Showing papers on "Iodine published in 2011"

Colorimetric iodide recognition and sensing by citrate-stabilized core/shell Cu@Au nanoparticles.

Abstract: In the light of the significance and urgency for the recognition and sensing of anions specifically, especially those of biological relevance, herein, we wish to demonstrate a novel colorimetric avenue for highly selective iodide recognition and sensing using simple citrate-stabilized core/shell Cu@Au nanoparticles. No other ions than iodide can induce an appreciable color change of the Cu@Au nanoparticles solution from purple to red by transforming the interconnected, irregularly shaped nanoparticles to the single, separated, and nearly spherical ones, as confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). On the basis of the optical spectra and TEM studies, a mechanism of iodide-induced aggregating/fusion, fragmentation, and reorganization of atoms is proposed. With this strategy, 6 μM (0.76 ppm) of iodide can be recognized within 20 min by naked-eye observation. This sensitive and selective colorimetric assay opens up a fresh insight of facile, rapid, and reliable detection of iodide and may find its future application in the analysis of the total iodine in edible salt as well as the clinical diagnosis of urinary iodide.

Iodine and Iodine Compounds

Abstract: Iodine is used in a wide variety of fields, among which are included industrial, pharmaceutical, nutritional, agricultural, electrical, and metallurgical. Iodine is produced as a nitrate ore by-product or from brines or seaweed. As found in nature it has only one stable isotope. Several radioactive isotopes have been prepared and have found use as radiopharmaceuticals or radioactive tracers for medical imaging. Iodine is the only halogen that is solid at ambient temperatures and pressures. Having the highest atomic weight of the common halogens, iodine begins to exhibit metallic properties. Besides exhibiting properties of luster and opacity, it is classed as a semiconductor of electricity. It is an essential human nutrient. Commercially available inorganic and organic compounds are described. Keywords: Occurrence; Properties; Manufacture; Economics; Analytical methods; Health and safety; Uses; Environmental concerns; Iodine; Solubility; Brines; catalysts; Stabilizers; Phtography; Animal feeds; Dyes; Inks; Colorants; Sanitary uses; Radioactive iodine; Pharmaceuticals; Water purification; Potassium iodide; Sodium iodide; Hydrogen iodide; Iodates; Methyl iodide; Methyline iodide; Thymol iodide; Ethyl iodide

Formation of organic iodine supplied as iodide in a soil-water system in Chiba, Japan.

Abstract: Speciation of iodine in a soil−water system was investigated to understand the mechanism of iodine mobility in surface environments. Iodine speciation in soil and pore water was determined by K-edge XANES and HPLC−ICP-MS, respectively, for samples collected at a depth of 0−12 cm in the Yoro area, Chiba, Japan. Pore water collected at a 0−6 cm depth contained 50%−60% of organic iodine bound to dissolved organic matter, with the other portion being I−. At a 9−12 cm depth, 98% of iodine was in the form of dissolved I−. In contrast, XANES analysis revealed that iodine in soil exists as organic iodine at all depths. Iodine mapping of soil grains was obtained using micro-XRF analysis, which also indicated that iodine is bound to organic matter. The activity of laccase, which has the ability to oxidize I− to I2, was high at the surface of the soil−water layer, suggesting that iodide oxidizing enzymes can promote iodine organification. The distribution coefficient of organic iodine in the soil−water system was mo...

Selenium status, thyroid volume, and multiple nodule formation in an area with mild iodine deficiency

Abstract: Objective: The objective was to study the associations between serum selenium concentration and thyroid volume, as well as the association between serum selenium concentration and risk for an enlarged thyroid gland in an area with mild iodine deficiency before and after iodine fortification was introduced. Another objective was to examine the association between serum selenium concentration and prevalence of thyroid nodules. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: We studied participants of two similar cross-sectional studies carried out before (1997–1998, nZ405) and after (2004–2005, nZ400) introduction of iodine fortification. Serum selenium concentration and urinary iodine were measured, and the thyroid gland was examined by ultrasonography in the same subjects. Associations between serum selenium concentration and thyroid parameters were examined in multiple linear regression models or logistic regression models. Results: Serum selenium concentration was found to be significantly, negatively associated with thyroid volume (PZ0.006), and a low selenium status significantly increased the risk for thyroid enlargement (PZ0.007). Furthermore, low serum selenium status had a tendency to increase the risk for development of multiple nodules (PZ0.087). Conclusions: Low serum selenium concentration was associated with a larger thyroid volume and a higher prevalence of thyroid enlargement.

Iodine biofortification in tomato

Abstract: Iodine is an essential element in the human diet, and iodine deficiency is a significant health problem. No attempts to increase iodine content in plant-derived food (biofortification) have so far been particularly effective. We studied iodine uptake in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to evaluate whether it is possible to increase the iodine concentration in its fruits. Iodine translocation and storage inside tomato tissues were studied using radioactive iodine. Potassium iodide was also supplied at different concentrations to tomato plants to evaluate the resulting iodide concentration both in the vegetative tissues and the fruits. The results indicate that iodine was taken up better when supplied to the roots using hydroponically grown plants. However, a considerable amount of iodine was also stored after leaf treatment, suggesting that iodine transport through phloem also occurred. We found that tomato plants can tolerate high levels of iodine, stored both in the vegetative tissues and fruits at concentrations that are more than sufficient for the human diet. We conclude that tomato is an excellent crop for iodine-biofortification programs.

Iodine Status of Pregnant and Postpartum Japanese Women: Effect of Iodine Intake on Maternal and Neonatal Thyroid Function in an Iodine-Sufficient Area

Abstract: Background: Iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women results in serious damage to their fetuses, newborns, and weaning infants. The effect of dietary iodine intake on maternal and infantile thyroid function has not been well studied in iodine-sufficient areas, and there are few data on appropriate gestational age-specific reference ranges for urinary iodine excretion during pregnancy and lactation. Objectives: The aim of the study was to characterize the gestational change of urinary iodine excretion in Japanese women and to assess the effects of iodine status on thyroid function in mother and infant. Methods: A total of 934 Japanese women and their 722 newborn infants were enrolled in the study. Iodine and creatinine concentrations were determined in spot urine samples in the three trimesters of pregnancy and the postpartum period at 34.0 d after delivery. Serum thyroperoxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody, TSH, and free T4 were measured in each trimester, and neonatal TSH was measured on...

Geographical distribution of drinking-water with high iodine level and association between high iodine level in drinking-water and goitre: a Chinese national investigation.

Abstract: Excessive iodine intake can cause thyroid function disorders as can be caused by iodine deficiency. There are many people residing in areas with high iodine levels in drinking-water in China. The main aim of the present study was to map the geographical distribution of drinking-water with high iodine level in China and to determine the relationship between high iodine level in drinking-water and goitre prevalence. Iodine in drinking-water was measured in 1978 towns of eleven provinces in China, with a total of 28,857 water samples. We randomly selected children of 8-10 years old, examined the presence of goitre and measured their urinary iodine in 299 towns of nine provinces. Of the 1978 towns studied, 488 had iodine levels between 150 and 300 μg/l in drinking-water, and in 246 towns, the iodine level was >300 μg/l. These towns are mainly distributed along the original Yellow River flood areas, the second largest river in China. Of the 56 751 children examined, goitre prevalence was 6.3 % in the areas with drinking-water iodine levels of 150-300 μg/l and 11.0 % in the areas with drinking-water iodine >300 μg/l. Goitre prevalence increased with water and urinary iodine levels. For children with urinary iodine >1500 μg/l, goitre prevalence was 3.69 times higher than that for those with urinary iodine levels of 100-199 μg/l. The present study suggests that drinking-water with high iodine levels is distributed in eleven provinces of China. Goitre becomes more prevalent with the increase in iodine level in drinking-water. Therefore, it becomes important to prevent goitre through stopping the provision of iodised salt and providing normal drinking-water iodine through pipelines in these areas in China.

Concentration-dependent mobility, retardation, and speciation of iodine in surface sediment from the Savannah River Site.

Abstract: Iodine occurs in multiple oxidation states in aquatic systems in the form of organic and inorganic species. This feature leads to complex biogeochemical cycling of stable iodine and its long-lived isotope, (129)I. In this study, we investigated the sorption, transport, and interconversion of iodine species by comparing their mobility in groundwaters at ambient concentrations of iodine species (10(-8) to 10(-7) M) to those at artificially elevated concentrations (78.7 μM), which often are used in laboratory analyses. Results demonstrate that the mobility of iodine species greatly depends on, in addition to the type of species, the iodine concentration used, presumably limited by the number of surface organic carbon binding sites to form covalent bonds. At ambient concentrations, iodide and iodate were significantly retarded (K(d) values as high as 49 mL g(-1)), whereas at concentrations of 78.7 μM, iodide traveled along with the water without retardation. Appreciable amounts of iodide during transport were retained in soils due to iodination of organic carbon, specifically retained by aromatic carbon. At high input concentration of iodate (78.7 μM), iodate was found to be reduced to iodide and subsequently followed the transport behavior of iodide. These experiments underscore the importance of studying iodine geochemistry at ambient concentrations and demonstrate the dynamic nature of their speciation during transport conditions.

Iodine-induced regioselective C-C and C-N bonds formation of N-protected indoles.

Abstract: A mild, metal-free, and environmently benign iodine-promoted regioselective C−C and C−N bonds formation of N-protected indole derivatives giving 2,3′-biindoles 2 and 4-(1H-indol-2-yl)morpholines 4 is successfully demonstrated. Various bioactive 2,3′-biindoles and 4-(1H-indol-2-yl)morpholines, bearing electron-rich to moderately electron-poor substituents, can be prepared in moderate to good yields.

Iodine Fortification Plant Screening Process and Accumulation in Tomato Fruits and Potato Tubers

Abstract: Iodine is an essential microelement for human health, and the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of such element should range from 40 to 200 µg day −1 . Because of the low iodine contents in vegetables, cereals, and many other foods, iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is one of the most widespread nutrient-deficiency diseases in the world. Therefore, investigations of I uptake in plants with the aim of fortifying them can help reach the important health and social objective of IDD elimination. This study was conducted to determine the effects of the absorption of iodine from two different chemical forms—potassium iodide (I − ) and potassium iodate (IO − 3)—in a wide range of wild and cultivated plant species. Pot plants were irrigated with different concentrations of I − or IO − 3, namely 0.05% and 0.1% (w/v) I − and 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.5% (w/v) IO − 3. Inhibiting effects on plant growth were observed after adding these amounts of iodine to the irrigation water. Plants were able to tolerate high levels of iodine as IO − 3 better than I − in the root environment. Among cultivated species, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) showed the lowest biomass reductions due to iodine toxicity and maize (Zea mays L.) together with tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) showed the greatest. After the screening, cultivated tomato and potato were shown to be good targets for a fortification-rate study among the species screened. When fed with 0.05% iodine salts, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruits absorbed iodine up to 272 and 527 µg/100 g fresh weight (FW) from IO − 3 and 1,875 and 3,900 µg/100 g FW from I − . These uptake levels were well more than the RDA of 150 µg day −1 for adults. Moreover, the agronomic efficiency of iodine accumulation of potato tubers and tomato fruits was calculated. Both plant organs showed greater accumulation efficiency for given units of iodine from iodide than from iodate. This accumulation efficiency decreased in both potato tubers and tomato fruits at iodine concentrations greater than 0.05% for iodide and at respectively 0.2% and 0.1% for iodate. On the basis of the uptake curve, it was finally possible to calculate the doses of supply in the irrigation water of iodine as iodate (0.028% for potato and 0.014% for tomato) as well as of iodide (0.004% for potato and 0.002% for tomato) to reach the 150 µg day −1 RDA for adults in 100 g of such vegetables, to efficiently control IDD, although these results still need to be validated.

Molecular Iodine: Recent Application in Heterocyclic Synthesis

Abstract: In this review, the use of molecular iodine as a catalyst in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds is presented and reviewed. In recent years, the use of molecular iodine in organic chemistry has received considerable attention because the chemical (a) is inexpen- sive and readily available, (b) is less toxic than alternatives, (c) has an easy workup method, and (d) is a moisture-stable, mild Lewis acid. Many of the reactions using iodine are associated with mild conditions, greater stero- and regioselectivities, short reaction times, and simplicity in their operation. Scheme 1. Iodine is produced from brine in Japan. Chiba Prefecture is the world's largest production site of iodine from brine, which contains iodine species such as NaI mainly in the range of 100-150 ppm concentration. This brine is isolated from the underground, which is a closed system and is not connected to the ocean, together with natural methane gas. Now Japan produces ca. 8000 tons/year of iodine mainly, sodium iodide and potassium iodide, of the ca. 21000 tons/year of iodine production in the world, and most of these iodine species in Japan is produced from the Chiba Prefecture area. World demand for iodine and organic iodine compounds is as follows; X-ray contrast media (21%), disinfectants and biocides (20%), medium of organic reactions (19%), medicinal and pharma- ceuticals (16%), animal feeds (9%), herbicides (4%), photographics (3%), etc. Chemical functional ability of iodine as disinfectants or biocides comes from the oxidizing ability of iodine itself, especially

Ten-year follow-up of thyroid epidemiology in Slovenia after increase in salt iodization.

Abstract: Iodine is an essential element of thyroid hormones, crucial for the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders. Iodine supplementation is an important public health measure that influences the thyroid volume and determines the epidemiology of thyroid disorders. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, the main indicators of iodine supply are median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and thyroid size in schoolchildren (1). There are limited and sometimes conflicting longitudinal studies on epidemiology of thyroid disorders after the increase in iodine intake in areas with previously mild iodine deficiency. A few studies reported an early increase in the incidence of hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease and thyroid autonomy (2-4), in some cases followed by a decrease (2,5). Some reported an increased incidence of hypothyroidism (5), probably due to a higher incidence of thyroid autoimmunity (6-8). All investigators observed a decrease in the incidence of diffuse goiter in young population (3,9-11), while the data in the elderly are controversial (3,12). The prevalence of goiter in Slovenia between the two world wars was up to 80% (13). In 1953, iodine prophylaxis was introduced with addition of 10 mg potassium iodide per kilogram of kitchen salt. In 1991 to 1994, an epidemiological study revealed a goiter grade 2 by WHO criteria in 11% of 1740 schoolchildren aged 13 years (14). The mean thyroid volume measured by ultrasonography was 7.2 mL and UIC was lower than 100 μg/g of creatinine in 73.7% of children, with a median of 82.9 μg/g of creatinine (14), which classified Slovenia a mildly iodine-deficient according to the WHO criteria. Therefore, in January 1999 the Ministry of Health issued a recommendation for mandatory salt iodization with 25 mg (within range of 20-30 mg) of potassium iodide. In this study, we investigated the iodine supply and incidence of different thyroid disorders in Slovenia after the increase in salt iodization in 1999. We assessed the iodine supply in a population of schoolchildren using UIC and measurement of thyroid volume. We also performed a ten-year follow-up on the incidence of different thyroid disorders, including goiter, thyroid autonomy, Graves’ disease, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in the adult population.

The placenta as a compensatory iodine storage organ.

Abstract: Background: The production of iodine-containing thyroid hormones necessary for brain development in the fetus depends not only on maternal dietary intake but also on placental iodine transport. The optimum level of iodine nutrition during pregnancy and the proportion of the pregnant population reaching this level have previously been evaluated. Little information exists on the ability of the placenta to either accumulate or store iodine. This study aims to investigate iodine uptake and tissue iodine content within placental tissue obtained from women delivering at term. Methods: Samples (∼1 cm3) obtained from placental cotyledons (n = 19), thyroid (n = 4), and uterine myometrial (n = 4) tissue were incubated for 6 hours with 125I in the presence and absence of potassium perchlorate. To account for variation in tissue composition, results were expressed in cpm 125I/μg DNA. Results: Placental uptake of 125I (375 cpm/μg DNA) was significantly higher than that of control myometrial tissue (226 cpm/μg DNA) (p ...

Distribution of iodide and iodate in the Atlantic sector of the southern ocean during austral summer

Abstract: The biogeochemistry of iodine in the waters of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean was investigated during the Polarstern cruise ANTXXIV-3 ZERO&DRAKE. The speciation and distribution of iodine (iodate and iodide) in seawater was examined across gradients of iron concentrations and phytoplankton abundance, ranging from an open ocean region along the Zero Meridian to the Weddell Sea and Drake Passage. Iodine cycling in high latitudes differs from that in low latitudes due to differences in the plankton community composition and the physicochemical characteristics. Iodate concentrations ranged between 400 and 450 nmol L(-1) from the surface to the bottom. Surface concentrations of iodide (17 to over 60 nmol L(-1)) were about an order of magnitude higher than below the pycnocline. The peak values of iodide lay nearly always within the euphotic zone and showed a weak, positive correlation with nitrite concentrations in the upper 200 m. In all vertical profiles a pronounced sub-surface maximum in iodide appears between 50 and 200 m depth indicating an iodide drawdown at the near surface. Iodide distribution in the Weddell Sea showed elevated levels in Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW) indicating slow oxidation kinetics and the potential for iodide as a tracer of WSBW formation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Versatile and iodine atom-economic co-iodination of alkenes.

Abstract: Molecular iodine, I2, is readily converted into 2 equiv of acetyl hypoiodite (CH3CO2I) via oxidation by (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (DAIB) followed by trapping of the iodide ion by acetoxyphenyl iodonium ion formed. The in situ generated CH3CO2I is utilized for the synthesis of 1,2-iodo-cofunctionalized derivatives of a variety of alkenes. Conversion of both iodine atoms of I2 to I+ sources results in 100% iodine atom economy for the reported iodo-cofunctionalization of alkenes.

Metabolic pathways of tetraidothyronine and triidothyronine production by thyroid gland: a review of articles.

Abstract: Tetraidothyronine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) are the two vital hormones in human metabolism produced by thyroid gland. The major pathways in thyroid hormone biosynthesis begin with iodine metabolism which occurs in three sequential steps: active iodide transport into thyroid followed by iodide oxidation and subsequent iodination of tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin (Tg) to produce idotyrosines monoidotyrosine (MIT) and diiodothyrosine (DIT) on Tg. Oxidized iodine and tyrosyle residues which are an aromatic amino acids are integral part of T4 and T3. The thyroid iodine deficiency of either dietary, thyroid malfunction, or disorder of hypothalamus and pituitary to produce enough Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), eventually lead to hypothyroidism with sever side effects. Iodine oxidation is the initial step for thyroid hormone synthesis within thyroid, is mediated by thyroperoxidase enzyme (TPO), which itself is activated by TSH required for production of MIT and DIT. T4 and T3 are subsequently are synthesized on Tg following MIT and DIT coupling reaction. Thyroid hormones eventually produced and released into circulation through Tg pinocytosis from follicular space and subsequent lysozomal function, a process again stimulated by TSH. The production of T4 and T3 are highly regulated externally by a negative feed-back interrelation between serum T4, T3 and TSH and internally by the elevated iodine within thyroid gland. It is believed the extra iodine concentration within thyroid gland control thyroid hormones synthesis by inhibition of the TPO and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation which is also an essential factor of iodine oxidation, via a complex mechanism. In healthy subjects the entire procedures of T4 and T3 synthesis re-start again following a drop in serum T4 and T3 concentration. On conditions of thyroid disorders, which caused by the distruption of either of above mechanisms, thyroid hormone deficiency and related clinical manifestations eventually begin to show themselves.

High Iodine Content of Korean Seaweed Soup: A Health Risk for Lactating Women and Their Infants?

Abstract: Iodine requirements increase during pregnancy and lactation due to increased maternal thyroid hormone production and iodine excretion, fetal iodine requirements, and loss of iodine in breast milk. Seaweed preparations are a source of dietary iodine. Korean and many Korean-American women traditionally consume brown seaweed soup (Undaria pinnatifida) daily during the early postpartum period (Supplementary Data; Supplementary Data are available online at www .liebertonline.com/thy) (1). This tradition is maintained among Korean and Korean-American women such that their breast milk iodine correlates strongly with frequency and quantity of seaweed soup consumption (2,3). As the iodine content of this soup has not been reported, we randomly selected 10 brands of dried brown seaweed from Korea and China available in the United States. Seaweed soup from each brand was prepared utilizing the following ingredients: 1 oz of dried seaweed, 6 cups water, 1⁄4 pound beef, 11⁄2 tablespoons soy sauce, 2 teaspoons sesame oil, 1 teaspoon garlic, and *1⁄2 teaspoon noniodized sea salt (Supplementary Data). Iodine content of the dried seaweeds and the soups were measured spectrophotometrically after digestion with hydrochloric acid and dilution with iodine free deionized water, as described by Benotti et al. (see Supplementary Data). The mean iodine content of the dried seaweed was 359 254 mg/g (mean SD), or 10173 7200mg/oz. The mean iodine content of seaweed broth was 1.9 0.7 mg/mL, with 1 bowl (250 mL) of broth containing an average of 487 178 mg of iodine. The mean iodine content of blended seaweed soup contents (broth, cooked seaweed) was 1705 930 mg/250 mL. Potential sources of variability in soup iodine (see Supplementary Data) include the iodine contents of dry seaweed and other ingredients (e.g., iodized salt, iodine-containing soy sauce, and anchovy soup base), cooking methodologies, and the quantity of seaweed in recipes (4). The iodine content of seaweed varies with harvest location and season, salinity and temperature of water, depth and portion of seaweed harvested, and storage conditions (4). The World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommend 250 mg/day of iodine intake during pregnancy and lactation, whereas the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends 220mg/day of iodine intake during pregnancy and 290 mg/day during lactation (Supplementary Data). The IOM recommends a tolerable upper limit of iodine intake of 1100mg/day, whereas the WHO suggests an upper limit of 500mg/day for pregnant and lactating women and 180mg/ day for infants. More than 90% of postpartum lactating Korean women consume seaweed soup at least three times daily in the first postpartum week, and up to 75% of these women have seaweed soup at least once daily up to 4 weeks postpartum (3). Our findings indicate that this constitutes an average iodine intake of at least 1400 mg/day in the first postpartum week based solely on 250 mL seaweed soup broth three times daily, and at least 5000mg/day if the entire contents of each serving are consumed (broth and seaweed). High levels of breast milk iodine values in Korean postpartum women have been reported (2,3). Depending on quantity and frequency of intake, postpartum women who consume Korean seaweed soup may have daily iodine intakes and breast milk iodine concentrations that far exceed the WHO and IOM upper limits. Iodine-induced hypothyroidism, iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis, and iodine-induced goiter are potential adverse effects of excess iodine consumption. However, the effects of high iodine intake are dependent on several factors, including iodine status (i.e., degree and duration of iodine deficiency or sufficiency) before excess iodine exposure, as well as any preexisting thyroid autoimmunity, thyroid dysfunction, and/or thyroid nodularity. Chung et al. reported subclinical hypothyroidism in preterm Korean infants exposed to high iodine content in breast milk (2). Additionally, cases of iodine-induced neonatal hypothyroidism due to maternal seaweed consumption were reported in Australia. Increased incidence and/or exacerbation of postpartum thyroiditis are also potential risks of high iodine intake. However, these effects were not observed in the only Korean study to date evaluating this relationship. Further studies should be carried out to evaluate the potential adverse effects of sustained high dietary iodine in postpartum women of Korean descent and their infants. In addition, there should be a raised cultural awareness among endocrinologists and other medical providers regarding this common source of high dietary iodine. A careful dietary history should be part of the evaluation and follow-up of postpartum Korean women and their infants, especially in the setting of signs and/or symptoms of thyroid dysfunction, thyroid autoimmunity, nodular thyroid anatomy, or pre-existing thyroid dysfunction. In addition, Korean women

Protection of low carbon steel in phosphoric acid by potassium iodide

Abstract: The corrosion of low carbon steel in 2.5 M phosphoric acid at temperature range of 30–60°C in presence and absence of potassium iodide as an inorganic inhibitor in the range of 0.02–0.05 M at static condition has been investigated. Weight loss and polarization techniques were employed in this investigation. The maximum value of inhibitor efficiency obtained was 99.95% at 50°C in presence of 0.05 M inhibitor concentration. The fraction of surface covered calculated from corrosion rates followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Polarization experiments showed that for a given temperature, the curves were shifted towards the potential axis leading to lower the corrosion rates as the inhibitor concentration increased. Potassium iodide inhibits carbon steel corrosion in H3PO4 acid by affecting both anodic and cathodic partial reactions with the anodic reaction being more prevailing.

Iodine intakes of 100-300 μg/d do not modify thyroid function and have modest anti-inflammatory effects.

Abstract: Little information is available as to whether doses of iodide similar to those recommended in clinical practice for the prevention of iodine deficiency in pregnant women affect thyroid function. The aim of the present study was to analyse whether doses of iodide can affect thyroid function in adults, and evaluate its effect on plasma markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and acute-phase proteins. A total of thirty healthy volunteers (ten men and twenty women) with normal thyroid function were randomly assigned to three groups (n 10). Each group received a daily dose of 100, 200 or 300mg of iodide in the form of KI for 6 months. Free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) levels at day 60 of the study were higher in the groups treated with 200 and 300m g( P¼0·01), and correlated with the increase in urinary iodine (r 0·50, P¼0·007). This correlation lost its significance after adjustment for the baseline FT4. The baseline urinary iodine and FT4 correlated positively with the baseline glutathione peroxidase. On day 60, urinary iodine correlated with C-reactive protein (r 0·461, P¼0·018), and free triiodothyronine correlated with IL-6 (r 20·429, P¼0·025). On day 60, the changes produced in urinary iodine correlated significantly with the changes produced in a1-antitrypsin (r 0·475, P¼0·014) and ceruloplasmin (r 0·599, P¼0·001). The changes in thyroid-stimulating hormone correlated significantly with the changes in a1-antitrypsin (r 20·521, P¼0·005) and ceruloplasmin (r 20·459, P¼0·016). In conclusion, the administration of an iodide supplement between 100 and 300mg/d did not modify thyroid function in a population with adequate iodine intake. The results also showed a slight anti-inflammatory and antioxidative action of iodide.

Iodine in raw and pasteurized milk of dairy cows fed different amounts of potassium iodide.

Abstract: Relation between iodine (I) intake by lactating Holstein cows and iodine concentrations in raw and pasteurized milk were investigated. Four treatment groups with eight cows assigned to each treatment were fed a basal diet containing 0.534 mg I/kg alone or supplemented with potassium iodide at 2.5, 5 or 7.5 mg/kg in 7-week period. Iodine concentrations in raw milk increased with each increase in dietary I from 162.2 ng/ml for basal diet to 534.5, 559.8 and 607.5 ng/ml when 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg was fed as potassium iodide (P < 0.05). This trend was found for blood plasma and urine iodine concentration. Iodine supplementation had no significant effect on thyroidal hormones. high-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization process reduced I concentration. The mean iodine content found in the milk prior to heating processing was 466.0 ± 205.0 ng/ml, whereas for the processed milk this level was 349.5 ± 172.8 ng/ml. It was concluded that iodine supplementation above of NRC recommendation (0.5 mg/kg diet DM) resulted in significant increases in iodine concentrations in milk, although the effect of heating in HTST pasteurization process on iodine concentration was not negligible.

Facing the nuclear threat: thyroid blocking revisited.

Abstract: Context: People being exposed to potentially harmful amounts of radioactive iodine need prophylaxis to prevent high radiation-absorbed doses to the thyroid. Objective: Parameters determining the individual protective effect of a pharmacological intervention were investigated. Design and Participants: Biokinetics of 123I was evaluated in 27 healthy volunteers (aged 22–46 yr, median 25 yr, in total 48 assessments) twice in a baseline measurement of the undisturbed kinetics and in an intervention assessment 48 h later. Interventions: Seven regimens using single doses of potassium iodide (KI) or sodium perchlorate (SP) at different times relative to exposure were compared: 100 mg KI (−24, 2, 8, 24 h), 100 mg SP (2 h), or 1 g SP (2, 8 h). Main Outcome Measures: Different drugs and dosages and the influence of individual parameters of iodine kinetics should be tested. Results: Mean dose reductions for interventions at −24, 2, 8, and 24 h relative to the activity incorporation were 88.7, 59.7, 25.4, and 2.8%, re...