Showing papers on "Iodine published in 2021"
TL;DR: In this paper, a new design philosophy aiming at significantly enhanced specific host-guest interactions and obtaining a nitrogen-rich covalent organic framework material by introducing a bipyridine group into the building block for the simultaneous capture of both iodine gas through enhanced electron-pair effect and organic iodide via the methylation reaction was presented.
139 citations
TL;DR: Sorption studies revealed that the electro-donating amino group exhibits the most positive role on increasing the removal rate of iodine from cyclohexane and the uptake capacity of iodine vapor, leading to the unearthing of one of the most radioresistant MOFs Th-UiO-66-NH2 reported up to date.
Abstract: Effective capture of radioactive iodine is of paramount importance for the safe and long-term storage of fission products in the nuclear fuel cycle. Herein, a series of functionalized Th-UiO-66 MOFs was employed as a model to investigate the effects of substituents on iodine adsorption in both solution and vapor states. Sorption studies revealed that the electro-donating amino group exhibits the most positive role on increasing the removal rate of iodine from cyclohexane and the uptake capacity of iodine vapor. Particularly, the disubstituted Th-UiO-66-(NH2 )2 can effectively remove 91.9 % of iodine (300 mg L-1 ) from cyclohexane and capture 969 mg g-1 iodine vapor, significantly higher than 59.6 % and 334 mg g-1 of untagged Th-UiO-66, respectively. In addition, the substituent effect on the radiolytic stability of MOFs was for the first time investigated, leading to the unearthing of one of the most radioresistant MOFs Th-UiO-66-NH2 reported to date.
57 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two chemically stable ionic polymers containing multiple binding sites, including phenyl rings, imidazolium cations, and bromide anions, were reported.
Abstract: Large-scale generation of radioactive iodine (129I, 131I) in nuclear power plants pose a critical threat in the event of fallout, thus rendering the development of iodine sequestering materials (from both the vapor and aqueous medium) highly pivotal. Herein, we report two chemically stable ionic polymers containing multiple binding sites, including phenyl rings, imidazolium cations, and bromide anions, which in synergy promote adsorption of iodine/triiodide anions. In brief, exceptional iodine uptake (from the vapor phase) was observed at nuclear fuel reprocessing conditions. Furthermore, the ionic nature propelled removal of >99% of I3- from water within 30 min. Additionally, benchmark uptake capacities, as well as unprecedented selectivity, were observed for I3-anions. The excellent affinity (distribution coefficient, ∼105 mL/g) enabled iodine capture from seawater-spiked samples. Moreover, iodine-loaded compounds showed conductivity (10-4 S/cm, 10-6 S/cm), placing them among the best known conducting porous organic polymers. Lastly, DFT studies unveiled key insights in coherence with the experimental findings.
29 citations
30 Jun 2021
TL;DR: Several novel macrocyclic arenes that are composed of six indole subunits, so-called bisindole[3]arenes (BID[3], were conveniently synthesized by the aluminum trichloride-catalyzed one-pot conden...
Abstract: Several novel macrocyclic arenes that are composed of six indole subunits, so-called bisindole[3]arenes (BID[3]s), were conveniently synthesized by the aluminum trichloride-catalyzed one-pot conden...
28 citations
TL;DR: Iodine is a critical trace element involved in many diverse and important processes in the Earth system as mentioned in this paper, and the importance of iodine for human health has been known for over a century, with low iodine levels.
Abstract: Iodine is a critical trace element involved in many diverse and important processes in the Earth system. The importance of iodine for human health has been known for over a century, with low iodine...
28 citations
TL;DR: Iodine is a micronutrient needed for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, growth, and development as discussed by the authors, and the potential effects on infant development depend on the degree, timing, and duration of exposure.
Abstract: Iodine is a micronutrient needed for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, growth, and development. Iodine deficiency or excess may alter the thyroid hormone synthesis. The potential effects on infant development depend on the degree, timing, and duration of exposure. The iodine requirement is particularly high during infancy because of elevated thyroid hormone turnover. Breastfed infants rely on iodine provided by human milk, but the iodine concentration in breast milk is determined by the maternal iodine intake. Diets in many countries cannot provide sufficient iodine, and deficiency is prevented by iodine fortification of salt. However, the coverage of iodized salt varies between countries. Epidemiological data suggest large differences in the iodine intake in lactating women, infants, and toddlers worldwide, ranging from deficient to excessive intake. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and recent advances in the understanding of iodine nutrition and its association with thyroid function in lactating women, infants, and toddlers. We discuss risk factors for iodine malnutrition and the impact of targeted intervention strategies on these vulnerable population groups. We highlight the importance of appropriate definitions of optimal iodine nutrition and the need for more data assessing the risk of mild iodine deficiency for thyroid disorders during the first 2 years in life.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a novel adsorbent COF-PA containing quinoline and phenylacetylene units for dual chemical adsorption of iodine is designed and prepared.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the peak areas of both iodate and iodide ions were calculated by ion chromatography and the total iodate was determined by combining the peak regions of both ions.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the benefits and possible dangers of dietary intake of iodine-rich seaweed are described as well as the role of gaseous iodine released from seaweeds influencing weather patterns and contributing to iodine intake in coastal populations.
Abstract: Backgound Even a minor iodine deficiency can result in adverse thyroidal health consequences while excess iodine intake can also result in thyroid function disorders. One source of iodine is seaweed which as a foodstuff is enjoying an increasing profile in Western countries. Apart from its potential involvement in thyroidal health, gaseous iodine released from seaweeds plays a significant role in influencing coastal climate through cloud formation. Summary Sources of dietary iodine, its assessment, recommended dietary intake, and consequences of iodine excess are outlined. The benefits and possible dangers of dietary intake of iodine-rich seaweed are described. Studies linking seaweed intake to breast cancer prevalence are discussed as is the role of gaseous iodine released from seaweeds influencing weather patterns and contributing to iodine intake in coastal populations. Key messages Universal salt iodization remains the optimum method of achieving optimum iodine status. Promoting increased dietary iodine intake is recommended in young women, in early pregnancy, and in vegan and vegetarian diets. Even where iodine intake is enhanced, regular assessment of iodine status is necessary. Caution against consumption of brown seaweeds (kelps) is required as even small amounts can have antithyroid actions while product labelling may be insufficient. Gaseous iodine produced from seaweeds can have a significant effect on cloud formation and associated global warming/cooling. Increased overall iodine deposition through rainfall and apparent uptake in populations dwelling in seaweed-rich coastal regions may provide a partial natural remedy to global iodine deficits.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) complex cathode was proposed to boost the capacity of zinc-iodine flow batteries, achieving a higher discharge capacity of 115 A h L−1 for up to 6 M I−.
Abstract: Consuming one-third of iodide to stabilize the iodine for reversible I−/I3− reactions is the major challenge for zinc–iodine flow batteries (ZIFBs) to realize high volumetric capacity. In this study, we report a polymer–polyiodide complex cathode to boost the iodide capacity of ZIFBs. By adding polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to KI, electrochemical tests show that the formation of a polyiodide complex significantly promotes the oxidation of I− to I3− by enabling an enhanced solubility of the I2 film through interactions between PVP and I2. Materials characterization and theoretical calculation further prove that the lone-pair electrons of oxygen from the carbonyl group of monomer NVP facilitate the formation of an I–O bond and result in the breaking of the I–I bond in I2, creating an intermediate structure of NVP·2I−. Subsequently, the iodide in NVP·2I− can further complex with oxidized I2 forming soluble NVP–2I3−, which facilitates the dissolution of the I2 film and effectively frees up 1/3 iodide ions. Benefitting from the polyiodide complex, a ZIFB demonstrates a superior discharge capacity of 115 A h L−1 for up to 6 M I−, significantly unlocking the capacity of iodine. For long-term operation, the ZIFB with PVP in 6 M I− can continuously run for 600 cycles, affording a stable energy efficiency of 70%.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a nitrogen-rich covalent triazine-piperazine-based porous polymer (n-CTP) was successfully synthesized via a mild one-step solvothermal route.
Abstract: The efficient capture of radioiodine from the waste of nuclear industries is a growing priority for the safe development of nuclear energy. However, because the iodine adsorption rate of previously reported adsorbents is very slow, they are inadequate for use in an actual emergency such as radioiodine leakage in a nuclear accident. Herein, a nitrogen-rich covalent triazine–piperazine-based porous polymer (n-CTP) was successfully synthesized via a mild one-step solvothermal route. The large pore size and abundant N-heterocyclic groups (with a nitrogen content as high as 39.69%) of n-CTP are beneficial for the diffusion and adsorption of I2, and they have the ability to decrease the adsorption time. The ability of n-CTP to adsorb iodine vapor was examined, and the results show that n-CTP possesses a faster adsorption rate (1.58 g g−1 h−1) than most iodine-capturing covalent organic polymers (COPs), excellent iodine uptake capacity (4.19 g g−1), satisfactory selectivity, and can be reused for at least three cycles without a significant loss of iodine uptake. FT-IR and Raman analyses revealed that the mechanism of iodine capture is attributed to the charge transfer interactions between n-CTP and the guest iodine. In addition, n-CTP also exhibits high iodine capture capacity (2.88 g g−1) and fast adsorption rate in iodine solutions. Thus, n-CTP has the potential to be applied to the rapid removal and enrichment of radioiodine in spent fuel reprocessing and has the ability to prevent environmental contamination in the case of nuclear accidents.
TL;DR: In this paper, a geochemical survey of iodate and selenium fractionation and speciation in irrigation water and arable soil was conducted in Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan.
Abstract: Deficiencies of the micronutrients iodine and selenium are particularly prevalent where populations consume local agricultural produce grown on soils with low iodine and selenium availability. This study focussed on such an area, Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan, through a geochemical survey of iodine and selenium fractionation and speciation in irrigation water and arable soil. Iodine and selenium concentrations in water ranged from 0.01–1.79 µg L−1 to 0.016–2.09 µg L−1, respectively, which are smaller than levels reported in similar mountainous areas in other parts of the world. Iodate and selenate were the dominant inorganic species in all water samples. Average concentrations of iodine and selenium in soil were 685 µg kg−1 and 209 µg kg−1, respectively, much lower than global averages of 2600 and 400 µg kg−1, respectively. The ‘reactive’ fractions (‘soluble’ and ‘adsorbed’) of iodine and selenium accounted for < 7% and < 5% of their total concentrations in soil. More than 90% of reactive iodine was organic; iodide was the main inorganic species. By contrast, 66.9 and 39.7% of ‘soluble’ and ‘adsorbed’ selenium, respectively, were present as organic species; inorganic selenium was mainly selenite. Very low distribution coefficients (kd = adsorbed/soluble; L kg−1) for iodine (1.07) and selenium (1.27) suggested minimal buffering of available iodine and selenium against leaching losses and plant uptake. These geochemical characteristics suggest low availability of iodine and selenium in Gilgit-Baltistan, which may be reflected in locally grown crops. However, further investigation is required to ascertain the status of iodine and selenium in the Gilgit-Baltistan food supply and population.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effect of melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) on thyroid peroxidation in porcine thyroid homogenates.
Abstract: Iodine deficiency is the main environmental factor leading to thyroid cancer. At the same time iodine excess may also contribute to thyroid cancer. Potassium iodate (KIO3), which is broadly used in salt iodization program, may increase oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation, LPO) under experimental conditions, with the strongest damaging effect at KIO3 concentration of ~10 mM (corresponding to physiological iodine concentration in the thyroid). Melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) are effective antioxidative indoles, each of which protects against KIO3-induced LPO in the thyroid. The study aims to check if melatonin used together with IPA (in their highest achievable in vitro concentrations) reveals stronger protective effects against KIO3-induced LPO in porcine thyroid homogenates than each of these antioxidants used separately. Homogenates were incubated in the presence of KIO3 (200; 100; 50; 25; 20; 15; 10; 7.5; 5.0; 2.5; 1.25; 0.0 mM) without/with melatonin (5 mM) or without/with IPA (10 mM) or without/with melatonin + IPA, and then, to further clarify the narrow range of KIO3 concentrations, against which melatonin + IPA reveal cumulative protective effects, the following KIO3 concentrations were used: 20; 18.75; 17.5; 16.25; 15; 13.75; 12.5; 11.25; 10; 8.75; 7.5; 0.0 mM. Malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4-HDA) concentration (LPO index) was measured spectrophotometrically. Protective effects of melatonin + IPA were stronger than those revealed by each antioxidant used separately, but only when LPO was induced by KIO3 in concentrations from 18.75 mM to 8.75 mM, corresponding to physiological iodine concentration in the thyroid. In conclusion, melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid exert cumulative protective effects against oxidative damage caused by KIO3, when this prooxidant is used in concentrations close to physiological iodine concentrations in the thyroid. Therefore, the simultaneous administration of these two indoles should be considered to prevent more effectively oxidative damage (and thereby thyroid cancer formation) caused by iodine compounds applied in iodine prophylaxis.
TL;DR: Melatonin can reduce very strong oxidative damage to membrane lipids caused by KIO3 used in doses resulting in physiological iodine concentrations in the thyroid.
Abstract: . Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. Under normal iodine supply, calculated physiological iodine concentration in the thyroid is approx. 9 mM. Either potassium iodide (KI) o...
TL;DR: The use of iodide as the positive redox-active species in redox flow batteries has been highly anticipated owing to its attractive features of high solubility, excellent reversibility, and low cost.
Abstract: The use of iodide as the positive redox-active species in redox flow batteries has been highly anticipated owing to its attractive features of high solubility, excellent reversibility, and low cost...
TL;DR: The metabolism of iodine and its potential role in fertility will be discussed, including the impact of both iodine deficiency and excess states and the importance of iodine in normal fetal development.
Abstract: Iodine is a vital micronutrient and its importance in thyroid function is well established. However, abnormalities in iodine intake may also have other effects. In particular, iodine is taken up avidly by the ovary and endometrium. Iodine deficiency is associated with reduced fertility. The use of high iodine concentration contrast media has recently been shown to improve conception rates in couples with unexplained infertility (UI). We hypothesize that this improvement could be related to the iodine excess and mechanisms independent of its action on thyroid. In this article, the metabolism of iodine and its potential role in fertility will be discussed, including the impact of both iodine deficiency and excess states and the importance of iodine in normal fetal development. This will include insights from animal studies on the effect of iodine in the uterine and ovarian structural environment, hormonal milieu and immunological factors affecting implantation. We speculate that iodine may well have a role as a potential therapy for UI.
TL;DR: The study helps to improve the control strategy of I-DBPs when biofilm outbreaks in lead-containing water pipes and finds that EPS proteins had a higher FP of both C- and N-IDBPs than polysaccharides on account of more electrophilic sites and higher nitrogen content.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored if environmental exposure to cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and methylmercury (MeHg) impacts thyroid function in pregnancy, and interacts with iodine and selenium status.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the impact of advanced modeled iterative reconstruction (ADMIRE) algorithm and dose levels on the accuracy of Hounsfield unit (HU) measurement, image noise and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in virtual monochromatic images (VMIs) with low iodine concentrations.
Abstract: Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of advanced modeled iterative reconstruction (ADMIRE) algorithm and dose levels on the accuracy of Hounsfield unit (HU) measurement, image noise and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in virtual monochromatic images (VMIs) with low iodine concentrations, and the accuracy of iodine quantification. Materials and methods A CT phantom was scanned with dual-source CT using abdomen-pelvis examination parameters at four dose levels: 5, 8, 11 and 20 mGy. Images were reconstructed using filtered-back projection (FBP) and ADMIRE levels 3 and 5 (A3-A5). HU accuracy was assessed calculating the root-mean-square deviation (RMSDHU). Image noise and CNR were computed on VMIs at 40/50/60/70 keV for 4 iodine inserts with 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg/mL concentrations. Accuracy of iodine quantification was assessed by the RMSDiodine and iodine bias (IB). Results The RMSDHU decreased significantly as the dose levels increased compared to 5 mGy, except for 8 mGy with A3 (P = 0.380) and with A5 level (P = 0.945). Noise increased by 63.0 ± 3.0 (standard deviation [SD])% from 20 mGy to 5 mGy. Noise decreased significantly by -53.8 ± 0.9 (SD) % with A5 compared to FBP. The CNR decreased by -43.1 ± 6.5 (SD)% from 20 mGy to 5 mGy. It increased using ADMIRE, and as the ADMIRE levels increased. The RMSDiodine and IB decreased as the dose level increased, and this was similar for all reconstruction types. Conclusion ADMIRE strongly improves image quality in VMIs and slightly improves HU accuracy but does not affect the accuracy of iodine quantification.
TL;DR: In this paper, the as-prepared bulk iodine doped BiOCl (BiOCl1-3xI3x) exhibited higher visible-light absorbtion range and photocatalytic activity than the pristine biOCl.
TL;DR: The results suggest a curvilinear association between UI/Creat and brain morphology and suggest that the exact definition of the reference group is important because of potential non-linear associations which could be leveraged in future studies.
Abstract: Background: Severe maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy leads to marked intellectual disability in the offspring. Although recent studies showed that even mild-to-moderate maternal iodine de...
09 Jul 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, an iodine-doped graphene encapsulated Bi2S3 nanorods composite was proposed as an efficient anode for PIBs, which achieved an initial reversible capacity of 413.6 mAh/g at 100 mA/g.
TL;DR: Catechin@ACF as mentioned in this paper was successfully prepared through interface assembly of specific recognition gripper with plant polyphenols (catechin) on activated collagen fiber (ACF), and the catechin membrane with specific grip on iodine was successfully constructed on the surface of ACF.
TL;DR: In this article, a study was conducted to determine whether a 3-day titration diet, providing known quantities of iodized salt, is reflected in 24-hour urinary iodine concentration (UIC), serum iodine, and thyroglobulin (Tg).
Abstract: Background: The iodine status of the US population is considered adequate, but subpopulations remain at risk for iodine deficiency and a biomarker of individual iodine status has yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a 3 day titration diet, providing known quantities of iodized salt, is reflected in 24 h urinary iodine concentration (UIC), serum iodine, and thyroglobulin (Tg). Methods: A total of 10 participants (31.3 ± 4.0 years, 76.1 ± 6.3 kg) completed three, 3 day iodine titration diets (minimal iodine, US RDA, (United States Recommended Daily Allowance), and 3× RDA). The 24 h UIC, serum iodine, and Tg were measured following each diet. The 24 h UIC and an iodine-specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were completed at baseline. Results: UIC increased an average of 19.3 μg/L for every gram of iodized salt consumed and was different from minimal to RDA (p = 0.001) and RDA to 3× RDA diets (p = 0.04). Serum iodine was different from RDA to 3× RDA (p = 0.006) whereas Tg was not responsive to diet. Baseline UIC was associated with iodine intake from milk (r = 0.688, p = 0.028) and fish/seafood (r = 0.646, p = 0.043). Conclusion: These results suggest that 24 h UIC and serum iodine may be reflective of individual iodine status and may serve as biomarkers of iodine status.
TL;DR: In this paper, a solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell with poly(ethylene oxide) based solid polymer electrolyte consisting of iodide/triiodide redox couple was proposed.
Abstract: Co-sensitized solar cells have gained more attention due to the ability of energy conversion process by absorbing photons from wide range of the solar spectrum including visible and near-infrared region. TiO2 electrodes were co-sensitized with PbS/CdS core-shell quantum dots and N719 dye. PbS/CdS/N719 dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated with poly(ethylene oxide) based solid polymer electrolyte consisting iodide/triiodide redox couple. The iodide ion conductivity of the electrolyte was enhanced by incorporating a binary iodide salt mixture of different size cations, tetrapropylammonium iodide and potassium iodide. The performance of the solar cell was further enhanced by the incorporating TiO2 P90 nanofiller in the electrolyte. The best solid-state solar cell showed a significantly higher efficiency of 4.41 % with a short-circuit current density of 8.41 mA cm−2, open-circuit voltage of 748.3 mV and a high fill factor of 70.16 % under the simulated light of 100 mW cm−2 with AM 1.5 filter. This is the first report describing the efficiency enhancement in a solid-state dye sensitized solar cell based on a solid polymer electrolyte incorporating a binary cation iodide salt and TiO2 nanofiller and a photoanode co-sensitized with PbS/CdS quantum dots and N719 dye demonstrating the cumulative effect by the mixed cation effect and co-sensitization.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore whether iodine nutrition and timing of iodine supplement initiation are associated with thyroid function in pregnant and postpartum women, and find that lower iodine availability during pregnancy and post-partum was associated with lower TSH, and higher fT3 and fT4 concentrations.
Abstract: Background Whereas the adverse effects of severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy are well documented, the effects of mild-to-moderate deficiency are not well established. Objectives We aimed to explore whether iodine nutrition and timing of iodine supplement initiation are associated with thyroid function in pregnant and postpartum women. Methods In this cohort study, 137 pregnant women were enrolled and followed up at gestational weeks (GWs) 18 and 36, and 3 and 6 mo postpartum. Thyroid function tests [thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4)], urinary iodine and creatinine concentration (UIC:Cr), and iodine intake (including iodine supplement use) were measured at each time point. The associations between thyroid hormone concentrations and UIC:Cr, iodine intakes, and iodine supplement use were estimated using multiple generalized estimating equation models. Results The median UIC at GW18 was 94 μg/L, indicating mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency. UIC:Cr (β; 95% CI) per 100 μg/g was negatively associated with fT3 (-0.191; -0.331, -0.051) and fT4 (-0.756; -1.372, -0.141) concentrations. Iodine intake (β; 95% CI) per 100 μg/d was positively associated with TSH (0.099; 0.022, 0.177), and negatively associated with fT3 (-0.084; -0.0141, -0.027) and fT4 (-0.390; -0.599, -0.182) concentrations. Compared with no use of supplement, those initiating an iodine-containing supplement prepregnancy and continuing through pregnancy had lower TSH (estimated means) (1.35 compared with 1.68 mIU/L, P = 0.021), and higher fT3 (4.48 compared with 4.28 pmol/L, P = 0.035) and fT4 (15.2 compared with 14.4 pmol/L, P = 0.024) concentrations. Conclusions Lower iodine availability during pregnancy and postpartum was associated with lower TSH, and higher fT3 and fT4 concentrations. The use of an iodine-containing supplement that was initiated prepregnancy and continuing through pregnancy was associated with lower TSH, and higher fT3 and fT4 concentrations, which may suggest improved thyroid function. These findings support the notion that optimization of iodine intake should start before pregnancy.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02610959.
11 Jun 2021
TL;DR: The iodine content in drinking water is the major iodine source in pregnant women living in high-water iodine areas where iodized salt supply is restricted and the contribution rate of daily iodine intake from drinking water increases with the increase in water iodine concentration.
Abstract: The supply of non-iodized salt and the water improvement project have been conducted to reduce the iodine concentration in drinking water in areas with elevated water iodine We aimed to assess the impact of water iodine concentration (WIC) on the iodine intake of pregnant women in areas with restricted iodized salt supply, and determine the cutoff values of WIC in areas with non-iodized salt supply Overall, 534 pregnant women who attended routine antenatal outpatient visits in Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Gaoqing County were recruited The 24-h urine iodine excretion (UIE) in 534 samples and the iodine concentration in 534 drinking water samples were estimated Urinary iodine excretion, daily iodine intake, and daily iodine intake from drinking water (WII) were calculated The relationship between WIC and daily iodine take was analyzed The median WIC, spot urine iodine concentration (UIC), and 24-h UIE were 17 (6, 226) μg/L, 145 (88, 267) μg/L, and 190 (110, 390) μg/day, respectively A significant positive correlation was found between WIC and UIE (R2 = 0265, p < 0001) and UIC (R2 = 0261, p < 0001) The contribution rate of WII to total iodine intake increased from 30% in the group with WIC of < 10 μg/L to 457% in the group with WIC of 50–99 μg/L The iodine content in drinking water is the major iodine source in pregnant women living in high-water iodine areas where iodized salt supply is restricted The contribution rate of daily iodine intake from drinking water increases with the increase in water iodine concentration