Showing papers on "Iodine published in 1995"
TL;DR: The present work emphasizes the potential risk of goitrogenic stimulation in both mother and newborn in the presence of mild iodine deficiency, and demonstrated that the administration of T4 did not hamper the beneficial effect of iodine supplementation.
Abstract: One hundred and eighty euthyroid pregnant women were selected at the end of the first trimester of gestation on the basis of biochemical criteria of excessive thyroid stimulation, defined as supranormal serum thyroglobulin (TG >20 mu g/L) associated with a low normal free T-4 index ( 25 x 10(-3)). Women were randomized in a double blind protocol into three groups and treated until term with a placebo, 100 mu g potassium iodide (KI)/day, or 100 mu g iodide plus 100 mu g L-T-4/day. Parameters of thyroid function, urinary iodine excretion, and thyroid volume were monitored sequentially. Neonatal thyroid parameters, including thyroid volume by echography, were also assessed in the newborns from mothers of the three groups. In women receiving a placebo, the indices of excessive thyroid stimulation worsened as gestation progressed, with low free T-4 levels, markedly increased serum TG and T-3/T-4 ratio. Serum TSH doubled, on the average, and was supranormal in 20% of the cases at term. Urinary iodine excretion levels were low, around 30 mu g/L at term. The thyroid volume increased, on the average, by 30%, and 16% of the women developed a goiter, confirming the goitrogenic stimulus associated with pregnancy. Moreover, the newborns of these mothers had significantly larger thyroid volumes at birth as well as elevated serum TG levels. In both groups of women receiving an active treatment, the alterations in thyroid function associated with pregnancy were markedly improved. The increase in serum TSH was almost suppressed, serum TG decreased significantly, and changes in thyroid volume were minimized (group receiving KI) or almost suppressed (group receiving KI combined with L-T-4) Moreover, in the newborns of the mothers in the two groups receiving an active treatment, serum TG was significantly lower, and thyroid volume at birth was normal. The effects of therapy were clearly more rapid and more marked in the group receiving a combination of T-4 and KI than in the women receiving KI alone. The differences could be partly attributed to the slightly higher amount of iodine received by women in the combined treatment. However, the main benefits of the combined treatment were almost certainly attributable to the hormonal effects of the addition of L-T-4. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that the administration of T-4 did not hamper the beneficial effect of iodine supplementation. In conclusion, the present work emphasizes the potential risk of goitrogenic stimulation in both mother and newborn in the presence of mild iodine deficiency. Furthermore, the results clearly indicate the benefits of supplementing pregnant women with iodine and women with excessive thyroid stimulation (or a preexisting goiter) with a combination of iodine and L-T-4. In conditions of mild iodine deficiency, pregnancy justifies monitoring thyroid function and volume, and therapeutic intervention to avoid hypothyroxinemia and goitrogenesis in both mother and newborn.
262 citations
TL;DR: General clinical experience, however, and previous open, noncontrolled studies indicate that at least some cold nodules decrease in size when treated with levothyroxine, which suggests the need for further randomized clinical trials of lev Timothyroxine treatment.
Abstract: Objective: To determine the effectiveness of levothyroxine and potassium iodide in treating patients with benign solitary cold thyroid nodules Design: Randomized controlled study Setting: Outpati
111 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that correction of mild iodine deficiency has beneficial effects on the incidence of hyperthyroidism, contrary to what is seen initially after correction of severe deficiency.
Abstract: In 1980 the iodide content of salt was increased in Switzerland from 7.5 to 15 mg/kg. This raised the mean urinary iodine excretion from 90 (indicating mild iodine deficiency) to 150 micrograms/g creatinine. We examined whether this public health measure was followed by a change of the incidence of hyperthyroidism in a defined catchment area of 109,000 persons. Except for a 27% rise in the first year of the new salt, the total incidence of hyperthyroidism declined steadily to reach 44% of the control level in 1988/89. This was due to a decrease mostly of toxic nodular goitre (minus 73%), less so of Graves' disease (minus 33%). We conclude that correction of mild iodine deficiency has beneficial effects on the incidence of hyperthyroidism, contrary to what is seen initially after correction of severe deficiency.
103 citations
TL;DR: Iodine volatilization from the soil-plant system has been studied by radiotracer experiments and gas chromatography as mentioned in this paper, and it was assumed that iodine in the flooded soil was methylated by the action of roots or microorganisms.
102 citations
TL;DR: Selenium deficiency coupled to iodine deficiency increased necrosis, induced fibrosis and impeded compensatory epithelial cell proliferation, compatible with histological and functional description of thyroid tissue from myxoedematous cretins.
Abstract: It has been suggested that selenium deficiency is a co-factor to iodine deficiency in the pathogenesis of myxoedematous cretinism. The mechanism proposed is that the generation of hydrogen peroxide is greatly increased in iodine-deficient thyroid glands, and that selenium is involved in the control of hydrogen peroxide and its derived free radicals. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the possibly impaired cellular defence mechanism associated with selenium deficiency on thyroid necrosis and tissue repair. For this purpose, we studied thyroid tissue from selenium- (SE-) and/or iodine-deficient (I-) rats before and after an acute toxic iodine overload. In I- thyroids, necrotic cells were numerous. Acute iodine administration increased this effect. Necrosis was associated with transient infiltration of inflammatory cells. In I-SE+ thyroids the tissue resumed its normal appearance. In I-SE- thyroid glands, the iodide toxicity was stronger, with greater necrosis and inflammatory reaction. The inflammation resolved but was replaced by fibrotic tissue. Fifteen days after the toxic overload, the connective tissue volume was twice the control value. Before iodide overload, the proportion of dividing cells was equal in I-SE+ and I-SE- thyroids. Three days after the iodide overload, this proportion was increased in I-SE+ thyroids but reduced in the I-SE- thyroids. Overall, the I-SE- thyroids had four times fewer dividing cells than the I-SE+ thyroids. In summary, selenium deficiency coupled to iodine deficiency increased necrosis, induced fibrosis and impeded compensatory epithelial cell proliferation. These results are compatible with histological and functional description of thyroid tissue from myxoedematous cretins.
98 citations
TL;DR: Oral administered I2 or I− in trace doses with similar iodine availability caused different histopathological and endocrine patterns in thyroid and mammary glands of ID rats, indicating that replacement therapy with various forms of iodine are tissue-specific.
Abstract: This research describes the effects of short-term elemental iodine (I2) and iodide (I−) replacement on thyroid glands and mammary glands of iodine-deficient (ID) Sprague-Dawley female rats Iodine deficiency causes atypical tissue and physiologic changes in both glands Tissue histopathology and the endocrine metabolic parameters, such as serum TT4, tissue and body weights, and vaginal smears, are compared A moderate reduction in thyroid size from the ID control (IDC) was noted with both I− and I2, whereas serum total thyroxine approached the normal control with both I− and I2, but was lower in IDC Thyroid gland IDC hyperplasia was reduced modestly with I2, but eliminated with I− Lobular hyperplasia of the mammary glands decreased with I2 and increased with I− when compared with the IDC; extraductal secretions remained the same as IDC with I2, but increased with I−; and periductal fibrosis was markedly reduced with I2, but remained severe with I− Thus, orally administered I2 or I− in trace doses with similar iodine availability caused different histopathological and endocrine patterns in thyroid and mammary glands of ID rats The significance of this is that replacement therapy with various forms of iodine are tissue-specific
82 citations
TL;DR: Iodine speciation analysis was carried out upon seawater samples collected in July 1993 at the Dyfamed station (43 °25′N, 7 °52′E) located in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.
66 citations
TL;DR: The factors which determine the initial response to methimazole (time until euthyroidism Is achieved) In Graves' disease are investigated.
Abstract: Summary
OBJECTIVE A variety of regimens continue to be used In the treatment of Graves' disease with antithyrold drugs. We have lnvestigated the factors which determine the initial response to methimazole (time until euthyroidism Is achieved) In Graves' disease.
PATIENTS Five hundred and nine patients with Graves' disease in different European countries with normal and subnormal iodine supply. Patients were randomized to treatment with either 10 or 40mg of methimazole per day for one year, with levothyroxine supplementation as required to maintain euthyroidism. Investigations were carried out before treatment and at 3 and 6 weeks and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months.
MEASUREMENTS Response was assessed by serial measurements of serum thyroid hormones. TSH receptor antibodies, thyroid autoantibodies and urinary Iodide excretion were measured centrally. Twenty-minute thyroid uptake was measured by standard techniques. Data were collected and analysed centrally. Standard techniques as well as a stepwise logistic regression model were used to examine the relations between methimazole dose, age, goitre size, presence of endocrine eye signs, thyroid hormone levels, urinary iodide excretion, thyroid uptake, Index of disease severity (Crooks), presence of TSH receptor antibodies and duration of the hyperthyroid phase.
RESULTS Within 3 weeks, 40.2% of patients responded to 10mg of methimazole and 77.5% responded within 6 weeks. The corresponding figures for 40mg of methimazole were 64.6 and 92.6%. Significant associations were found between duration of hyperthyroldism and the following variables: goitre size, urinary iodide excretion, methimazole dose, presence of TSH receptor antibodies (TBIAb), Index of disease severity (Crooks) and pretreatment thyroid hormone levels. Response to methimazole was delayed In patients with large goitres, iodine excretion of ≧ 100μg/g creatinine, high pretreatment thyroid hormone levels, elevated levels of TBIAb and treatment with only 10 mg of methimazole. In the 10-mg group, 46% of patients were euthyrold within 3 weeks when urinary Iodide was <50μg/g of creatinine, and only 27% when iodide was above 100μg/g. By stepwise logistic regression, the main factors for the response to methimazole were dally dose, pretreatment T3 levels, and goitre size. CONCLUSION Methimazole dose, pretreatment serum T3 levels, and goitre size are the main determinants of the therapeutic response to methimazole In Graves' disease, at least In areas comprising low, subnormal and normal iodine supply.
58 citations
TL;DR: The data indicate that oral administration of 200 mg iodine is effective and acceptable for treating iodine deficiency in adults for 1 yr and the risks of side-effects and the shortage of medical resources, higher doses are not recommended.
Abstract: The prevention of iodine deficiency is still a worldwide concern. This study, conducted in Soja in western Sudan, was carried out to evaluate the effects of a dose of iodized oil sufficient enough to give maximum protection against goiter and provide an acceptable iodine supply without side-effects over a sufficiently long period of time. Adult goitrous subjects (n = 117) were randomly assigned to three groups, A, B, and C, and received a single oral dose of 200, 400, or 800 mg iodine, respectively. Urine and blood samples were collected at the start of the study and monitored for 1 yr. In the 3 groups, mean serum T4 and median urinary iodine and serum TSH values were restored to reference limits, and these were maintained for about 1 yr. In each treatment group, about two thirds of the subjects displayed a reduction in goiter size, and the 400- and 800-mg doses were not more efficient than the 200-mg dose to accomplish normalization of thyroid hormone values. A temporary rise in TSH was noted 1 week after iodine administration in 1, 3, and 10 subjects, respectively, and 1, 0, and 3 subjects showed biochemical signs of thyrotoxicosis during the year after treatment with the 3 different doses. The data indicate that oral administration of 200 mg iodine is effective and acceptable for treating iodine deficiency in adults for 1 yr. Because of the risks of side-effects and the shortage of medical resources, higher doses are not recommended.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the measurement of iodine in natural-water samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is described and the limit of detection is 10pg/ml.
Abstract: The measurement of iodine in natural-water samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is described. The limit of detection is 10pg/ml. The element is easily determined by this method without separation or preconcentration. Because iodine is highly volatile, the obtained signal is somewhat unstable. Iodine vaporization, however, can be restrained by the addition of an organic alkali (for example tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide), making it possible to obtain a stable signal. Analytical results using the conventional calibration-curve method and the standard addition method agreed well. We determined the iodine concentration of 42 natural-water samples in the northern Kanto area. The concentrations of iodine ranged from 0.65 to 35.9ng/ml.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the reduction of micro-molar amounts of molecular iodine added to seawater by means of linked first-order reactions considering only iodine species is shown to be inappropriate.
TL;DR: Size fractionated collection of aerosol particles by a six stage impactor system shows different distributions of iodide and iodate for particles of different size with specific patterns for anthropogenically influenced continental and unpolluted marine aerosols, respectively.
Abstract: An isotope dilution mass spectrometric method has been developed for the accurate and sensitive determination of iodide and iodate in aerosol particles of the atmosphere. The direct iodine speciation has been possible by the use of species specifically 129I enriched spike solutions and separation of the isotope diluted species by anion exchange chromatography after water extraction of the filters. Size fractionated collection of aerosol particles by a six stage impactor system shows different distributions of iodide and iodate for particles of different size with specific patterns for anthropogenically influenced continental and unpolluted marine aerosols, respectively. The detection limit for particulate iodide and iodate has been (3–5) pg/m3 for sampling volumes of 3000 m3. Oil, used for heating plants, could be identified as one but not the only anthropogenic iodine source.
TL;DR: The 257 nm photodissociation dynamics of methyl iodide multilayers adsorbed on MgO(100) have been studied using resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (REMPI•TOFMS) to detect both methyl and iodine photofragments as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The 257 nm photodissociation dynamics of methyl iodide multilayers adsorbed on MgO(100) have been studied using resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (REMPI‐TOFMS) to detect both methyl and iodine photofragments. The photofragments result from direct photolysis of the methyl iodide adsorbate. Methyl fragments with a translational and internal energy content comparable to that found in the gas phase dissociation of the isolated molecule are produced. However, the measured I/I* branching ratio is modified in favor of ground state (I) iodine production. Collisionally slowed methyl fragments, characterized by a translational temperature close to that of the surface, are also observed. Iodine fragments with velocities in excess of the gas phase limit are produced as a result of collisional energy transfer between iodine and faster moving methyl photofragments. A small amount of laser induced photodesorption, leading to the production of molecular methyl iodide, was also de...
TL;DR: In this paper, the degree of binding or association of natural iodine127I and the radioactive iodine isotope129I with soil components was investigated and the results indicated that only a small fraction of natural iodophosphate (2.5-4%) but a large fraction of recently added radioactive129I (38-49%) is water-soluble.
Abstract: Sequential extraction techniques have been utilized in order to investigate the degree of binding or association of natural iodine127I and the radioactive iodine isotope129I with soil components. The results indicate that only a small fraction of natural iodine (2.5–4%) but a large fraction of the recently added radioactive129I (38–49%) is water-soluble. The other forms of iodine which were determined for both iodine isotopes were exchangeable iodine, iodine bound to metal-oxides and iodine bound to organic matter.
TL;DR: An ion chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of traces of iodide in saline waters as discussed by the authors, where a Dionex IonPac AS11 anion exchange column was used with a mobile phase containing sodium chloride in order to remove interferences of the sample matrix in both the chromatogram separation and detection.
TL;DR: Rectal administration of inorganic iodide is an effective, readily available and less expensive alternative to parenteral sodium iodide for patients in thyroid storm with upper gastrointestinal tract dysfunction.
Abstract: We administered potassium iodide and propylthiouracil per rectum, in conjunction with intravenous dexamethasone and propranolol, for emergent treatment of a patient in thyroid storm with small bowel obstruction. Shortly after initiation of this treatment, the patient successfully underwent two emergent surgical procedures for resection of an intestinal volvulus with advanced peritonitis. Serum levels of iodide and propylthiouracil showed substantial absorption of these drugs via the rectal route. Measurement of 24-h urinary-free iodide indicated that the bioavailability of potassium iodide delivered by retention enema was at least 40%. Parenteral iodide preparations have been unavailable in the past, and continue to be difficult to obtain emergently. Rectal administration of inorganic iodide is an effective, readily available and less expensive alternative to parenteral sodium iodide for patients in thyroid storm with upper gastrointestinal tract dysfunction.
Patent•
31 Oct 1995
TL;DR: In this article, a medication which requires the combination of levothyroxine sodium and potassium iodide, with the potassium ionide acting as a stabilizing excipient, is described.
Abstract: The invention discloses a medication which requires the combination of levothyroxine sodium and potassium iodide, with the potassium iodide acting as a stabilizing excipient, the presence of which results in a more stable levothyroxine sodium medication and provides for longer shelf life of the medication. A method for manufacturing the disclosed medication is also provided.
TL;DR: The removal efficiency of methyl iodide for silver-impregnated alumina from gaseous waste has been experimentally evaluated as a function of atmospheric relative humidity as mentioned in this paper, and a new adsorbent has been proposed.
Abstract: The removal efficiency of methyl iodide for silver-impregnated alumina from gaseous waste has been experimentally evaluated as a function of atmospheric relative humidity. A new adsorbent has been ...
TL;DR: Kinetic and thermodynamic modelling indicates that HOI is the main iodine species reacting with organic matter at seawater pH of 8.2 and peptides and compounds containing carbonyl or α-keto groups are the key reductants of molecular iodine added to seawater.
Abstract: The reactivity of 2 µM molecular iodine in seawater toward various organic compounds containing aromatic, α-keto, amino, olefinic and sugar functional groups was investigated. More detailed studies have been made of the reduction kinetics with salicylic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid and the polypeptide oxidized glutathione, particularly to establish whether variation over the pH range 4–9 would provide a similar reduction reactivity or “fingerprint” to that of molecular iodine added to natural seawater. The data indicates that compounds with only one functional group react with first order kinetics whereas compounds with multiple functional groups show more complex behaviour. Kinetic and thermodynamic modelling indicates that HOI is the main iodine species reacting with organic matter at seawater pH of 8.2. Based on the pH “fingerprints”, peptides and compounds containing carbonyl or α-keto groups are the key reductants of molecular iodine added to seawater. These compounds form C-I and N-I bonds which can allow for a rich organic iodine chemistry in seawater. The model compound results are discussed in relation to oceanic processes.
TL;DR: It is shown that the growth inhibitory effect was restricted to delta-iodolactones when delta-IL was compared to 6-iodo-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic delta-lactone and 5-iodi-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic gamma-lactsone, suggesting that deiodination and a different iodide action is unlikely.
Abstract: delta-Iodolactone (6-iodo-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic delta-lactone, delta-IL), an iodinated derivative of arachidonic acid, has been shown to be synthesized in thyroid tissue and to inhibit thyroid cell proliferation. It is discussed as a potential mediator of the autoregulatory pathway of iodide in cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)- and thyrotropin (TSH)-independent growth. We therefore further localized the action of iodide and of delta-IL in isolated porcine thyroid follicles. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) dose dependently stimulated thyroid cell proliferation, which could be inhibited by staurosporin (0.1-10 nmol/l). Iodide (2.5-40 mumol/l) as well as delta-IL (0.5-2 mumol/l) also dose dependently inhibited EGF- and TPA-induced proliferation. As the calcium ionophor A23187 (100 pmol/l) completely abolished the inhibitory effects of iodide and of delta-IL, this may indicate a mechanism of delta-IL at or proximal to the calcium-dependent activation of protein kinase C. The growth inhibitory effect was restricted to delta-iodolactones when delta-IL was compared to 6-iodo-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic delta-lactone and 5-iodo-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic gamma-lactone. It could not be prevented with propylthiouracil and therefore deiodination and a different iodide action is unlikely. Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and cAMP were measured in extracts from isolated porcine thyroid follicles stimulated with EGF (10 ng/ml) or TSH (1.0 U/l) revealing comparable kinetics in IP3 generation, while cAMP formation was only stimulated by TSH. delta-Iodolactone (2 mumol/l) only decreased EGF-induced IP3 formation, whereas TSH-induced IP3 and cAMP formation was unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TL;DR: A hyperbolic function was found to describe changes in urinary iodine concentration over time more adequately than a simple exponential function in a study comparing different treatments of severely iodine-deficient schoolchildren from Malawi.
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of organic iodine compounds which were present neither in the atmosphere nor as contaminants of the materials used, but more likely arose from reactions of organic gases or aerosols sampled with reactive iodine or hypoiodite released from reaction of ozone with potassium iodide in the traps.
Abstract: Trace atmospheric gases have been sampled using potassium-iodide-based reactant traps for ozone removal. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of organic iodine compounds which were present neither in the atmosphere nor as contaminants of the materials used, but more likely arose from reactions of organic gases or aerosols sampled with reactive iodine or hypoiodite released from reaction of ozone with potassium iodide in the traps. Losses of the individual organic trace gases measured were not, however, observed as a result of this mechanism. Several cautions in identifying unknown compounds from the atmosphere when using potassium iodide ozone traps are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal chemistry of methyl iodide adsorbed on Pt(111) at T s ≥21K was examined using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and reflection absorbing infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS).
TL;DR: The study shows that the basic iodine intake level is overestimated if individual iodine supplementation is not taken into account, and such supplementation may lead to median iodine excretion values that seem reasonable, even if the iodine intake of the part of the population not taking iodine is low.
Abstract: Several studies have demonstrated that the iodine intake is relatively low in Denmark. However, the results are difficult to interpret because no information has been given on the frequency of individual iodine supplementation. We performed a cross-sectional study of elderly subjects living in the commune of Randers, Denmark. Urinary iodine excretion was measured in the 423 participants (185 males, 238 females) and a careful history was taken on any possible intake of supplementary iodine. The median urinary iodine excretion was 48.3 micrograms/g creatinine for the whole population (40.8 micrograms/g creatinine in males, 53.2 micrograms/g creatinine in females). In the part of the population that did not take iodine supplementation (46.7%) the median value was 36.1 micrograms/g creatinine (males 33.8; females 38.8). Regular iodine supplementation taken as an iodine-containing vitamin/mineral tablet was found in 30.8% of the population. This increased the urinary iodine excretion to a median level of 80.5 micrograms/g creatinine (males 62.0; females 88.0). The study shows that the basic iodine intake level is overestimated if individual iodine supplementation is not taken into account. Such supplementation may lead to median iodine excretion values that seem reasonable, even if the iodine intake of the part of the population not taking iodine (in this study, nearly half of the population) is low.
TL;DR: Several reactions and processes are discussed which must be part of a complete description of the oscillator but which make only marginal improvements when compared to the skeleton model: reduction of iodine ion and iodine by hydroperoxy radical, reduction of iodate by the substrate enol, second-order reduction ofiodate by iodide, net oxidation of iodine by hydrogen peroxide, continuous HOIO production, and decomposition of the iodo products.
Abstract: Acetone, methylmalonic acid, malonic acid, iodomalonic acid, and phenylmalonic acid are compared under identical conditions in the Briggs-Rauscher oscillating system. Each of these five substrates consumes iodine to form an iodo product and produces iodide at the same time. The rates of iodine consumption have been measured for each of the substrates individually. To a first approximation, all of the substrates behave in a similar manner when compared at concentrations which react with iodine at similar rates. A skeleton model for the oscillatory system cannot quantitatively predict variations of the oscillatory period with concentration for any one of the substrates. Several reactions and processes are discussed which must be part of a complete description of the oscillator but which make only marginal improvements when compared to the skeleton model: reduction of iodate ion and iodine by hydroperoxy radical, reduction of iodate by the substrate enol, second-order reduction of iodate by iodide, net oxidation of iodine by hydrogen peroxide, continuous HOIO production, and decomposition of the iodo products.
TL;DR: In this article, the capacity of the mono-form of clinoptilolite towards iodide exceeds many times that of the capacity in natural form, due to the low solubility product of AgI, Hg2I2 and HgI2 iodides generate precipitates on the zeolite surface.
Abstract: The possibility to use the monoionic Ag+-form (eventually Hg+- and Hg2+- forms) of clinoptilolite of domestic origin for radioactive iodide elimination from waters has been studied. The capacity of the monoforms of clinoptilolite towards iodide exceeds many times that of the capacity of clinoptilolite in natural form. Due to the low solubility product of AgI, Hg2I2 and HgI2 iodides generate precipitates on the zeolite surface. Rtg analyses of the silver form of clinoptilolite after sorption of iodide demonstrate the formation of new crystals on the zeolite surface. The influence of interfering anions on the adsorption capacity of silver clinoptilolite towards iodide was investigated, too. Kinetic curves of iodide desorption from the surface of silver and mercury clinoptilolite were compared. Simultaneously, adsorption isotherms for the systems aqueous iodide solution/Ag−, Hg-clinoptilolite were determined.
TL;DR: The bactericidal activity of the back-diffusing iodine from skin previously treated with a commercial povidone-iodine preparation was assayed by using an inoculation with Micrococcus luteus, which showed a logarithmic reduction of 0.4 in bacterial concentration.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of initial chemical speciation on the distribution of iodine between various soils, sediments and waters was evaluated using I-131 tracer, which was found to adsorb more extensively than iodate, although a substantial portion of the iodate was slowly reduced to iodide.
Abstract: The behaviour of iodine in the environment is of interest both in relation to radioecology and human nutrition. Radiochemical techniques were used to evaluate various aspects of the behaviour of iodine in the environment. The natural iodine content of plant, water and soil samples collected from three sites was determined using preconcentration neutron activation analysis (PNAA). The effect of initial chemical speciation on the distribution of iodine between various soils, sediments and waters was evaluated using I-131 tracer. Iodide was found to adsorb more extensively than iodate, although for most of the solid/water systems examined, a substantial portion of the iodate was slowly reduced to iodide. Experiments involving gamma irradiation suggest that much of the sorption of iodide and reduction of iodate involved microbial processes. Distribution coefficients measured using I-131 were comparable with values based on the natural I-127 content.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the use of PVP-I on mothers is associated with transient neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia, in which breast milk might play an important role, and should be avoided during labor.
Abstract: Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the affect on the neonatal thyroid function of povidone-iodine (PVP-I) used on mothers during the perinatal period.
Methods: Eighty consecutive-term pregnant women were randomly separated into 4 groups. Either PVP-I or benzethonium chloride (BC) was used to disinfect both maternal skin during labor and vaginal lacerations after delivery in Group I and IV; and PVP-I or BC was supplied to either skin or lacerations in Groups II and III. On day 5, we measured the iodide concentrations in breast milk and random urine of neonates, and the levels of neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine.
Results: The TSH levels in Group I and the breast-milk iodide concentrations in Groups I and II were significantly higher than those in Group IV (p < 0.05). Dietary iodide intake from breast milk correlated significantly with urinary iodide concentrations (r = 0.52, p < 0.001). In our clinic, the recall rate at the time of screening for congenital hypothyroidism was significantly decreased by discontinuing the use of PVP-I (4.47% vs 0.74%, p < 0.001).
Conclusions: These findings suggest that the use of PVP-I on mothers is associated with transient neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia, in which breast milk might play an important role. Therefore, we recommend that the use of PVP-I be avoided during labor.
TL;DR: In this article, the iodization of packed cooking salt and of the mineral mixtures for cattle and pigs resulted in a mean increase of the iodine intake of adults from about 30 μg/day to 48 and 59, respectively.
Abstract: In Central Europe, the iodine content of weathered soils of new red sandstone, Muschelkalk, keuper and lower strata of new red sandstone, which developed from marine sediment is low. Boulder clays and diluvial sands also exhibit low iodine concentrations. In the same areas, the iodine concentration of drinking water decreases from 9 to 1 μg/l with increasing distance from the oceans. Cereals and foodstuffs produced from them are extremely iodine-poor. The iodine content of plants increases with the proportion of leaves. Soil contamination raises the iodine content of foodstuffs and improves the iodine supply of animals. The iodination of mineral mixtures increased the iodine content of cow's milk from 17 to 81 μg/l. The iodination of packed cooking salt and of the mineral mixtures for cattle and pigs resulted in a mean increase of the iodine intake of adults from about 30 μg/day to 48 and 59, respectively. Although iodine intake remained considerably below the calculated requirement for adults (100 to 150 μg/day), it led to the disappearance of Struma konnata and reduced the frequency of struma in children.