretion was calculated as A-H4-H3. The estimate of A was based on the measurement of the specific activity of urinary iodine and the ratio of thyroidal to renal radioiodine clearance rates with appropriate corrections for biological and chemical losses of iodine and diurnal variation in renal radioiodine clearance. Estimates of H4 and H3 were derived from simultaneous studies of T4 and T3 kinetics and measurements of plasma T4 and T3 concentrations. Plasma T3 was measured using a double column chromatographic method with a final protein-binding quantification and by radioimmunoassay. Mean iodine intake was 564 μg and ranged from 217 to 1201 μg daily (male mean, 710 μg and female mean, 432 μg daily). Mean A was 128 μg and ranged from 26 to 278 μg dai...
TL;DR: Aqueous I2 reacted rapidly with the thiol groups of β-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin to form protein sulfenyl iodide derivatives, which were faster than the direct iodination of protein by the reagent.
Patent•
23 Jun 1971TL;DR: In this paper, a process for the substantial removal of iodine and/or an organic iodine compound which has a low number of carbon atoms from a gas or vapour containing the iodine and or iodine compound is passed through a layer of porous particles of a sorption agent which particles comprise amorphous silicic acid and are impregnated with a metal salt.
Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the substantial removal of iodine and/or an organic iodine compound which has a low number of carbon atoms from a gas and/or vapour, wherein a gas or vapour containing the iodine and/or iodine compound is passed through a layer of porous particles of a sorption agent which particles comprise amorphous silicic acid and are impregnated with a metal salt, and which have only a low water adsorption and are resistant to hot steam and acid vapours.
TL;DR: Values for urinary 125I/PB125I ratios in excess of those for 131I indicate thyroidal secretion of iodine in forms which yield urinary iodine more rapidly than does T4, designated as non-T4 iodine secretion.
Abstract: A method is described which makes possible estimation of the rate of thyroidal secretion of iodine in forms other than thyroxine (T4), relative to the rate of secretion of T4. Patients are given a tracer dose of inorganic 125I. When serum protein-bound 125I (PB125I) reaches an approximate plateau, a single tracer dose of 131I-labeled T4 is administered. Sequential analyses of serum for PB125I and PB131I, and of urine for total 125I and 131I, are made. Calculated values of the ratio of urinary 131I excretion and PB131I provide an estimate of the rate of appearance of iodine in urine as a result of T4 deiodination. Values for urinary 125I/PB125I ratios in excess of those for 131I indicate thyroidal secretion of iodine in forms which yield urinary iodine more rapidly than does T4. This phenomenon, termed iodide leak by other workers, has been designated as non-T4 iodine secretion. On the assumption that plateau values of serum PB125I indicate achievement of specific activity equilibrium between thyr...
TL;DR: MNT treatment affords a model for the human dehalogenase defect by provoking iodotyrosine secretion and consequent urinary loss of iodine, MNT can exaggerate the effects of a low iodine intake, producing goitrous hypothyroidism despite a rapid rate of iodine turnover in the thyroid.
Abstract: The effects on thyroid function of an inhibitor of tyrosine dehalogenase, 3-nitro-L-tyrosine (MNT) have been investigated in rats. In preliminary studies, marked inhibition of iodotyrosine deiodination was demonstrated in rats drinking 8 mM MNT. A series of experiments was then performed in which rats received Remington low iodine diet and 8 mM MNT as drinking fluid. This regimen had the following effects, compared to the effects of a low iodine diet alone: (a) a decrease in serum protein-bound iodine, elevation of serum thyrotropin level, goiter, and growth inhibition all prevented or reversed by iodine supplements: (b) on initiation of MNT, a 2- to 3-fold increase in the rate of release of radioiodine from the thyroid and concomitant urinary excretion of large amounts of organic iodine: and (c) after 2 wk of MNT, a greatly increased rate of thyroidal uptake and release of 131I, an increase in the ratio of monoiodotyrosine-131I to diiodotyrosine-131I in thyroid proteolysates and the appearance of labeled iodotyrosines in serum.
Acute administration of MNT intraperitoneally to rats on either an iodine-deficient or iodine-sufficient diet did not inhibit thyroidal uptake of 131I or alter the distribution of 131I among thyroidal iodoamino acids.
It is concluded that MNT is an effective inhibitor of iodotyrosine deiodination in vivo, without other important actions on thyroid function. Thus, MNT treatment affords a model for the human dehalogenase defect. By provoking iodotyrosine secretion and consequent urinary loss of iodine, MNT can exaggerate the effects of a low iodine intake, producing goitrous hypothyroidism despite a rapid rate of iodine turnover in the thyroid.