Showing papers on "Iodine published in 2020"

Persistent and reversible solid iodine electrodeposition in nanoporous carbons

Abstract: Aqueous iodine based electrochemical energy storage is considered a potential candidate to improve sustainability and performance of current battery and supercapacitor technology. It harnesses the redox activity of iodide, iodine, and polyiodide species in the confined geometry of nanoporous carbon electrodes. However, current descriptions of the electrochemical reaction mechanism to interconvert these species are elusive. Here we show that electrochemical oxidation of iodide in nanoporous carbons forms persistent solid iodine deposits. Confinement slows down dissolution into triiodide and pentaiodide, responsible for otherwise significant self-discharge via shuttling. The main tools for these insights are in situ Raman spectroscopy and in situ small and wide-angle X-ray scattering (in situ SAXS/WAXS). In situ Raman confirms the reversible formation of triiodide and pentaiodide. In situ SAXS/WAXS indicates remarkable amounts of solid iodine deposited in the carbon nanopores. Combined with stochastic modeling, in situ SAXS allows quantifying the solid iodine volume fraction and visualizing the iodine structure on 3D lattice models at the sub-nanometer scale. Based on the derived mechanism, we demonstrate strategies for improved iodine pore filling capacity and prevention of self-discharge, applicable to hybrid supercapacitors and batteries. Iodide based energy storage is a potential candidate to improve performance of hybrid supercapacitors and batteries. Here, the authors revisit the previous understanding and show that electrochemical oxidation of iodide results in solid iodine deposits stabilized by the confinement of nanoporous carbons.

Reducing the High Iodine Content of Saccharina latissima and Improving the Profile of Other Valuable Compounds by Water Blanching.

Abstract: Saccharina latissima contains high amounts of iodine in comparison to other seaweeds. The present study aimed to decrease the iodine content of S. latissima (sugar kelp) by water blanching and freezing to avoid an excess intake of iodine by consumption of sugar kelp. Various blanching conditions were investigated (temperature; 30, 45, 60 and 80 °C, and duration; 2, 30, 120 and 300 s). Some conditions resulted in a significant decrease in iodine content (≥45 °C and ≥30 s). Non-processed S. latissima contained on average 4605 mg iodine kg-1 dw-1 which significantly decreased following the treatments. The lowest content obtained was 293 mg iodine kg-1·dw-1 by water blanching at 80 °C for 120 s. The study also investigated if other valuable compounds were affected during the processing conditions. No significant changes were observed for total lipid and protein, but significant changes were seen for ash. A significant loss of two non-essential amino acids (glutamic acid and alanine) due to the blanching process was found. This also resulted in a protein quality increase as the essential amino acid to total amino acid ratio changed from 42.01 ± 0.59% in fresh seaweed to 48.0 ± 1.2% in blanched seaweed. Moreover, the proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid, α-linolenic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and omega-3 fatty acids (%FAME), and the omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids ratio was significantly higher in the samples blanched at 60 °C for 300 s compared to the fresh and samples blanched at 45 °C for 30 s. The total phenolic content (TPC) and the radical scavenging activity were significantly higher in treated samples. The results indicate that the processing did not compromise the valuable compounds in focus in this study for S. latissima; they did, however, result in biomass with an improved profile of health beneficial compounds.

Activating Bi2O3 by ball milling to induce efficiently oxygen vacancy for incorporating iodide anions to form BiOI

Abstract: Efficient iodine enrichment into a particular substance is of great importance from both stances of iodine recovery from dilute source and iodine removal from a radioactive source. Ball milling α-Bi2O3 was first proposed to generate abundant oxygen vacancy for enhancing the incorporation of iodide anion (I−). A set of characterization techniques, such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) were performed to understand the mechanism of I− incorporation into bismuth oxide. Gradual distortion of the crystalline structure of bismuth oxide was induced by mechanical activation to result in the occurrence of oxygen vacancy and amorphous state after prolonged milling operation. Formation of insoluble BiOI was obtained by simply agitating the activated bismuth oxide in an iodine-containing solution to achieve efficient iodine enrichment. This newly proposed strategy opens up a green technique with great potential for environmental remediation and iodine recovery when dealing with iodine sources.

Contribution of iodized salt to total iodine and total salt intake in Germany.

Abstract: Salt reduction campaigns without a parallel increase of iodine fortification will lead to a worsened iodine status in countries with a relevant salt iodization. A decline in iodine supply bears the risk of higher prevalences of goiter, thyroid nodules, and cognitive delay in children. Against this background, we analyzed the contribution of iodized salt to total iodine and salt intake in Germany and compared the results with data from Switzerland. Analyses were performed with data of the representative German Health-Interview and Examination-Survey for Adults (DEGS1, 2008–2011) using spot urine measurements of creatinine, iodine, and sodium (n = 6738). Median daily iodine and salt intakes were calculated by estimating 24-h iodine and sodium excretions from urinary analyte/creatinine ratios. Linear regressions were used to deduce iodine intake that originates from iodine containing foods (i.e., salt-independent iodine). From this, ingested iodine originating from salt and the proportion of iodized salt to total salt intake were calculated. Data from Switzerland were obtained from the literature. In Germany, only 42% (52.2 µg/d) of the predicted median total iodine intake (126.2 µg/d), i.e., 12% less than in Switzerland, were found to originate from salt, whereas 73.7 µg/d came from iodine containing foods. 28% (2.6 g/d) of the median salt intake (9.3 g/d) of the German population was calculated to represent iodized salt against 43% in Switzerland. Along with an almost identical inherent iodine intake in Germany and Switzerland, the average total iodine intake, the contribution of iodized salt to total iodine intake, and the proportion of iodized salt to total salt are higher in Switzerland than in Germany. Despite this, iodine fortification of table salt has recently been increased in Switzerland from 20 to 25 mg/kg to ensure iodine sufficiency in the population, whereas in Germany fortification still remains at a mean level of 20 mg/kg implying a growing risk of increasing iodine deficiency rates if general salt intake drops.

Iodine Status and Thyroid Function in a Group of Seaweed Consumers in Norway

Abstract: Seaweeds, or macroalgae, may be a good dietary iodine source but also a source of excessive iodine intake. The main aim in this study was to describe the iodine status and thyroid function in a group of macroalgae consumers. Two urine samples were collected from each participant (n = 44) to measure urinary iodine concentration (UIC) after habitual consumption of seaweed. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and peroxidase autoantibody (TPOAb), were measured in a subgroup (n = 19). A food frequency questionnaire and an iodine-specific 24 h recall were used to assess iodine intake and macroalgae consumption. The median (p25–p75) UIC was 1200 (370–2850) μg/L. Median (p25–p75) estimated dietary iodine intake, excluding macroalgae, was 110 (78–680) μg/day, indicating that seaweed was the major contributor to the iodine intake. TSH levels were within the reference values, but higher than in other comparable population groups. One third of the participants used seaweeds daily, and sugar kelp, winged kelp, dulse and laver were the most common species. Labelling of iodine content was lacking for a large share of the products consumed. This study found excessive iodine status in macroalgae consumers after intake of dietary seaweeds. Including macroalgae in the diet may give excessive iodine exposure, and consumers should be made aware of the risk associated with inclusion of macroalgae in their diet.

Chemical Composition of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Biofortified with Iodine by KIO3, 5-Iodo-, and 3.5-Diiodosalicylic Acid in a Hydroponic Cultivation

Abstract: According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), due to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease, the daily consumption of table salt should be reduced. To avoid the health consequences of iodine deficiency, it is necessary to include alternative food sources of this trace element in the human diet. One of the most effective ways of improving nutrition is the biofortification of crops with minerals and vitamins. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of iodine biofortification (potassium iodate/KIO3/, 5-iodosalicylic acid/5-ISA/and 3.5-diiodosalicylic acid/3.5-diISA/) on the chemical composition of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. capitata) cv. ‘Melodion’. Plants were cultivated in a hydroponic system NFT (Nutrient Film Technique). We compared the effect of iodine fertilization on the basic chemical composition, fatty acid profile, macro- and micronutrients, content of sugars, nitrogenous compounds, chlorides, and iodine compounds. The results obtained in this research indicate that the application of iodine compounds has an influence on changes of concentration of iodine and other compounds in the treated samples. In lettuce, the main fatty acid was linolenic acid; however, fertilization with iodine did not affect the fatty acid profile in plants, except for concentrations of myristic and arachidic acids. We also found that iodine fortification has positive effects on concentrations of some micro- and micronutrients. Moreover, the application of 3.5-diISA decreased the concentration of nitrates as compared to control and other treatments. Therefore, it may be postulated that the production of lettuce fortified with iodosalicylates is worthy of consideration due to the fact that it may be a good source of iodine and other compounds in the human diet.

Alkaline Iodide based Deep Eutectic Solvents for electrochemical applications

Abstract: Deep eutectic solvents (DES) composed of lithium, sodium, or potassium iodide salts in suitable combination with ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol (Gly), or polyethylene glycol (PEG) have been develop...

High iodine adsorption performances under off-gas conditions by bismuth-modified ZnAl-LDH layered double hydroxide

Abstract: The effective adsorption of radioactive iodine is greatly desirable, but is still a significant challenge. In this manuscript, we report the synthesis of a bismuth-modified zinc aluminium layered double hydroxide (BiZnAl-LDH) via a co-precipitation method for the highly efficient absorption of iodine. Based on the robust chemical attraction between Bi and I2, BiZnAl-LDH exhibited highly effective iodine capture. Furthermore, to evaluate BiZnAl-LDH as an effective sorbent, it was characterized via X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR). In addition, to determine the morphology and iodine adsorption properties of BiZnAl-LDH, several studies were conducted. Through experiments, its elemental composition and vibration before and after iodine adsorption were analyzed via EDS and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). During the capture process, I2 is reduced to I− by the intercalated Bi3+ via chemical adsorption, and the maximum adsorption capacity of BiZnAl-LDH for iodine reached up to 433 mg g−1, which had a surface area, average pore diameter, and pore volume of 36.259 m2 g−1, 2.374 nm, and 0.128 m3 g−1, respectively. Compared with several previous sorbents for iodine adsorption, BiZnAl-LDH exhibited an iodine adsorption of approximately two times that of the commercial Ag-exchange zeolite X, and furthermore BiZnAl-LDH is cost-effective. Thus, the substantial iodine capture by BiZnAl-LDH indicates that it is a capable sorbent for the effective elimination of radioactive iodine from reprocessing plant emissions.

Variability of iodine concentrations in the human placenta

Abstract: Iodine is an essential trace element, necessary for the production of thyroid hormones, which play a key role in optimal foetal growth and (neuro-) development. To date, iodine deficiency remains a health burden in many countries. We investigated the variability of placental iodine concentrations within and between individuals. We used 20 mother-neonate pairs from the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort, took samples at three standardized locations of the placentas, pooled and digested them, and determined the iodine concentrations using an ICP-MS method as an alternative for the Sandell-Kolthoff method. The variability between and within the three sample regions was calculated using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) from the variance components of mixed models. With the Friedman test, the differences between placental biopsies were assessed. The ICC showed a higher between-placenta (68.6%) than within-placenta (31.4%) variability. Subsequently, we used our optimized method to determine iodine concentrations in 498 mother-neonate pairs, which averaged 26.1 μg/kg. For 96 mothers, the urinary iodine concentrations were also determined, which showed no correlation with the placental iodine storage, as was expected. Future studies are necessary to explore the effects of these placental iodine concentrations in relation to health outcomes of mother and child at birth and later in life.

Comparison of Effects of Potassium Iodide and Iodosalicylates on the Antioxidant Potential and Iodine Accumulation in Young Tomato Plants

Abstract: Iodine (I) is classified as a beneficial element for plants. Until now, there have been only hypotheses regarding the uptakes of organic iodine compounds by plant roots. The purpose of our research was to compare the uptakes and effects of the application of the following mineral and organic iodine compounds on young tomato plants: KI, 5-iodosalicylic (5-ISA), and 3,5-diiodosalicylic (3,5-diISA) acids. An additional control combination included the treatment with salicylic acid (SA) alone. All compounds were introduced into the nutrient solution in 5, 10, 25, and 50 μM I concentrations. It was established that after the application of 5-ISA and 3,5-diISA, iodine is taken up to a smaller extent than from KI. The tested KI, 3,5-diISA, and 5-ISA doses had no negative impact on the growth and development of plants, apart from the reduction of shoot biomass after the application of 3,5-diISA in 10 and 25 µM I doses. All applied compounds, except for SA, caused a reduction of ascorbic acid (AA) content and increase of dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) content in leaves. A significant increase of APX activity was noted only for the highest doses of KI and 5-ISA. None of the iodine compounds, in most tested doses, have substantially increased the CAT and POX activities in tomato leaves. Application of KI decreased the levels of all analyzed sugars in tomato leaves. The effect of iodosalicylates on sugar content varied depending on the compound: when applied in the highest dose 5-ISA increased, while 3,5-diISA decreased the sugar accumulation in tomato plants. In all tested treatments, a reduction of SA content in leaves was noted. We conclude that organic iodine compounds, i.e., 3,5-diISA and 5-ISA, can be taken up by the roots of tomato plants at an early stage of development.

Autoimmune thyroid diseases after 25 years of universal salt iodisation: an epidemiological study of Chinese adults in areas with different water iodine levels.

Abstract: The present study aimed to evaluate the status of iodine nutrition and thyroid function in adults, to understand the distribution of thyroid disease in people with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) in different water iodine areas and to explore the relationship between serum iodine, urine iodine and thyroid function in people with AITD. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in areas of Shandong Province with different water iodine levels, and subsequently 1225 adults were enrolled from iodine-deficient (ID), iodine-adequate (IA) and iodine-excess (IE) areas. Urinary iodine, water iodine, salt iodine, serum iodine and thyroid function were measured. According to the urine iodine concentration, the ID and IA areas were defined as iodine sufficient and the IE area as iodine excessive. Urine iodine, serum iodine, free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were comparatively higher in the IE area. The positive rate of thyroglobulin antibody (19·1 %) and the prevalence of AITD (21·8 %) were higher in the ID areas; the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was lowest in the ID areas (7·3 %) and highest in the IE area (16·3 %). Among the AITD population, urinary iodine concentration, free triiodothyronine, FT4 and TSH had a non-linear correlation with serum iodine; abnormal TSH level, serum iodine concentration > 110 µg/l and goitre were risk factors for AITD in adults, especially females. Our data collectively suggest that universal salt iodisation has improved the iodine nutritional status of the population in ID areas in China. Non-step-by-step iodine fortification may induce the transformation of thyroid autoimmune diseases from recessive-to-dominant in susceptible people. Moreover, enhanced monitoring of thyroid function in people with AITD is important.

Iodine, thyroglobulin and thyroid gland.

Abstract: Iodine is essential in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones that affect metabolic processes in the organism from the prenatal state to the elderly. The immediate indicator of iodine intake is the concentration of iodine in urine, but the indicator of iodine intake in the longer term of several months is thyroglobulin (Tg). Tg negatively correlated with increasing intake of iodine in population that do not suffer from thyroid disease, while a more than adequate to excessive iodine intake leads to an increase in Tg. The dependence of Tg on iodine can be described by a U-shaped curve. Thyroglobulin in serum is elevated in thyroid disease mainly in hyperthyroidism (diagnosis E05 of WHO ICD-10 codes) and in goiter (diagnosis E04 of WHO ICD-10 codes). Tg values decrease below 20 microg/l after effective treatment of patients with thyroid disease. Thyroglobulin may thus be an indicator of thyroid stabilization and the success of the thyroid gland treatment.

Iodine Biofortification of Vegetables Could Improve Iodine Supplementation Status

Abstract: Iodine is an essential trace element for both humans and animals. It is essential to produce important hormones by the thyroid gland. In most inland areas, the soils are iodine deficient and its amount is insufficient to produce agricultural crops with adequate iodine content to cover the recommended daily intake. In connection with the occurrence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), it has been the subject of intensive research in the past. However, following the introduction of iodized table salt in the food industry, problems related to IDD were not solved and studies on iodine mobility and bioavailability from soils are rare even today and have remained insufficiently investigated. In many countries, mainly in Europe, the prescription rate of medicaments used to treat goiter is still high. Thus, there are a considerable amount of studies looking for alternative methods for iodine supplementation in foodstuffs among the use of iodized table salt. In most cases, the subject of these studies are agricultural crops. This mini review presents the consequences of inadequate and excess iodine intake, the current status of iodine supplementation and the most recent alternative methods of the application of iodine in agriculture and its effect on the quality of used plant species.

Iodine uptake and translocation in apple trees grown under protected cultivation

Abstract: Background and Aims: Agronomic biofortification of food crops with iodine may improve the dietary intake of this trace element, which is essential for human development and health. So far, little is known about the suitability of this technique in pome fruits. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate uptake and translocation of exogenously applied iodine in apple trees, (2) to identify possible strategies of iodine biofortification for this type of fruit, and (3) to evaluate interactions between foliar applied iodine and selenium. Methods: Apple trees were cultivated in a plastic tunnel for two growing seasons. Iodine was applied via leaves or substrate. During the 2ⁿᵈ year, simultaneous foliar application of iodine and selenium were tested as well. At harvest time, iodine and selenium content in leaves and fruits were determined. The phytoavailable iodine concentration in the growing medium was analyzed following an extraction with calcium chloride. In addition, the dynamics of iodine applied as potassium iodide and iodate in a peat‐based substrate was investigated in an incubation experiment without plants. Results: The iodine concentration in washed apples increased more than 100‐fold, valuing around 50 µg (100 g FM)⁻¹ by foliar application of iodine as compared to the control treatment. However, this level was only achieved in fruits which were directly wetted by the spray solution. The translocation of leaf‐absorbed iodine to fruits was negligible. Following a substrate fertilization, the fruit iodine content remained rather low due to a strong retention of iodine in the growing medium. When using foliar sprays, the addition of selenium did not affect the iodine enrichment of the apple fruits. Conclusions: Foliar fertilization of iodine seems to be a promising method to biofortify apples with iodine. The level of I achieved in apple fruits by means of foliar fertilization can significantly contribute to the daily I intake requirement of humans.

Estimation of reactive inorganic iodine fluxes in the Indian and Southern Ocean marine boundary layer

Abstract: . Iodine chemistry has noteworthy impacts on the oxidising capacity of the marine boundary layer (MBL) through the depletion of ozone ( O3 ) and changes to HOx ( OH∕HO2 ) and NOx ( NO∕NO2 ) ratios. Hitherto, studies have shown that the reaction of atmospheric O3 with surface seawater iodide (I − ) contributes to the flux of iodine species into the MBL mainly as hypoiodous acid (HOI) and molecular iodine ( I2 ). Here, we present the first concomitant observations of iodine oxide (IO), O3 in the gas phase, and sea surface iodide concentrations. The results from three field campaigns in the Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean during 2015–2017 are used to compute reactive iodine fluxes in the MBL. Observations of atmospheric IO by multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) show active iodine chemistry in this environment, with IO values up to 1 pptv (parts per trillion by volume) below latitudes of 40 ∘ S. In order to compute the sea-to-air iodine flux supporting this chemistry, we compare previously established global sea surface iodide parameterisations with new region-specific parameterisations based on the new iodide observations. This study shows that regional changes in salinity and sea surface temperature play a role in surface seawater iodide estimation. Sea–air fluxes of HOI and I2 , calculated from the atmospheric ozone and seawater iodide concentrations (observed and predicted), failed to adequately explain the detected IO in this region. This discrepancy highlights the need to measure direct fluxes of inorganic and organic iodine species in the marine environment. Amongst other potential drivers of reactive iodine chemistry investigated, chlorophyll a showed a significant correlation with atmospheric IO ( R=0.7 above the 99 % significance level) to the north of the polar front. This correlation might be indicative of a biogenic control on iodine sources in this region.

Breast Milk Iodine Concentration Is Associated with Infant Growth, Independent of Maternal Weight.

Abstract: In breastfed infants, human milk provides the primary source of iodine to meet demands during this vulnerable period of growth and development. Iodine is a key micronutrient that plays an essential role in hormone synthesis. Despite the importance of iodine, there is limited understanding of the maternal factors that influence milk iodine content and how milk iodine intake during infancy is related to postnatal growth. We examined breast milk samples from near 2 weeks and 2 months post-partum in a mother-infant dyad cohort of mothers with pre-pregnancy weight status defined by body mass index (BMI). Normal (NW, BMI < 25.0 kg/m2) is compared to overweight/obesity (OW/OB, BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2). The milk iodine concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We evaluated the associations between iodine content at 2 weeks and infant anthropometrics over the first year of life using multivariable linear mixed modeling. Iodine concentrations generally decreased from 2 weeks to 2 months. We observed no significant difference in iodine based on maternal weight. A higher iodine concentration at 2 weeks was associated with a larger increase in infant weight-for-age and weight-for-length Z-score change per month from 2 weeks to 1 year. This pilot study shows that early iodine intake may influence infant growth trajectory independent of maternal pre-pregnancy weight status.