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Showing papers on "Iodine published in 2019"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The association between excess iodine intake and thyroid function is described and guidance on choice of biomarkers to assess iodine intake is provided, with an emphasis on the median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and thyroglobulin.
Abstract: Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. High iodine intakes are well tolerated by most healthy individuals, but in some people, excess iodine intakes may precipitate hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, goiter, and/or thyroid autoimmunity. Individuals with preexisting thyroid disease or those previously exposed to iodine deficiency may be more susceptible to thyroid disorders due to an increase in iodine intake, in some cases at intakes only slightly above physiological needs. Thyroid dysfunction due to excess iodine intake is usually mild and transient, but iodine-induced hyperthyroidism can be life-threatening in some individuals. At the population level, excess iodine intakes may arise from consumption of overiodized salt, drinking water, animal milk rich in iodine, certain seaweeds, iodine-containing dietary supplements, and from a combination of these sources. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of a population reflects the total iodine intake from all sources and can accurately identify populations with excessive iodine intakes. Our review describes the association between excess iodine intake and thyroid function. We outline potential sources of excess iodine intake and the physiological responses and consequences of excess iodine intakes. We provide guidance on choice of biomarkers to assess iodine intake, with an emphasis on the UIC and thyroglobulin.

115 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: IL-induced formation of dynamic complex iodide anions in IL@MOF composites facilitates record iodine adsorption capacities for both iodine vapor and solution.
Abstract: Highly efficient capture of radioactive iodine from vapor or solvent remains a serious task for nuclear waste disposal and environmental protection, for which the development of excellent adsorbents is of great importance. Herein, a new strategy named IL-induced formation of dynamic complex iodide anions in IL@MOF composites was developed to prepare efficient iodine capture adsorbents. The IL@PCN-333(Al) composite shows record iodine adsorption capacities of 7.35 g g−1 and 3.4 g g−1 for iodine vapor and solution, respectively. The mechanism study reveals that complex iodide anions can be dynamically formed by the reaction of bromide ions in the IL and iodine molecules, which have strong electrostatic interactions with the imidazolium cations of the IL. Owing to the reversibility of the polyiodide formation, the IL@PCN-333(Al) also shows excellent recyclable performance. This work provides a general methodology for intensification of the interactions of neutral molecules and host materials that may find applications in various adsorption-based separation processes.

72 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an aqueous organic redox flow battery (AORFB) using anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid disodium salt and potassium iodide (KI) as the negative and positive active species is suggested.

66 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a polysulfide (Sx2−) intercalated inorganic cationic Ni-Ti layered double hydroxide, NiTi-Sx-LDH, was prepared by coprecipitation method and ion exchange method for efficient capture of iodine.

61 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study suggests the potential application of Bi on graphene-based materials for selective removal of both iodide and iodate from radioactive wastewater.
Abstract: Bismuth-functionalized graphene oxide (Bi-GO) was successfully synthesized and showed both high iodide and iodate removal efficiencies from radioactive wastewater. Batch experiments for kinetic and selectivity tests were performed, respectively. Additional SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and XPS analyses were performed for characterization of a sorbent and bismuth on the GO surface and this confirmed that bismuth on the GO surface reacted with iodine species by surface complexation (or precipitation). Dominant surface species are BiOI and Bi(IO3)3 for iodide and iodate removal, respectively. After the selectivity test using a KCl background solution with varying concentrations, Bi-GO still showed higher removal efficiencies (≥95%) for both iodide and iodate than the commercial silver-exchanged zeolite (≥95% for iodide and ≤25% for iodate). Our study suggests the potential application of Bi on graphene-based materials for selective removal of both iodide and iodate from radioactive wastewater.

51 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Uptake of 211At was enhanced in differentiated thyroid cancer cells as well as the normal thyroid using 211At solution treated with AA, and showed dose-dependent efficacy against the K1-NIS xenografts, suggesting its potential applicability to targeted α-therapy.
Abstract: 211At is an α-emitter that has similar chemical properties to iodine and is used in targeted α-therapy. In the present study, we added ascorbic acid (AA) to 211At solution to increase the radiochemical purity of astatide and evaluated its efficacy against differentiated thyroid cancer, which is characterized by the expression of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS). Methods: Crude 211At solution (AA(−)) and 211At solution treated with AA (AA(+)) were prepared. Uptake by the thyroid was compared between the 2 solutions in normal male Wistar rats (n = 6). Cellular uptake in K1-NIS cells was analyzed under the AA(+) and AA(−) conditions. AA(+) was injected at 3 doses into K1-NIS xenograft mice: 1 MBq (n = 6), 0.4 MBq (n = 6), and 0.1 MBq (n = 6), and vehicle was injected into control mice (n = 6). The treatment effects were compared among the 4 groups. Results: Uptake by the thyroid was significantly enhanced in rats injected with the AA(+) as compared with those injected with AA(−). Cellular uptake analysis showed significantly increased uptake of 211At by the K1-NIS cells under the AA(+) condition as compared with the AA(−) condition. In the mouse xenograft model, the K1-NIS tumors showed significant accumulation of 211At at 3 and 24 h after administration (22.5 ± 10.4 and 12.9 ± 6.8 percentage injected dose, respectively). Tumor growth was immediately inhibited in a dose-dependent manner after administration of 211At. In the survival analysis, the 211At groups (0.1, 0.4, and 1 MBq) showed significantly better survival than the control group. Conclusion: Uptake of 211At was enhanced in differentiated thyroid cancer cells as well as the normal thyroid using 211At solution treated with AA. The method also showed dose-dependent efficacy against the K1-NIS xenografts, suggesting its potential applicability to targeted α-therapy.

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The potential conflict between public health policies such as water fluoridation and its contribution to iodine deficiency, neurodevelopmental and pathological disorders, and the effect of fluoride in down regulating prolactin and megalin expression are discussed.
Abstract: The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is the plasma membrane glycoprotein that mediates active iodide transport in the thyroid and other tissues, such as the salivary, gastric mucosa, rectal mucosa, bronchial mucosa, placenta and mammary glands. In the thyroid, NIS mediates the uptake and accumulation of iodine and its activity is crucial for the development of the central nervous system and disease prevention. Since the discovery of NIS in 1996, research has further shown that NIS functionality and iodine transport is dependent on the activity of the sodium potassium activated adenosine 5′-triphosphatase pump (Na+, K+-ATPase). In this article, I review the molecular mechanisms by which F inhibits NIS expression and functionality which in turn contributes to impaired iodide absorption, diminished iodide-concentrating ability and iodine deficiency disorders. I discuss how NIS expression and activity is inhibited by thyroglobulin (Tg), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and how fluoride upregulates expression and activity of these biomarkers. I further describe the crucial role of prolactin and megalin in regulation of NIS expression and iodine homeostasis and the effect of fluoride in down regulating prolactin and megalin expression. Among many other issues, I discuss the potential conflict between public health policies such as water fluoridation and its contribution to iodine deficiency, neurodevelopmental and pathological disorders. Further studies are warranted to examine these associations.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was discovered that exogenously applied 5-ISA, 3,5-diISA, 2-I beA and 4-IBeA are genuinely (endogenously) synthesised in tomato plants; to date, this has not been described for the tomato, nor for any other species of higher plant.

36 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Iodine supplementation did not prove harmful to pregnancy in areas of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, with no appreciable harmful effect on thyroid function and Tg proved a good parameter for measuring iodine intake in the authors' placebo-controlled series.
Abstract: Background: Iodine supplementation during pregnancy in areas with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency is still debated. Methods: A single-center, randomized, single-blind and placebo-controlled (3:2) trial was conducted. We enrolled 90 women before 12 weeks of gestation. From enrollment up until 8 weeks after delivery, 52 women were given an iodine supplement (225 ug/day, potassium iodide tablets) and 38 were given placebo. At recruitment (T0), in the second (T1) and third trimesters (T2), and 8 weeks after delivery (T3), we measured participants’ urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio (UI/Creat), thyroid function parameters (thyroglobulin (Tg), TSH, FT3, and FT4), and thyroid volume (TV). The newborns’ urinary iodine concentrations were evaluated in 16 cases. Results: Median UI/Creat at recruitment was 53.3 ug/g. UI/Creat was significantly higher in supplemented women at T1 and T2. Tg levels were lower at T1 and T2 in women with UI/Creat ≥ 150 ug/g, and in the Iodine group at T2 (p = 0.02). There was a negative correlation between Tg and UI/Creat throughout the study (p = 0.03, r = −0.1268). A lower TSH level was found in the Iodine group at T3 (p = 0.001). TV increased by +Δ7.43% in the Iodine group, and by +Δ11.17% in the Placebo group. No differences were found between the newborns’ TSH levels on screening the two groups. Conclusion: Tg proved a good parameter for measuring iodine intake in our placebo-controlled series. Iodine supplementation did not prove harmful to pregnancy in areas of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, with no appreciable harmful effect on thyroid function.

33 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The greater tolerance to iodine of the “Red Rubin” variety was associated with the ability to withstand higher concentrations of iodine in leaf tissues, rather than to a reduced accumulation of this element in the leaves.
Abstract: Iodine deficiency is a serious world-wide public health problem, as it is responsible for mental retardation and other diseases. The use of iodine-biofortified vegetables represents a strategic alternative to iodine enriched salt for people with a low sodium diet. However, at high concentrations iodine can be toxic to plants. Therefore, research on plant iodine toxicity is fundamental for the development of appropriate biofortification protocols. In this work, we compared two cultivars of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) with different iodine tolerance: "Tigullio," less tolerant, with green leaves, and "Red Rubin," more tolerant and with purple leaves. Four greenhouse hydroponic experiments were conducted in spring and in summer with different concentrations of iodine in the nutrient solution (0.1, 10, 50, 100, and 200 μM), supplied as potassium iodide (KI) or potassium iodate (KIO3). Plant growth was not affected either by 10 μM KI or by 100 μM KIO3, while KI concentrations higher than 50 μM significantly reduced leaf area, total plant dry matter and plant height. The severity of symptoms increased with time depending on the cultivar and the form of iodine applied. Growth inhibition by toxic iodine concentrations was more severe in "Tigullio" than in "Red Rubin," and KI was much more phytotoxic than KIO3. Leaf iodine concentration increased with the iodine concentration in the nutrient solution in both varieties, while the total antioxidant power was generally higher in the purple variety. In both basil cultivars, a strong negative correlation was found between the photosynthesis and the leaf iodine content, with significant differences between the regression lines for "Tigullio" and "Red Rubin." In conclusion, the greater tolerance to iodine of the "Red Rubin" variety was associated with the ability to withstand higher concentrations of iodine in leaf tissues, rather than to a reduced accumulation of this element in the leaves. The high phenolic content of "Red Rubin" could contribute to the iodine tolerance of this purple cultivar.

32 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The comparison of measured and calculated cytotoxicity values showed that the calculated values do not always represent the overall cytot toxicity, since the formation of unknown DBPs are not taken into consideration during the toxicity calculations.

Journal ArticleDOI
25 Feb 2019-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: SPCCT providing iodine maps and virtual non-contrast images allows material decomposition, differentiation between blood and iodine in vitro and ex vivo in a bovine brain model and reliably quantifies the iodine concentration.
Abstract: Objectives To evaluate the accuracy of Spectral Photon-Counting Computed Tomography (SPCCT) in the quantification of iodine concentrations and its potential for the differentiation between blood and iodine. Methods Tubes with blood and a concentration series of iodine were scanned with a preclinical SPCCT system (both in vitro and in an ex vivo bovine brain tissue sample). Iodine density maps (IDM) and virtual non-contrast (VNC) images were generated using the multi-bin spectral information to perform material decomposition. Region-of-interest (ROI) analysis was performed within the tubes to quantitatively determine the absolute content of iodine (mg/ml). Results In conventional CT images, ROI analysis showed similar Hounsfield Unit (HU) values for the tubes with blood and iodine (59.9 ± 1.8 versus 59.2 ± 1.5). Iodine density maps enabled clear differentiation between blood and iodine in vitro, as well as in the bovine brain model. Quantitative measurements of the different iodine concentrations matched well with those of actual known concentrations even for very small iodine concentrations with values below 1mg/ml (RMSE = 0.19). Conclusions SPCCT providing iodine maps and virtual non-contrast images allows material decomposition, differentiation between blood and iodine in vitro and ex vivo in a bovine brain model and reliably quantifies the iodine concentration.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A practical, efficient, and simple procedure with a broad functional group scope that allows access to the iodoarene core unit is presented, revealing PhII(OH)·NH3 to be the most plausible iodinating active species as a reactive "I+" synthon.
Abstract: An oxidative procedure for the electrophilic iodination of phenols was developed by using iodosylbenzene as a nontoxic iodine(III)-based oxidant and ammonium iodide as a cheap iodine atom source. A...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, copper powder was used as a reducing agent and synergized with iodine ions to effectively remove arsenic from waste acids, and the results showed almost complete removal of arsenic under the optimal conditions: 600 rpm stirring speed, copper powder particle size, sodium iodide/copper powder dosages, and reaction temperature.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A mild and efficient iron (III)-catalyzed C3 chalcogenylation of indoles has been developed and the role of the iodide ions in this transformation was investigated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that iodine uptake is predominantly passive (approximately two-thirds of total uptake); however, I- can be absorbed actively through the symplast, and foliar application is unlikely to significantly increase the iodine content, via phloem translocation, of fruits, grains or tubers.
Abstract: Iodine is an essential micronutrient for human health; phytofortification is a means of improving humans’ nutritional iodine status. However, knowledge of iodine uptake and translocation in plants remains limited. In this paper, plant uptake mechanisms were assessed in short-term experiments (24 h) using labelled radioisotopes; the speciation of iodine present in apoplastic and symplastic root solutions was determined by (HPLC)-ICP-QQQ-MS. Iodine storage was investigated in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) treated with I− and IO3−. Finally, translocation through the phloem to younger leaves was also investigated using a radioiodine (129I−) label. During uptake, spinach roots demonstrated the ability to reduce IO3− to I−. Once absorbed, iodine was present as org-I or I− with significantly greater concentrations in the apoplast than the symplast. Plants were shown to absorb similar concentrations of iodine applied as I− or IO3−, via the roots, grown in an inert growth substrate. We found that whilst leaves were capable of absorbing radioactively labelled iodine applied to a single leaf, less than 2% was transferred through the phloem to younger leaves. In this paper, we show that iodine uptake is predominantly passive (approximately two-thirds of total uptake); however, I- can be absorbed actively through the symplast. Spinach leaves can absorb iodine via foliar fertilisation, but translocation is severely limited. As such, foliar application is unlikely to significantly increase the iodine content, via phloem translocation, of fruits, grains or tubers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of lower flexibility of Co-linker bonds on the transfer of iodine molecules from the external surface of the crystals to internal pores was evaluated using TGA and FTIR data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is reported that ferric chloride (FeCl3) can lead to the formation of iodinated coagulation byproducts (I-CBPs) from iodide-containing resorcinol solution or natural waters.
Abstract: Iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) are of particular concern in drinking water due to the more cytotoxic and genotoxic properties than their chlorinated and brominated analogs. Formation of I-DBP primarily results from the oxidation of iodide-containing waters with various oxidants and the chlor(am)ination of iodinated organic compounds in drinking water. This study first reports that ferric chloride (FeCl3) can lead to the formation of iodinated coagulation byproducts (I-CBPs) from iodide-containing resorcinol solution or natural waters. The unwanted I-CBP formation involved the oxidation of iodide by ferric ions to generate various reactive iodine species, which further oxidize organic compounds. Although the oxidation rate of iodide by FeCl3 was several orders of magnitude slower than that by chlorine or chloramine, most of the converted iodide under the ferric/iodide system was transformed into iodine and iodinated organic compounds rather than iodate. Formation of four aliphatic I-CBPs was observed, and four aromatic I-CBPs were identified by gas chromatography mass-spectrometry and theoretical calculation. Coagulation of iodide-containing waters with FeCl3 also produced I-CBPs ranging from 12.5 ± 0.8 to 32.5 ± 0.2 μg/L as I. These findings call for careful consideration of the formation of I-CBPs from coagulation of iodide-containing waters with ferric salts.

Journal ArticleDOI
05 Sep 2019
TL;DR: Aqueous iodine removal via adsorption onto Fe oxides could provide an efficient remedial pathway for the vadose zone and groundwater contamination in this paper, where they conducted a series of macroscopic batch experi...
Abstract: Aqueous iodine removal via adsorption onto Fe oxides could provide an efficient remedial pathway for the vadose zone and groundwater contamination. We conducted a series of macroscopic batch experi...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Gold leaching in iodine-iodide solution has been intensely researched in 1980s; while due to the high cost, it has not been applied in industry as discussed by the authors. But, as the drawbacks of other hydrometallurgi...
Abstract: Gold leaching in iodine-iodide solution has been intensely researched in 1980s; while due to the high cost, it has not been applied in industry. Currently, as the drawbacks of other hydrometallurgi...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicate that iron, iodine, and folic acid can be simultaneously delivered to a vulnerable population through salt using the cost‐effective technology described.
Abstract: As many of the maternal and child health complications result from folic acid, iron, and iodine deficiencies; it makes sense to combat these simultaneously. We have developed cost-effective technology to deliver these three micronutrients simultaneously through salt. Our goal was to retain at least 70% of the micronutrients during 6 months of storage. The fortified salt was formulated by spraying a solution that contained 2% iodine and 0.5% or 1% folic acid onto salt and adding encapsulated ferrous fumarate. The formulated triple fortified salt contained 1,000 ppm iron, 50 ppm iodine, and 12.5 or 25 ppm folic acid. The spray solution and the salt were stored for 2 and 6 months respectively at 25, 35, and 45 °C 60 to 70% relative humidity. Even at 45 °C, over 70% of both iodine and folic acid were retained in the salt. The best formulation based on the color of the salt and stability of iodine and folic acid contained 12.5 ppm folic acid, 50 ppm iodine, and 1,000 ppm iron. These results indicate that iron, iodine, and folic acid can be simultaneously delivered to a vulnerable population through salt using the technology described. Also, the quality control of the process can be developed around pteroic acid that was detected as a primary degradation product of folic acid. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The technology developed is already transferred to India for industrial scale up. When fully operational, the technology will simultaneously solve iron, iodine, and folic acid deficiencies in vulnerable populations at a very low cost.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Nearly all of the iodine in cow milk is iodide and although fractional iodine absorption from milk decreases with increasing dose, its bioavailability is high.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The method was applied to the determination of ascorbic acid, caffeine and the drug metamizole and was applied in a new approach for determination of organic compounds that can interact with iodine.
Abstract: A method is described for sensitive and selective detection of iodine by using a paper strip modified with silver triangular nanoplates (AgTNPs). It is based on the extraction of iodine from a solution into a flow of air via dynamic gas extraction and transferring it through a reactive paper modified with AgTNPs. The interaction of AgTNPs with iodine results in a color change from blue to white. This can be visually detected and monitored by digital colorimetry. The dynamic gas extraction is highly selective for volatile compounds so that a sample pretreatment is minimal. Due to the sensitivity of AgTNPs for iodine, the limit of its detection is as low as 7 μg L−1, and the analytical range is of 20–200 μg L−1. The method also was applied in a new approach for determination of organic compounds that can interact with iodine. The organic compound is exposed to an excess of iodine, and this is followed by detection of residual iodine as described above. The method was applied to the determination of ascorbic acid, caffeine and the drug metamizole.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that repeated daily KI administration at 1 mg/kg/day for 8 days during late pregnancy failed to protect the mother-fetus against nuclear accident radiation.
Abstract: Preparedness for nuclear accident responsiveness includes interventions to protect pregnancies against prolonged exposure to radioactive iodine. The aim of this study was to investigate a n...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the corrosion inhibition of rice husk extract for bio-corrosion in mild steel in 1 M of H 2 SO 4 solution and the effect of adding potassium iodide were investigated using the weight-loss method with a variable solution temperature and various bio-inhibitor concentrations.
Abstract: The corrosion inhibition of rice husk extract for bio-corrosion in mild steel in 1 M of H 2 SO 4 solution and the effect of adding potassium iodide were investigated using the weight-loss method with a variable solution temperature and various bio-inhibitor concentrations. The addition of potassium iodide can significantly increase the efficiency of rice husk extract. The highest efficiency is 95.89% at 1,250 ppm of inhibitor concentration at a temperature of 313 K. The inhibition efficiency of rice husk extract is synergistically increased with the addition of potassium iodide. The characteristics of the adsorption inhibitors were assessed using the Langmuir isotherm adsorption approach at all studied concentrations and temperatures. The synergy of rice husk extract and potassium iodide was examined using thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. Copyright © 2019 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the use of potassium iodide to assist chalcopyrite leaching and proposed mechanisms by which iodide enhanced the leaching efficiency, showing that tri-iodide might play a significant role in leaching enhancement.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A recent model of iodide-ion conduction in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) is discussed and issues include the low activation barrier of vacancy migration and the high diffusivities of iodine vacancies and interstitials.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The sorption behavior of two most abundant naturally occurring inorganic iodine species - iodide and iodate - in several soil types showed that the sorption process is extremely slow with equilibrium achieved after ten days, providing new insight into the complex iodine behavior and retention in soils.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new method for sensitive and selective determination of iodide based on dynamic gas extraction with air flow and digital colorimetric detection using paper modified with silver triangular nanoplates (AgTNPs).