Showing papers on "Iodine published in 1980"

Pressure-sensitive adhesive containing iodine

Abstract: A process for making a stable chemical complex of iodine, an iodide ion and a dermatologically acceptable room temperature tacky pressure-sensitive adhesive which is substantially free of acidic components The resulting composition exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity when placed in contact with mammalian skin

A resonance Raman/iodine Moessbauer investigation of the starch-iodine structure. Aqueous solution and iodine vapor preparations

Abstract: : The structure of the blue-black iodine complex of amylose (the linear, helical component of starch) prepared either from iodine and iodide in aqueous solution or from crystalline amylose and iodine vapor, has been studied by resonance Raman and iodine -129 Mossbauer spectroscopy. In both cases it is concluded that the identity of the major chromophore is essentially the same: the pentaiodide (I(5-1)) anion. For the material prepared from iodine vapor, the iodide required for (I(5-1)) formation is produced by hydrolysis or alcoholysis of iodine. The other product of this reaction, a hypoiodite, has been assigned in the iodine Mossbauer spectrum. (Author)

Suppression of thyroid radioiodine uptake by various doses of stable iodide.

Abstract: We studied the effect of various doses of sodium iodide on thyroid radioiodine uptake in euthyroid volunteers by giving single doses of 10, 30, 50, and 100 mg and then daily doses of 10, 1...

Semi-automatic method for the determination of total iodine in food

Abstract: A simple method for the determination of total iodine in food, based on the catalytic destruction of thiocyanate by nitrite in the presence of iodide, has been evaluated and the colorimetric finish technique automated. Optimum conditions for the destruction of organic matter and the liberation of iodine have been investigated and a set of conditions applicable to the automated finish technique developed. The method, when applied to 160 foods, had a precision of about 10%, a detection limit for iodine of 1 µg per 100 g of food, a mean recovery of added iodide of 90% and an output of about 70 samples per week. The effect of storage conditions on the iodine content of fish and eggs has also been examined, and the effect of some possible interfering substances, such as chloride, bromide and mercury, investigated.

A colorimetric microdetermination of peroxide values utilizing aluminum chloride as the catalyst

Abstract: A colorimetric microassay is described for the determination of lipid hydroperoxides. Hydroperoxides are reacted with potassium iodide in the presence of an acid catalyst and liberated iodine is measured. Aluminum chloride, an alcohol-soluble Lewis acid, is used as catalyst. Liberated iodine is measured colorimetrically at 560 nm after addition of starch in 0.01 N hydrochloric acid. The range of the measurement was 0.05–0.5 μmol of hydroperoxides.

Combination of potassium iodide and propranolol in preparation of patients with Graves' disease for thyroid surgery.

Abstract: We assessed the efficacy of the combination of propranolol and potassium iodide in the preparation of patients with Graves' disease for thyroid surgery. Potassium iodide was given orally in a dose of 60 mg three times a day for 10 days before operation in 10 patients who were already receiving propranolol. In contrast to previous experience with either drug used singly, the combined regimen caused a significant fall in mean serum total thyroxine and triiodothyronine to levels in the euthyroid range before operation (P less than 0.001). There was also a significant fall (P less than 0.05) before operation and transient rise after operation in serum reverse triiodothyronine. These preliminary results suggest that the combination of potassium iodide and propranolol may prove to be the optimum preoperative preparation for patients with Graves' disease.

Vaginal absorption of povidone-iodine.

Abstract: In 12 nonpregnant women, total iodine, protein-bound iodine, inorganic iodine, and thyroxine values were measured in serum before and 15, 30, 45 or 60 minutes after a two-minute vaginal disinfection with povidone-iodine (Betadine). Only 15 minutes after application, serum iodine levels were raised and remained significantly elevated 30, 45 and 60 minutes after disinfection. Serum concentrations of total iodine and inorganic iodine were increased up to fivefold to 15-fold, respectively; during the relative short period of observation, thyroxine levels were not altered. An overload of iodine can suppress thyroid hormonogenesis, and the fetal and neonatal thyroid glands are especially sensitive. In pregnant women, vaginitis should not be treated with povidone-iodine because of the possible development of iodine-induced goiter and hypothyroidism in the fetus and newborn. The risk is especially high when povidone-iodine is used repeatedly.

Recovery of gold and/or palladium from an iodide-iodine etching solution

Abstract: A method of recovering gold and palladium from a spent aqueous potassium iodide-iodine etching solution, and regenerating the etching solution for reuse, involves adjusting the spent solution to a strongly basic pH (e.g., 12.5) by the addition of an alkaline compound (e.g., potassium hydroxide) to precipitate metallic gold from the solution. Metallic palladium is precipitated from the resulting alkaline solution by the addition of a borohydride, (e.g., potassium borohydride). Following removal of the precipitated gold and palladium, the spent alkaline solution is made acidic-to-neutral in pH to change potassium hypoiodite and some potassium iodide in the solution to iodine. The solution then is adjusted back upward to a slightly alkaline pH value (e.g., 9.0), and precipitate is removed at room temperature. Potassium iodide and iodine crystals then are added to the solution, as necessary, to regenerate the solution to substantially its original composition and strength for reuse.

Iodine induced thyrotoxicosis in apparently normal thyroid glands

Abstract: Two male patients aged 36 and 52 years with thyrotoxicosis revealed a serum T3 of 28 and 65 nmol/l and a serum T4 of 166 and 238 nmol/l, respectively Both had been exposed to iodine (2-10 mg daily) for 2-12 months before thyrotoxicosis was diagnosed Urinary iodine excretion was high, 5000 and 10,000 nmol/24 h (624-1250 microgram) The uptake of 131I in the thyroid glands were low, none had goitre Their iodine intake was interrupted, urinary iodine excretion gradually decreased, and T3 and T4 in serum concomitantly normalized They were clinically and biochemically euthyroid 9 and 11 weeks after withdrawal After 14 and 22 weeks they had normal thyroid uptake of 131I, and thyroid scans showed glands of normal size and configuration TRH-stimulation and a T3-suppression tests became normal ESR was not elevated in any of the cases, thyroid antibodies against thyroglobulin and follicular cell microsomes were absent and TSAb was undetectable durng the thyrotoxic stage Thus no evidence of any pre-existing and/or pre-disposing pathological condition in the thyroid glands were found The mechanism for the iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis in such cases remains obscure

A critical evaluation of povidone-iodine absorption in thermally injured patients.

Abstract: Povidone-iodine ointment is a widely used topical antimicrobial agent in thermally injured patients. In 17 patients with burns ranging from 4 to 85% TBSA this agent was applied to both partial- and full-thickness burns. Peak serum iodine levels in patients treated within 24 hours of injury ranged from 595 to 4,900 micrograms per dL. The amount of iodine absorbed was directly related to the size of the burn. Serum iodine levels continued to rise until the drug was discontinued and remained elevated for as long as 7 days after discontinuance. Iodine excretion was directly related to renal function. The highest serum and lowest urinary iodine levels were present in patients who developed renal failure. Thyroid function was not affected by drug usage. A proven cause-and-effect relationship between the elevated serum iodine attributed to the absorption of povidone-iodine and metabolic acidosis, hypernatremia, and hyperosmolarity was not established. Close monitoring of the patient's fluid and electrolyte balance is imperative during drug usage. The drug is contraindicated in any patient with impaired renal function. The high serum levels of this inorganic ion imply potential toxicity, but clinical evidence of cell or organ toxicity is as yet undetermined.

Milk and meat iodine content: relation to human health.

Abstract: The amount of iodine consumed by human beings in the United States has increased over the past 10 to 15 years. Although there is no direct evidence of an increased human iodine toxicity problem because of the increased intake, there is some concern that if this trend continues, the greater iodine concentration may contribute to an increase in thyroid disorders. Because iodine content in milk has increased by 300% to 500% over the past 10 to 15 years, factors contributing to this increase have been studied. Organic iodine additions to the feed supply have contributed to large increases in iodine content in milk from some farms, and are considered the main factor contributing to the large increase in iodine content in milk values. Iodine teat dips and udder washes contribute to the increased iodine content of milk but generally do not result in increases of more than 150 micrograms/L. Iodine-sanitizing agents used on milking equipment or in milk transfer and storage equipment can contribute large amounts if improperly used, but the frequency of this problem is small. Iodine content in meat does increase with increased iodine intake, but the transfer of iodine to meat is relatively lower than it is to milk.

Production of severe iodine deficiency in sheep using a prepared low-iodine diet.

Abstract: Extensive tests on dietary materials suitable for ingestion by sheep have led to the preparation of an appropriate diet which, when fed to the sheep, caused severe iodine deficiency. The deficiency was manifested by daily urinary excretion values which fell to levels of less than 20 micrograms iodine and by thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in blood plasma which were reduced from more than 90 and 1.80 nmol/l to the low levels of less than 2.58 and 0.31 nmol/l respectively. The values were attained 5 months after feeding the low-iodine diet. Goitre was present in most of the animals and the reductions in T4 and T3 values were accompanied by increased concentrations of plasma thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from less than 8.6 to more than 68 ng/ml. Samples of wool removed from selected areas of the sheep showed that the iodine-deficient diet also caused a reduction in the growth of wool.

Organic iodine removal from simulated dissolver off-gas streams using silver-exchanged mordenite

Abstract: The removal of methyl iodide by absorption onto silver mordenite was studied using a simulated off-gas from the fuel dissolution step of a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. The methyl iodide absorption of silver mordenite was examined for the effects of NO/sub x/, humidity, iodine concentration, filter temperature, and filter pretreatment. The highest iodine loading achieved in these tests has been 34 mg CH/sub 3/I per g of substrate, approximately five times less than the elemental iodine loadings. Results indicate that a filter operating at a temperature of 150/sup 0/C obtained higher iodine loadings than a similar filter operating at 100/sup 0/C. Pretreatment of the sorbent bed with hydrogen, rather than dry air, at a temperature of 200/sup 0/C also improved the loading. Variations in the methyl iodide concentration had minimal effects on the overall loading. Filters exposed to moist air streams attained higher loadings than those in contact with dry air. A study of the regeneration characteristics of silver mordenite indicates limited adsorbent capacity after complete removal of the iodine with 4% hydrogen in the regeneration gas stream at 500/sup 0/C. 9 figures.

Physicochemical studies of amylose and its derivatives in aqueous solutions: Thermodynamics of the iodine–triiodide complex

Abstract: Thermodynamic properties of the amylose–iodine–triiodide complex have been studied by spectrophotometry and by calorimetry using previously studied samples of amylose ionic derivatives, carboxymethylamylose and diethylaminoethylamylose. The ratio of triiodide to total molecular iodine ([I3]b/[I]b + [I2]b) in the complex is ca. 0.3 over a range of iodide concentration from 10−5 to 10−4M, and there is no evidence for an increasing charge at slightly higher iodide concentration. Direct calorimetric experiments have been carried out in different conditions of polymer, iodine, and iodide concentration in order to study the dependence of the heat of the complexation as a function of the above parameters. It is shown that the dependence of the measured ΔH on the iodide concentration simply derives from the rearrangement of the triiodide equilibrium because of the uptake of a fixed ratio of iodine and triiodide molecules in the complex.

The hydrogen peroxide–iodic acid–manganese (ii)–acetone oscillating system: Further observations

Abstract: The redox potential and iodine concentration behavior of the title reaction and component reactions have been examined. The effect of hydrogen peroxide, potassium iodate, manganese (II) sulfate, sulfuric acid, and acetone concentration on the time period and redox potential behavior is reported. Iodine production and consumption rates for the component reactions are given, and some mechanistic suggestions, involving iodine dioxide as the one electron oxidant, are made.

Rhinovirus inactivation by aqueous iodine in vitro and on skin.

Abstract: Iodine has been found to be virucidal against rhinovirus on human skin. The kinetics of in vitro rhinovirus inactivation by iodine and the residual virucidal activity of iodine on skin were examined in this study. Maximum inactivation of rhinovirus in vitro occurred within 3 sec with aqueous iodine concentrations of <100 μg/ml. Aqueous iodine concentrations of ≥10 μg/ml were ineffective. Inactivation of rhinovirus on the skin of the hands was accomplished by applying iodine in concentrations of 20,000 μg (2%) or 10,000 μg (1%) iodine/ml. Viral inactivation took place after 3 min of exposure to skin treated with the higher concentration, but took up to 20 min with the 1% solution. Viral inactivation with 1% iodine followed first-order kinetics. The virucidal activity of 2% iodine on hands persisted for up to 2 hr. Iodine will be used to attempt to interrupt hand contact transmission of rhinovirus infection.

Combined iodine-ultraviolet water desinfection process

Abstract: For disinfecting water in open systems such as drinking water supplies, iodine in a concentration of 0.2 ppm is added to the water and, before or after the addition of the iodine, the water is exposed to a predetermined minimum dose of UV radiation in the wavelength range from 250 to 320 nm in a flow-through reactor. For disinfecting a water reservoir 2 in a closed system, such as a swimming pool, iodide and an oxidising agent which oxidises the iodide to iodine with formation of a steady-state iodine concentration dependent on the requirements are added to the water contained in the swimming pool 1, and the water is circulated. A filter system 11, a UV exposure unit 12 for exposing the circulating water to a predetermined minimum dose of UV radiation in the wavelength range from 250 to 320 nm and a feed apparatus 13 for oxidising agent for the reoxidation of iodide are present in the circulation. The feed apparatus 13 is controlled according to the redox potential of the water reservoir 2, the pH of which being adjusted to 7.2-8.