Showing papers on "Iodine published in 1972"
TL;DR: Hyperthyroidism developed during and after iodide administration in four of the eight patients with nontoxic goiter in Boston, suggesting that the homeostatic mechanism controlling thyroid hormone synthesis and release in these patients is not functioning normally.
Abstract: The syndrome of iodide-induced hyperthyroidism (Jodbasedow) is not common and has been reported to occur in patients with iodine-deficient goiter after iodide replenishment. As part of a larger study to assess the effects of iodide administration on thyroid hormone synthesis in normal subjects and in patients with various underlying disorders of the thyroid, iodides (5 drops of a saturated solution of potassium iodide) were administered to eight patients with nontoxic goiter residing in Boston, an area of iodine sufficiency. Hyperthyroidism developed during and after iodide administration in four of the eight — an unexpectedly high frequency. This finding suggests that the homeostatic mechanism controlling thyroid hormone synthesis and release in these patients is not functioning normally. We recommend that large doses of iodides not be administered to patients with nontoxic goiter.
161 citations
TL;DR: Investigation of lithium's therapeutic potential in thyrotoxicosis found its effect on serum hormone levels is diminished due to continued accumulation of iodide by the thyroid, and a thiocarbamide drug must be used in conjunction with Li(+).
Abstract: Since lithium has been shown to inhibit release of iodine from the thyroid, we have investigated its therapeutic potential in thyrotoxicosis. Eight detailed 131I kinetic studies were performed on seven thyrotoxic women and data was analyzed using a computer program. Lithium at serum levels of about 1 mEq liter decreased the loss of 131I from the thyroid, led to a fall in serum 131I levels and diminished urinary 131I excretion. Computer simulation of the lithium effect required, in every case, that lithium inhibit hormonal and nonhormonal thyroid iodine release. In five cases a second lithium effect was required for a satisfactory fit of the model soluton with observed data: namely, an inhibition of hormone disappearance from serum.
Neither inhibition of release nor of hormone disappearance seemed to be affected by methimazole (release: 52% decrease without methimazole, 60% with methimazole; hormone disappearance: ~60% decrease in both). When Li+ was discontinued, recovery of the iodine release rate and hormone disappearance rate over the observed time span was variable, ranging from no recovery to rates that exceeded pre-Li+ values.
When Li+ is used alone its effect on serum hormone levels is diminished due to continued accumulation of iodide by the thyroid. Thus, serum thyroxine-iodine levels fell 21-30% in 6-8 days in patients who did not receive methimazole and 15-67% in the methimazole-treated subjects. For prolonged therapy, therefore, a thiocarbamide drug must be used in conjunction with Li+. The similarity of inhibition of iodine release from the thyroid produced by Li+ and iodides is discussed.
136 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the atmospheric concentrations of gaseous iodide in marine air are 2.4 times the concentration of particulate iodide, and the relationship between the two quantities is analyzed.
Abstract: Sixty gaseous iodine samples collected from a 20-meter tower on the windward shore of Oahu, Hawaii, during the summer of 1969 showed that the concentration of gaseous iodine ranged from 5 to 20 ng/m3. Particulate samples collected simultaneously with the gaseous samples showed that the atmospheric concentrations of gaseous iodine in marine air are 2–4 times the concentration of particulate iodine. Statistical calculations indicate that the particulate iodine concentration and gaseous iodine concentrations are directly related. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that, if only inorganic ionic equilibriums including the species I−, IO3−, I2(g), and I2(aq) are considered, sea salt particles in the marine atmosphere should act as an almost perfect sink for gaseous iodine. Similar thermodynamic calculations indicate that the sea surface should also be a sink for gaseous iodine if the iodide concentration at the sea surface is that which has been reported for bulk sea water. Although the mechanism of gaseous iodine injection into the atmosphere is still uncertain, it is possible that gaseous iodine is released to the atmosphere as iodine-rich organic material decomposes at the surface of the ocean and on sea salt particles. The fact that particulate iodine concentration is inversely proportional to particle size may be explained by the atmospheric residence time of particulate matter if the ionic equilibrium reactions involving gaseous iodine and particulate iodine proceed slowly in relation to these residence times.
109 citations
TL;DR: Two lines of evidence are presented in support of the view that thyroid peroxidase plays a role in T4 formation beyond that of simply providing the DIT precursor for the coupling reaction.
Abstract: When thyroglobulin and other proteins are incubated with iodide in the presence of purified thyroid peroxidase and glucose plus glucose oxidase, the iodotyrosines MIT and DIT are formed by iodination of tyrosyl residues, and significant amounts of T4 are also produced. Formation of T4 is greatest when goiter thyroglobulin is the iodine acceptor. The present study was designed to determine whether thyroid peroxidase plays a catalytic role in the coupling reaction to form T4, or whether it serves only to form the precursor of T4, diiodotyrosine, which might then couple non-enzymatically to form T4. Two lines of evidence are presented in support of the view that thyroid peroxidase plays a role in T4 formation beyond that of simply providing the DIT precursor for the coupling reaction. In one group of experiments, thyroglobulin, casein, and fibrinogen were iodinated chemically with molecular iodine and enzymatically with thyroid peroxidase. At any given level of iodination the number of DIT and MIT residues p...
108 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a laboratory model ocean-atmosphere study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms causing iodine enrichment of up to 500 (compared to the iodine content of sea water) on atmospheric sea-salt particles produced by bubbles in the sea.
Abstract: A laboratory model ocean-atmosphere study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms causing iodine enrichment of up to 500 (compared to the iodine content of sea water) on atmospheric sea-salt particles produced by bubbles in the sea. Experiments were run both by using 131I tracer in sea water and by using iodine analysis by neutron activation in untreated fresh sea water. Particles produced by bubbling in the model ocean were separated into size fractions with a cascade impactor. Gaseous iodine was collected on activated charcoal. The results indicate that organically bound iodine probably accounts for an initial iodine enrichment on the particles and may also explain the characteristic U shape of the iodine enrichment versus particle size curve. It appears that gaseous iodine is also a major factor in determining the iodine enrichment on marine atmospheric particulate matter. The mechanism for production of gaseous iodine is still uncertain.
62 citations
53 citations
TL;DR: Iodine metabolism has been studied in 20 patients with advanced chronic renal insufficiency due to primary renal disease, and thyroxine turnover in another 5 similar patients.
Abstract: Iodine metabolism has been studied in 20 patients with advanced chronic renal insufficiency due to primary renal disease, and thyroxine turnover in another 5 similar patients. Comparatively to 18 controls, the uremic patients had a lower urinary iodine excretion, and a much lower renal iodide clearance, which, however, was not as much decreased as the creatinine clearance. The normal relation between the renal iodide and creatinine clearances was disturbed when the latter was 6.3 ml/min or lower, and in these cases the renal iodide clearance exceeded the corresponding creatinine value. The plasma inorganic iodine (PII) was increased because of the iodide retention to (mean ± SE) 0.84 ± 0.17 µg/100 ml, compared to 0.12 ± 0.01 in the controls. The thyroidal iodide clearance (Th. Cl.) rate was decreased (22.8 ± 4.44 ml/min vs. 36.7 ± 6.48), but in spite of this decrease, the absolute iodine uptake (AIU) by the thyroid, which is calculated as AIU = Th. Cl. X PII, was increased (7.1 ± 1.37 vs. 1.9 ± 0.30 µg/h). The serum protein-bound iodine was normal. The PII, Th. Cl. and AIU values and the relation among them in renal insufficiency were comparable to those observed after chronic administration of small amounts of iodine. The radiothyroxine studies suggested an increased space of distribution and so, despite a decreased fractional turnover rate, an increased metabolic clearance and degradation rate.
39 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that 131I-insulins are rapidly degraded by proteolysis to simple amino acid constituents by the liver, and confirms nor denies that reductive cleavage of interchain —S—S— bonds of insulins is an initial step in the degradation of insulin.
36 citations
35 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the activity of the thyroid gland was greatly decreased in both groups of exposed rats, and decreases in the rate of uptake of iodine by the gland, the concentration of T4 in the gland and the rates of secretion of iodineBy the gland were observed.
Abstract: Experiments have been performed to assess the effects of altitude on thyroid function and thyroxine (T4) metabolism. Sprague—Dawley rats were exposed in a hypobaric chamber to a reduced atmospheric pressure equivalent to an altitude of 18,000 feet, for either 3 or 30 days. Thyroid function was determined by measuring the rate of uptake of iodine (127I) by the gland with a double isotope technique, the concentration of T4 in the gland, and the rate of secretion of 125I from the gland prelabeled with the isotope. Peripheral turnover of T4 was measured in animals equilibrated with 131I—T4 by administration of a daily dose of known specific activity; thyroidal accumulation of 131I was prevented with KC104. The results indicate that the activity of the thyroid gland was greatly decreased in both groups of exposed rats; decreases in the rate of uptake of iodine by the gland, the concentration of T4 in the gland and the rate of secretion of iodine by the gland were observed. The rate of deiodination was greatly ...
35 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the solvent extraction with toluene of 17 elements as iodides from sulphuric acid-potassium iodide media has been investigated with a view to developing separation methods, particularly for neutron activation analysis.
TL;DR: Iodine concentrations in bile, serum, and urine were determined by fluorescent excitation analysis using Americium-241 as the excitation source and was accurate to ± 2% over an iodine concentration range of .2 to 50 mg/ml.
Abstract: Iodine concentrations in bile, serum, and urine were determined by fluorescent excitation analysis using Americium-241 as the excitation source. The number of characteristic photons produced by the interaction of the exciting radiation with the iodine K-shell elecrons was directly related to concentration of iodine in the unknown sample. This method measured total iodine concentration directly in mg/ml and was accurate to ± 2% over an iodine concentration range of .2 to 50 mg/ml. This method does not require the purchase, handling, or disposal of radioactive material.
TL;DR: It is concluded that ingestion of erythrosine-containing foods or drugs can contribute substantially to dietary iodine intake.
Abstract: Erythrosine (tetra-iodofluorescein), an approved food dye, is used in pharmaceutical products and in some foods as a coloring agent. In three separate experiments an erythrosinecontaining cereal was fed to rats for 3–5 weeks. At the end of each study the distribution of 131I and 127I in thyroid, serum and urine was studied. The effect of erythrosine was to decrease 24 hr 131I uptakes by the thyroid gland and increase total thyroidal 127I. In serum the protein-bound 131I was decreased and there was an increase in the non-protein-bound 131I in erythrosine-fed animals. Urinary 131I was increased in erythrosinefed animals and total 127I and urinary iodide were sharply increased. Erythrosine was labelled with 131I and in all three experiments it was shown that one-fourth to one-third of the label was metabolized to iodide in the rat. In view of its widespread use, it is concluded that ingestion of erythrosine-containing foods or drugs can contribute substantially to dietary iodine intake.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the frequency of T3 toxicosis is significantly higher in areas of iodine deficiency than in the United States.
TL;DR: The total clearance of T3 and of T4 did not change with the iodine deficiency and it is concluded that the disposal rate of both hormones is directly proportional to their plasma concentrations.
Abstract: Since iodine deficiency induces in the plasma a rise in the concentration of T3 and a proportional fall in the concentration of T4, the disposal rates of both hormones and the thyroid function were studied in iodine deficient rats. In rats fed an iodine deficient diet for three months the growth rate and the basal metabolic rate were the same as those of a control group fed a normal diet, as was the increase in oxygen consumption when the environmental temperature was lowered; when exposed for 48 hr to 4 C, the fall in rectal temperature was similar in both groups, even after Pentobarbital anesthesia for 2 additional hours. The total clearance of T3 and of T4 did not change with the iodine deficiency and it is concluded that the disposal rate of both hormones is directly proportional to their plasma concentrations. The influence of peripheric deiodination of T4 to T3 is discussed and the changes in disposal rates are considered to be due to corresponding changes in the composition of the thyroid secretion...
TL;DR: Feed and milk samples were obtained for iodine analysis from farms in Northern Illinois and Maryland andCorn silage samples were consistently lower in iodine content than hay samples collected from the same farm, and evidence of iodine deficiency based on iodine of milk was noted.
TL;DR: The findings are in accord with the concept that iodides may act as haptenes by combining with serum protein and suggest that allergic hypersensitivity plays a fundamental role in vegetating iododerma.
Abstract: A 46-year-old female asthmatic developed vegetating iododerma with pronounced eosinophilia secondary to the ingestion of potassium iodide. Serological studies, including precipitin in gel, indirect passive hemagglutination, and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis failed to demonstrate the presence of circulating antibody. Intradermal tests with potassium iodide, normal saline, human serum albumin, iodinated I 131 serum albumin, and human serum albumin incubated with potassium iodide were negative for both immediate and delayed reactivity. The patient's lymphocytes in culture underwent blastogenic transformation, measured morphologically, when exposed to iodinated I 131 serum albumin. Thyroxine, potassium iodide alone, human serum albumin, and human serum albumin incubated with potassium iodide failed to induce transformation. The findings are in accord with the concept that iodides may act as haptenes by combining with serum protein and suggest that allergic hypersensitivity plays a fundamental role in vegetating iododerma.
TL;DR: Iodine supplemented cows averaged higher than controls in plasma total iodine, protein-bound iodine, and T 4, but overall T 4 secretion or disappearance rates were higher for the supplemented cows in the last two periods.
TL;DR: Iodine in sea water and evaporites is determined spectrophotometrically as the starch-iodine complex without prior separation or concentration of the iodine as mentioned in this paper, but without the addition of permanganate.
TL;DR: The iodine content of bread consumed in the Bronx, New York, was found to be significantly lower than that of Bread consumed in Columbia, Missouri, which could account for the lowered range of normal values for 24-hour 131I uptake tests.
Abstract: The iodine content of bread consumed in the Bronx, New York, was found to be significantly lower than that of bread consumed in Columbia, Missouri. This difference in dietary intake of iodine could account for the lowered range of normal values for 24-hour 131I uptake tests in Columbia, and the persistence of the same normal range for this test over the past 28 years in the Bronx. A population with high iodine intake requires higher doses of radioactive iodine in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease. Questions are raised regarding the relationship of high iodine intake to the risk of developing thyrotoxicosis.
TL;DR: The conclusion is made, that the system adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP response in the human leukocytes to thyrotropin, but in contrary to the thyroid gland, cyclicAMP depresses the rate of iodide metabolism.
TL;DR: It is suggested that excess iodide manifests its inhibitory effect on thyroid hormone secretion at a site subsequent to generation of cyclic AMP.
Abstract: In an attempt to elucidate an inhibitory action of iodide on thyroid hormone secretion, the effect of excess iodide on an increase of intracellular colloid droplets was studied in rats and mice fed a low or high iodine diet and injected with TSH or dibutyryl 3’,5’-cyclic AMP. Pretreatment with excess iodide markedly depressed the increase of intracellular colloid droplets produced by TSH in rats and mice fed a low iodine diet. However, excess iodide failed to depress an increase of colloid droplets in response to TSH either in mice fed a high iodine diet or in the thyroid incubated in vitro. Since excess iodide depressed an increase of intracellular colloid droplets produced by dibutyryl 3’,5’-cyclic AMP, it is suggested that excess iodide manifests its inhibitory effect on thyroid hormone secretion at a site subsequent to generation of cyclic AMP. (Endocrinology 90: 986, 1972)
Patent•
27 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In this article, a process of treating water with activated carbon which has been made bacteriostatic by the homogeneous absorption of iodine thereby is described, where the activated carbon is treated with an iodine solution to provide a reversible absorption of the elemental iodine by the carbon so that the carbon will release the iodine to treat contaminated water.
Abstract: A process of treating water with activated carbon which has been made bacteriostatic by the homogeneous absorption of iodine thereby. The activated carbon is treated with an iodine solution to provide a reversible absorption of the elemental iodine by the carbon so that the carbon will release the iodine to treat contaminated water.
TL;DR: Two siblings, a 23-yr-old woman and a 34- yr-old man, with congenital goiter and hypothyroidism were referred to the thyroid clinic for evaluation and both patients were on thyroid extract since early childhood but were mentally retarded.
Abstract: Two siblings, a 23-yr-old woman and a 34-yr-old man, with congenital goiter and hypothyroidism were referred to the thyroid clinic for evaluation. They were on thyroid extract since early childhood and attained normal growth but were mentally retarded. Inbreedings were noted in the family pedigree but no cases of goiter were reported. The BMR was low for both patients and PBI was 1.0 μg and 2.2 μg/100 ml, respectively. T4-I was 1.0 μg and 1.8 μg/100 ml. The perchlorate test was negative. The TRC test was repeatedly negative. The RAI uptake was 3.5% and 6.0% at 24 hr with no response to TSH. Plasma chromatography of iodinated compounds disclosed only iodide and iodoproteins. Traces of T3 + T4 were present in one sairrole. Plasma TSH was very high in both patients. The resting mixed saliva/plasma ratio at 2, 4 and 6 hr after a iv dose of 131I were, respectively, 7.2 and 5.9, 8.7 and 5.9, 7.9 and 6.7 for HCR, and JFCR (normal controls: 27.7–64.3). The gastric juice/plasma ratio was 5.2 and 5.0 seven...
TL;DR: In this article, a new mechanism involving initial one-electron transfer from the iodide anion to the benzenediazonium cation, resulting in the formation of radical intermediates by heterolytic cleavage of a bond, has been proposed in order to account for the products, viz. iodobenzene, benzene, biphenyl, iodine, anisole, and formaldehyde, and the effect of photochemical catalysis.
Abstract: Mechanistic implications of the ready formation of aryl iodides from aryldiazonium salt solutions and the iodide ion (in contrast with the general need for cuprous or other catalysts with other halides) have been studied. The reaction between benzenediazonium fluoroborate and potassium iodide in methanol at 0°C has been investigated. A new mechanism involving initial one-electron transfer from the iodide anion to the benzenediazonium cation, resulting in the formation of radical intermediates by heterolytic cleavage of a bond, has been proposed in order to account for the products, viz. iodobenzene, benzene, biphenyl, iodine, anisole, and formaldehyde, and the effect of photochemical catalysis.
TL;DR: The behavior of the thyroid protein obtained from the patient was indistinguishable from that of normal thyroglobulin in solubility, electrophoretic mobility, sedimentation velocity, and antigenicity.
Abstract: This report consists of a study of a woman with goiter whose primary defect seems to be in an abnormal stereostructure of thyroglobulin. She showed a positive thiocyanate discharge of 131I by the thyroid. Activities of thyroid peroxidase, catalase, transaminase, keto-enol tautomerase, and protease were comparatively normal. 125I-labeled monoiodotyrosine injected into the patient was rapidly deiodinated. Since the iodine content of the goiter thyroglobulin was at a high normal level (0.78%), it is unlikely that an iodide organification defect is a primary abnormality in this case. The behavior of the thyroid protein obtained from the patient was indistinguishable from that of normal thyroglobulin in solubility, electrophoretic mobility, sedimentation velocity, and antigenicity. Spectrotitration of tyrosyl and iodoamino acid residues in native and in vitro iodinated goiter thyroglobulin was performed in water and in 8m urea, and the reactivity of these residues was assessed with N-acetyl imidazole....
TL;DR: There is no evidence from this investigation for the existence of an endostyle or thyroid-stimulating factor in the pituitary gland of the ammocoete or migrating adult river lampreys.
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TL;DR: It is a well-proved fact that the normal patient will not respond directly to an unethical suggestion either during the trance state or posthypnotically, but because every deep-trance patient can be encouraged to hallucinate most easily and potently, such a patient could be tricked into a situation which is directly aimed against his or her moral code.
Abstract: Another point is associated with dangers of hypnosis to the patient. It is a well-proved fact that the normal patient will not respond directly to an unethical suggestion either during the trance state or posthypnotically. However, because every deep-trance patient can be encouraged to hallucinate most easily and potently, such a patient can be tricked into a situation which is directly aimed against his or her moral code. For example, it would not be difficult to get a deeply hypnotized subject to undress before an audience, if she belleved at the time she was in a doctor's surgery getting ready for examination.
TL;DR: In this article, the removal of methyl iodide from flowing humid air by impregnated charcoals was studied with regard to chemical reactions between methyl iodides and impregnants.
Abstract: The trapping of methyl iodide from flowing humid air by impregnated charcoals was studied with regard to chemical reactions between methyl iodide and impregnants. Twenty-seven compounds for impregnation on activated charcoal were tested. Stannous iodide and potassium thiocyanate were found to be the most effective, as well as potassium iodide and riethylenediamine, for the removal of methyl iodide in flowing steam-air systems. The characteristics of the base material for impregnation and the surface properties of the impregnated charcoals are also discussed.