Showing papers on "Iodine published in 2005"
TL;DR: Stable iodine supplementation in iodine-deficient populations may substantially reduce the risk of thyroid cancer related to radioactive iodines in case of exposure to radioactive iodine in childhood that may occur after radiation accidents or during medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
Abstract: relationship was observed up to 1.5 – 2 Gy. The risk of radiation-related thyroid cancer was three times higher in iodine-defi cient areas (relative risk [RR]= 3.2, 95% CI = 1.9 to 5.5) than elsewhere. Administration of potassium iodide as a dietary supplement reduced this risk of radiation-related thyroid cancer by a factor of 3 (RR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.1 to 0.9, for consumption of potassium iodide versus no consumption). Conclusion: Exposure to 131 I in childhood is associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer. Both iodine defi ciency and iodine supplementation appear to modify this risk. These results have important public health implications: stable iodine supplementation in iodine-defi cient populations may substantially reduce the risk of thyroid cancer related to radioactive iodines in case of exposure to radioactive iodines in childhood that may occur after radiation accidents or during medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. [J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:724 – 32]
532 citations
TL;DR: This study applied new analytical techniques to study the sorption and transport behavior of iodine species in sediments collected at the Savannah River and Hanford Sites, and provided quantitative estimates of key parameters (e.g., extent and rate of sorption) for risk assessment at these sites.
140 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that at least two types of IOB are distributed in the environment, and that they are preferentially isolated in environments in which iodide levels are very high, and could significantly contribute to the biogeochemical cycling of iodine.
Abstract: Iodide-oxidizing bacteria (IOB), which oxidize iodide (I-) to molecular iodine (I2), were isolated from iodide-rich (63 microM to 1.2 mM) natural gas brine waters collected from several locations. Agar media containing iodide and starch were prepared, and brine waters were spread directly on the media. The IOB, which appeared as purple colonies, were obtained from 28 of the 44 brine waters. The population sizes of IOB in the brines were 10(2) to 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) mL(-1). However, IOB were not detected in natural seawaters and terrestrial soils (fewer than 10 CFU mL(-1) and 10(2) CFU g wet weight of soils(-1), respectively). Interestingly, after the enrichment with 1 mM iodide, IOB were found in 6 of the 8 seawaters with population sizes of 10(3) to 10(5) CFU mL(-1). 16S rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses showed that the IOB strains are divided into two groups within the alpha-subclass of the Proteobacteria. One of the groups was phylogenetically most closely related to Roseovarius tolerans with sequence similarities between 94% and 98%. The other group was most closely related to Rhodothalassium salexigens, although the sequence similarities were relatively low (89% to 91%). The iodide-oxidizing reaction by IOB was mediated by an extracellular enzyme protein that requires oxygen. Radiotracer experiments showed that IOB produce not only I2 but also volatile organic iodine, which were identified as diiodomethane (CH2I2) and chloroiodomethane (CH2ClI). These results indicate that at least two types of IOB are distributed in the environment, and that they are preferentially isolated in environments in which iodide levels are very high. It is possible that IOB oxidize iodide in the natural environment, and they could significantly contribute to the biogeochemical cycling of iodine.
110 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that the most likely reaction scheme is the dissociative reduction of I(2) onto the metal oxide surface, followed by a second electron reduction of the resulting adsorbed iodine radical, and that empirical second-order behavior of the electron lifetime is most likely explained by electron trapping rather than by asecond-order recombination mechanism.
Abstract: We have used transient absorption spectroscopy to study the reaction between photogenerated electrons in a dye-free nanocrystalline titanium dioxide film and an iodine/iodide redox couple. Recombination kinetics was measured by recording the transient optical signal following band gap excitation by a UV laser pulse. In the presence of a methanol hole scavenger in the electrolyte, a long-lived (0.1−1 s) red/infrared absorbance is observed and assigned to photogenerated electrons forming Ti3+ species. In the presence of iodine and excess iodide in the electrolyte, the signal decays on a millisecond−microsecond time scale, assigned to reduction of the redox couple by photogenerated electrons in the TiO2. The electron lifetime decreases inversely with increasing iodine concentration, indicating that the back reaction is first order in [I2]. No evidence for I2- is observed, indicating that the reaction mechanism does not involve the formation of I2- as an intermediate. The shape of the kinetics evolves from mo...
87 citations
TL;DR: This systemic epidemiologic study in an iodine deficient population showed that, following a well-executed iodine supplementation program, the occurrence of IIH is rare.
Abstract: The occurrence of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism (IIH) has been reported after iodine supplementation from clinics and hospitals, but not following an epidemiologic survey. We studied the prevalence of thyroid derangement in a population following iodine supplementation. One yr after more than 75% of the population had been consuming 40 ppm iodized salt; information regarding history of endemic goiter and iodized salt production, distribution, consumption and monitoring were collected in four cities of the Islamic Republic of Iran. A total of 6048 subjects were randomly selected. All subjects were assessed for size of goiter, and urinary iodine and serum T4, T3, TSH, anti-thyroglobulin and antithyroperoxide were measured. Before iodine supplementation, all four cities were areas of endemic goiter. The rate of household consumption of iodized salt was 50, 75 and 90% in 1994, 1995 and 1996, respectively. Ninety-one percent of the salt samples contained 15–55 ppm iodide. Total goiter rate was 57, 62 and 68%; median urinary iodine was 188, 197 and 190 μg/l in the age groups of 6–18, 19–40 and >40 yr, respectively. Prevalence of clinical and subclinical hyperthyroidism was 0.34 and 0.41 and those of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism were 0.51 and 1.07%, respectively. Nine point eight and 18% in the 19–40 yr age group and 17.6 and 25.6% in >40 yr old subjects had positive anti-thyroperoxidase and antithyroglobulin, respectively. This systemic epidemiologic study in an iodine deficient population showed that, following a well-executed iodine supplementation program, the occurrence of IIH is rare.
85 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a multidimensional chromatographic approach coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for element specific detection of seaweed.
Abstract: Speciation of iodine in commercially available commonly consumed seaweed samples was performed using a multidimensional chromatographic approach coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for element specific detection. Analysis of alkaline extract (0.1 mol l−1 NaOH) by size-exclusion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS (0.03 mol l−1 Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) indicated the association of iodine with both high as well as low molecular weight fractions in Wakame, while in case of Kombu, only low molecular weight iodine species were found. Likely association of iodine with protein as well as polyphenolic species was indicated in the case of Wakame. Anion-exchange chromatography coupled to ICP-MS (0.005 mol l−1 NaOH) confirmed that the most predominant inorganic iodine species present in both type of seaweeds is iodide. Protein bound iodinated species were hydrolyzed by enzymatic digestion using Proteinase K. Analysis of the hydrolysate using reversed-phase HPLC-ICP-MS (0.01 mol l−1 Tris-HCl pH 7.3 ∶ 0.01 mol l−1 Tris-HCl pH 7.3 and 50% MeOH) revealed the presence of monoiodotyrosine and di-iodotyrosine in Wakame, which was later identified by matching the chromatographic retention time with the retention time of commercially available standards.
80 citations
TL;DR: Continuous I2 treatment has a potent antineoplastic effect on the progression of mammary cancer and its effect may be related to a decrease in the oxidative cell environment.
78 citations
TL;DR: The data show that modulation of the thyroid NIS by TSH depends primarily on thyroid iodine content and, further, that the regulation of NIS activity is rapid, confirming previous findings that iodine organification is essential for the iodide transport blockade seen during iodine overload.
Abstract: Transport of iodide into thyrocytes, a fundamental step in thyroid hormone biosynthesis, depends on the presence of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). The importance of the NIS for diagnosis and treatment of diseases has raised several questions about its physiological control. The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of thyroid iodine content on NIS regulation by thyrotrophin (TSH) in vivo. We showed that 15-min thyroid radioiodine uptake can be a reliable measurement of NIS activity in vivo. The effect of TSH on the NIS was evaluated in rats treated with 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole (MMI; hypothyroid with high serum TSH concentrations) for 21 days, and after 1 (R1d), 2 (R2d), or 5 (R5d) days of withdrawal of MMI. NIS activity was significantly greater in both MMI and R1d rats. In R2d and R5d groups, thyroid iodide uptake returned to normal values, despite continuing high serum TSH, possibly as a result of the re-establishment of iodine organification after withdrawal of MMI. Excess iodine (0.05% NaI for 6 days) promoted a significant reduction in thyroid radioiodide uptake, an effect that was blocked by concomitant administration of MMI, confirming previous findings that iodine organification is essential for the iodide transport blockade seen during iodine overload. Therefore, our data show that modulation of the thyroid NIS by TSH depends primarily on thyroid iodine content and, further, that the regulation of NIS activity is rapid.
77 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that an oxidant defence system may exist which makes use of iodide and tyrosine, both of which form an efficient oxidant Defence system which shields the tissue against damage by reactive oxygen species.
Abstract: In Aurelia aurita, applied iodine induces medusa formation (strobilation). This process also occurs when the temperature is lowered. This was found to increase oxidative stress resulting in an increased production of iodine from iodide. One polyp produces several medusae (initially termed ephyrae) starting at the polyp's oral end. The spreading of strobilation down the body column is controlled by a feedback loop: ephyra anlagen decrease the tyrosine content in adjacent polyp tissue by producing melanin from tyrosine. Endogenous tyrosine is able to remove iodine by forming iodiferous tyrosine compounds. The reduced level of tyrosine causes the ephyra-polyp-border to move towards the basal end of the former polyp. We argue that an oxidant defence system may exist which makes use of iodide and tyrosine. Like other marine invertebrates, polyps of Aurelia contain iodide ions. Inevitably produced peroxides oxidise iodide into iodine. The danger to be harmed by iodine is strongly decreased by endogenous tyrosine which reacts with iodine to form iodiferous tyrosine compounds including thyroxin. Both substances together, iodide and tyrosine, form an efficient oxidant defence system which shields the tissue against damage by reactive oxygen species. In the course of evolution (from a species at the basis of the animal kingdom like Aurelia to a highly evolved species like man) the waste product thyroxin (indicating a high metabolic rate) has developed into a hormone which controls the metabolic rate.
63 citations
TL;DR: This study demonstrates the potential of NIS as a therapeutic gene, allowing radioiodine therapy of MTC after tissue-specific NIS gene transfer after calcitonin promoter-directed hNIS expression.
Abstract: Context: In contrast to papillary and follicular thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) remains difficult to treat due to its unresponsiveness to radioiodine therapy and its limited responsiveness to chemo- and radiotherapy. Objective: To investigate an alternative therapeutic approach, we examined the feasibility of radioiodine therapy of MTC after human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) gene transfer using the calcitonin promoter to target hNIS gene expression to MTC cells (TT). Design: TT cells were stably transfected with an expression vector, in which hNIS cDNA was coupled to the calcitonin promoter. Functional hNIS expression was confirmed by iodide accumulation assays, Northern and Western blot analysis, immunostaining, and in vitro clonogenic assay. Results: hNIS-transfected TT cells showed perchlorate-sensitive iodide uptake, accumulating 125-I about 12-fold in vitro with organification of 4% of accumulated iodide resulting in a significant decrease in iodide efflux. NIS protein expression w...
60 citations
TL;DR: Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that iodide-accumulating bacteria were closely related to Flexibacter aggregans NBRC15975 and Arenibacter troitsensis, members of the family Flavobacteriaceae.
Abstract: Iodide (I(-))-accumulating bacteria were isolated from marine sediment by an autoradiographic method with radioactive (125)I(-). When they were grown in a liquid medium containing 0.1 microM iodide, 79 to 89% of the iodide was removed from the medium, and a corresponding amount of iodide was detected in the cells. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that iodide-accumulating bacteria were closely related to Flexibacter aggregans NBRC15975 and Arenibacter troitsensis, members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. When one of the strains, strain C-21, was cultured with 0.1 microM iodide, the maximum iodide content and the maximum concentration factor for iodide were 220 +/- 3.6 (mean +/- standard deviation) pmol of iodide per mg of dry cells and 5.5 x 10(3), respectively. In the presence of much higher concentrations of iodide (1 microM to 1 mM), increased iodide content but decreased concentration factor for iodide were observed. An iodide transport assay was carried out to monitor the uptake and accumulation of iodide in washed cell suspensions of iodide-accumulating bacteria. The uptake of iodide was observed only in the presence of glucose and showed substrate saturation kinetics, with an apparent affinity constant for transport and a maximum velocity of 0.073 muM and 0.55 pmol min(-1) mg of dry cells(-1), respectively. The other dominant species of iodine in terrestrial and marine environments, iodate (IO(3)(-)), was not transported.
TL;DR: This study established that optimizing the delivery of iodine by means of IC injection combined with a blood-brain barrier opener (mannitol) significantly increases the iodine uptake of F98 rat gliomas.
Abstract: Purpose Synchrotron stereotactic radiotherapy (SSR) is a binary cancer treatment modality that involves the selective accumulation of a high Z element, such as iodine, in tumors, followed by stereotactic irradiation with kilovoltage X-rays from a synchrotron source. The success of SSR is directly related to the absolute amount of iodine achievable in the tumor. The purposes of this preclinical study were to determine whether the delivery of iodine to brain tumor models in rats could be enhanced by the means of its intracarotid injection with or without a hyperosmotic solution and to evaluate corresponding absorbed X-ray doses. Methods and materials Experiments were performed on four groups of F98 glioma–bearing rats, which received either intracarotid (IC) or intravenous (IV) infusions of a mixture (6 mL in 12 min) of an iodinated contrast agent associated or not with a transient blood–brain barrier opener (mannitol). The mixture volumetric proportions were 8/13 of Iomeron (C = 350 mg/mL) for 5/13 of mannitol or saline, respectively. Absolute iodine concentration kinetic was measured in vivo in the tumor, blood, contralateral and ipsilateral brain, and muscle by monochromatic computed tomography. Associated dosimetry was performed by computing the iodine dose enhancement factor (DEF) in each region and building dose distribution maps by analytical simulations. Results Infusion of mannitol significantly enhanced iodine tumor uptake compared with the control values ( p p = 0.0138, for IC and IV protocols, respectively). The mean iodine concentrations (C) reached 20.5 ± 0.98 mg/mL (DEF = 4.1) after administration of iodine and mannitol vs. 4.1 ± 1.2 mg/mL i.c. with serum (DEF = 1.6). The tumor iodine uptakes after jugular injection with mannitol (C = 4.4 ± 2.1 mg/mL, DEF=1.7) were not significantly different from IC injection of iodine without mannitol ( p = 0.8142). The IV injection of iodine with saline led to an iodine concentration in the tumor of 1.2 ± 0.98 mg/mL and a DEF of 1.2. Conclusions This study established that optimizing the delivery of iodine by means of IC injection combined with a blood–brain barrier opener (mannitol) significantly increases the iodine uptake of F98 rat gliomas. This infusion protocol could potentially enhance the efficacy of SSR treatment, because the radiation dose is proportional to the iodine amount present in the irradiation bed.
TL;DR: Copper(I) iodide and potassium iodide react with benzimidazole under hydrothermal conditions to form a photoluminescent μ3/μ4 iodo-bridged, four-legged, triple-ladder polymer as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Copper(I) iodide and potassium iodide react with benzimidazole under hydrothermal conditions to form a photoluminescent μ3/μ4 iodo-bridged, four-legged, triple-ladder polymer [(CuI)2(C7H6N2)]n
(1) as well as linear [Cu(2-IC7H4N2)]n
(2), which has iodine in the heterocyclic entity that results from nucleophilic substitution. The compounds can be synthesized independently with a rational choice of different solvents: compound 1 is the sole product in acetonitrile whereas aqueous ammonia only results in the formation of compound 2. Compound 1 shows two emission peaks at 409 and 608 nm assigned to a combination of iodide to copper charge transfer (XMCT) and a metal centre d–sp transition.
TL;DR: Iodine-promoted glycosylation of serine and threonine with 2‐azido‐2‐deoxy‐glycosyl iodides, easily obtained in three steps, proceeded smoothly, resulting in only α‐linked products in high yield in most cases.
TL;DR: Cats with hyperthyroidism that have a bilateral scintigraphic pattern in the thyroid gland before 131I treatment appear to have a significantly higher risk of subsequently developing hypothyroidism, compared with cats with a unilateral scintIGraphic pattern.
Abstract: Objective—To assess whether the risk of development of hypothyroidism after treatment with iodine 131 (131I) was associated with the pattern of sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m activity in the thyroid g...
TL;DR: In this article, microwave energy has been applied to speed up a tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) alkaline digestion of seaweed samples and to assist distillation of iodine from seaweed alkaline digests.
TL;DR: It is suggested that iodine contributes to autoimmune thyroiditis in the NOD by directly enhancing the antigenicity of thyroglobulin in mice fed methimazole and potassium perchlorate.
Abstract: Autoimmune thyroiditis in humans has been linked to excess iodine intake. A causative relationship between dietary iodine and thyroiditis has been clearly established in animal models of thyroiditis, including the NOD.H2(h4) mouse strain, which develops enhanced thyroiditis spontaneously after supplementation of drinking water with sodium iodide. To assess the mechanisms by which iodine may contribute to disease pathogenesis, we have purified hypoiodinated thyroglobulin (Lo-I Tg) from the thyroids of mice fed methimazole and potassium perchlorate. This preparation contained only a trace of iodine and was poorly reactive to monoclonal antibody 42C3, which has been shown previously to distinguish hypoiodinated from normal Tg. A cloned T cell line 2D11 from a diseased NOD.H2(h4) mouse proliferated in response to normal Tg, but not to Lo-I Tg. Serum antibodies from NOD.H2(h4) mice with thyroiditis were poorly reactive to Lo-I Tg. To determine that these changes were due specifically to iodine content, Lo-I Tg was reiodinated in vitro. Reiodination of Lo-I Tg partially re-established the reactivity of NOD.H2(h4) serum antibodies. The data demonstrate that the reactivity of thyroglobulin-specific antibodies and certain T cells are dependent on the iodine content of thyroglobulin. These findings suggest that iodine contributes to autoimmune thyroiditis in the NOD.H2(h4) mouse by directly enhancing the antigenicity of thyroglobulin.
TL;DR: In this article, the IR spectra of polyamide 6 fibres treated with solutions of different concentrations of iodine and potassium iodide were studied and the spectral changes observed are related to variations in the polymorphic crystalline α and γ forms of the polyamide, which demonstrate the formation of a complex between the tri-iodide ion and the polymer during the iodine sorption process and a structural change during desorption.
TL;DR: The iodine content of many evaluated preparations for feeding premature infants appears to be inadequate, and premature infants are now in a situation of iodine deficiency, precisely at a stage of psychomotor and neural development which is extremely sensitive to alterations of thyroid function.
Abstract: Iodine is a trace element which is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), are necessary for adequate growth and development throughout fetal and extrauterine life. The iodine intake of newborns is entirely dependent on the iodine content of breast milk and the formula preparations used to feed them. An inadequate iodine supply might be especially dangerous in the case of premature babies. The minimum recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for different age groups has recently been revised. The iodine intake required is at least 15 microg/kg/day in full-term infants and 30 microg/kg/day in preterms. The iodine content of many evaluated preparations for feeding premature infants appears to be inadequate. Premature infants are now in a situation of iodine deficiency, precisely at a stage of psychomotor and neural development which is extremely sensitive to alterations of thyroid function.
TL;DR: There was a lack of relationship between UI (or UI/Cr) concentrations and serum T4 or TSH concentrations in individuals in an “iodine-sufficient population,” and TSH and T4 are not appropriate markers of UI concentrations in this population.
Abstract: The toxicity of environmental chemicals such as nitrates, thiocynates, and perchlorates, some therapeutics, and dietary goitrogens can lower thyroidal iodine uptake and result in hypothyroidism and goiter. Iodine sufficiency, essential for normal thyroid hormone synthesis, is critical during gestation to assure that sufficient thyroxine (T4) and iodine reach the developing fetus. Spot urinary iodide (UI) measurements are used globally to indicate and monitor iodine sufficiency of populations. In individuals, however, UI are not routinely measured; instead, normal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and T4 concentrations serve as surrogate indicators of iodine sufficiency as well as thyroidal health. Our objective was to examine the relationship between UI concentrations and serum T4 and TSH concentrations in individuals in an "iodine-sufficient population." Using a cross-sectional sample of the US population (n = 7628) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III; 1988-1994) database, we examined the relationship among UI, T4, and TSH in pregnant and nonpregnant women and in men (15-44 years). There was a lack of relationship between UI (or UI/Cr) concentrations and serum T4 or TSH concentrations. Therefore, TSH and T4 are not appropriate markers of UI concentrations in this population. Monitoring the status of iodine nutrition of individuals in the United States may be important because serum TSH and T4 concentrations do not indicate low iodine status.
TL;DR: In the absence of acid, the green chemistry concept of vicinal Iodo-alkoxy or iodo-hydroxy substituted alkanes was introduced in this paper, where the reaction of alkenes with elemental iodine activated by 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide in the presence of methanol or water as the external nucleophile source was demonstrated.
TL;DR: These studies revealed, for the first time, the presence of the ovarian 5'-monodeiodinase system in FF capable of generating T3 (ovary-born T3) by outer ring deiodination of T4.
TL;DR: The present IC-EC detection method was successfully applied to determine low contents of iodide in human urine with solid phase extraction as pretreatment and correlated very well with the reference colorimetric method in urine.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The severity of endemic goitre was high in the studied population though the iodine nutritional status was found satisfactory in the region indicating no biochemical iodine deficiency.
Abstract: Background & objectives: In post salt iodization phase endemic goitre and associated iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) were found prevalent in a randomly selected rural area of Sundarban delta and its adjoining areas of West Bengal. The present investigation was thus undertaken to study the total goitre rate, urinary iodine and thiocyanate excretion pattern of the school going children, iodine content in edible salt and drinking water in the Sundarban delta of South 24-Parganas in West Bengal. Results: Children of all the areas were affected by endemic goitre. The prevalence rates were in the ranges from 25-61 per cent; overall goitre prevalence was 38.2 per cent (grade 1 - 34.0%; grade 2 - 4.2%). Median urinary iodine level in the studied areas was 225 μg/l (range 115-525 μg/l) indicating no biochemical iodine deficiency in the region. Mean urinary thiocyanate levels were in the range from 0.326 - 1.004 mg/dl. Iodine content in drinking water samples were in the ranges from 22 - 119 μg/l, and 55.6 per cent edible salt samples had iodine level above the recommended 15 ppm at the consumption point. Interpretation & conclusion: The severity of endemic goitre was high in the studied population though the iodine nutritional status was found satisfactory in the region indicating no biochemical iodine deficiency. The people of the region consumed iodine through iodized salt but about 44 per cent of the salt samples at household level contained inadequate iodine, however their iodine intake was compensated through iodine in water and food. They also consumed dietary goitrogen. Environmental factors other than iodine deficiency may have possible role for the persistence of endemic goitre in the region. More investigations are thus necessary to arrive at certain definite cause of high goitre rates in this population.
TL;DR: Development of a flow injection system for determination of iodide, based on the chemiluminescence (CL) reaction between iodine and luminol is described, which was successfully applied to determine iodide in some pharmaceutical products such as potassium iodide tablets and a liquid patent medicine.
TL;DR: Iodine preparations are widely used antiseptics, yet limited information exists on their irritant potential and threshold for diagnostic patch testing, so using iodine in different preparations and concentrations is recommended.
Abstract: Iodine preparations are widely used antiseptics, yet limited information exists on their irritant potential and threshold for diagnostic patch testing. We examine this issue by using iodine in different preparations and concentrations. A total of 24 fair-skinned, healthy volunteers without a history of iodine allergy, ranging in age from 18 to 65 years (mean age 49.5 + 10.7 SD), were recruited. Concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 5% and 10% iodine in petrolatum (pet.), 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% iodine in 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and 1%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% of povidone-iodine (PVP-I) were applied for 2 days to the intrascapular area on the back or to the volar forearm between cubital fossa and wrist using Finn Chambers® on Scanpor. Test sites were read 2 days (D2) and 4 days (D4) after patch application. Skin reactions were graded according to the following scheme: 0 = no reaction, + = questionable erythema, 1 = definite erythema, 2 = erythema and induration and 3 = vesiculation. Mild-to-moderate reactions (+ to 2) were observed in 75% of the subjects patched with 5% iodine in pet. at 2–4 days after application. Almost all subjects reacted to 10% iodine at D2 and D4, with 65% exhibiting erythema and induration or vesiculation. A large number (33%) of the subjects developed some reactions to the low concentration (0.5%) of iodine in 70% IPA at D2. Vesicles were seen in 54% of the subjects patched with 1% iodine in 70% IPA at D4. Only 1 subject reacted to 7.5% and 10% PVP-I. Iodine can be irritant to normal skin in pet. and in 70% IPA. Pet. possibly enhances skin contact with iodine, thus increasing its irritant capacity. Alcohol removes sebum from the skin surface, and it might increase iodine penetration into the skin, causing a higher degree of irritation. PVP-I is relatively non-irritant, because its iodine is complexed in an iodophor. For diagnostic patch testing, we recommend using iodine at less than 1% in pet. and at less than 0.5% in 70% IPA. For PVP-I, 10% appears non-irritant. With the variation in patch-test irritant response, interpretation of the patch-test response in the light of clinical history is mandatory.
TL;DR: A variety of ortho-hydroxy substituted aromatic carbonyl compounds were regioselectively iodinated with iodine and iodic acid in excellent yields.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the iodine behaviour in the ocean water collected during a cruise in the North Pacific Ocean in February-March 2003 was not conservative but correlated with variations in concentrations of dissolved oxygen and nutrient elements such as silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus, which suggests that the vertical distribution of iodine is associated with biological activities.
Abstract: Using a novel high-sensitivity capillary electrophoretic method, vertical distributions of iodate, iodide, total inorganic iodine, dissolved organic iodine and total iodine in the North Pacific Ocean (0–5500 m) were determined without any sample pre-treatment other than UV irradiation before total iodine analysis. An extensive set of data demonstrated that the iodine behaviour in the ocean water collected during a cruise in the North Pacific Ocean in February–March 2003 was not conservative but correlated with variations in concentrations of dissolved oxygen and nutrient elements such as silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus. This suggests that the vertical distribution of iodine is associated with biological activities. The dissolved organic iodine was found in the euphotic zone in accord with observations elsewhere in the oceans. The vertical profile of dissolved organic iodine also appears to be related to biogeochemical activity. The concentrations of all measured iodine species vary noticeably above 1000 m but only minor latitudinal changes occur below 1000 m and slight vertical alterations can be observed below 2400 m. These findings are thought to reflect the stratification of nutrients and iodine species with different biological activities in the water column.
TL;DR: In this paper, the redox behavior of I− and I3− in 3-methoxypropionitrile (MePN) with different concentrations of 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (MPII) and iodine by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was investigated.
TL;DR: The nutritional iodine intake in a Saxonian study population was found to be close to the margin of iodine deficiency, which shows insufficient supplementation of iodine through iodized salt/industrialized food production.
Abstract: We determined the influence of different nutritional factors on the urinary iodine excretion in an East German university population. First, we assessed iodine excretion in spot urine samples. Second, we measured iodine content in the university canteen meals, where approximately 20% of the probands had regular meals. Third, we used a special food questionnaire to assess for other sources of nutritional iodine intake, namely iodine tablets, fish consumption, etc. Fourth, we determined the actual prevalence of goiter and thyroid nodules in our probands by high-resolution ultrasonography. The mean urinary iodine excretion in our cohort was 109 +/- 81 microg/g level indicating a borderline adequate iodine intake (100-200). The frequency of thyroid nodules was 30% and the frequency of goiter 11%. Thyroid volumes greater than 18 mL and 25 mL were considered to be enlarged in adult women and men respectively. Urinary iodine excretion was not related to the presence of goiter or thyroid nodules. In addition urinary iodine excretion did not vary with regular consumption of canteen meals, which contained approximately 50% of the daily recommended iodine intake. In contrast probands with regular supplementary intake of iodine tablets had significantly higher values of urinary iodine excretion (169 +/- 130 microg/g) compared to participants without (103 +/- 87 microg/g). No other single nutritional factor (e.g., salt, milk, or bread) had a statistically significant impact on urinary iodine excretion or was able to raise the urinary iodine excretion above the level of marginal iodine deficiency. In summary, the nutritional iodine intake in a Saxonian study population was found to be close to the margin of iodine deficiency. This shows insufficient supplementation of iodine through iodized salt/industrialized food production.