Iodine

About: Iodine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8936 publications have been published within this topic receiving 139981 citations. The topic is also known as: I & element 53.

Iodine Prophylaxis Using Iodized Salt and Risk of Maternal Thyroid Failure in Conditions of Mild Iodine Deficiency

Abstract: Context: Mild to moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy can cause transient maternal hypothyroidism and impaired mental development of the progeny. These unfavorable effects are preventable by iodine supplementation. In Europe, however, less than 50% pregnant women receive iodine-containing supplements, thus representing dietary iodized salt the only carrier of iodine for most women in this life stage. Objective/Design: This longitudinal study is aimed to investigate the effects of long-term iodized salt consumption on maternal thyroid function during gestation. Participants/Outcome Measures: We prospectively evaluated thyroid function in 100 consecutive thyroperoxidase antibody-negative pregnant women from a mildly iodine-deficient area. Sixty-two women who had regularly used iodized salt for at least 2 yr prior to becoming pregnant and 38 who commenced iodized salt consumption upon becoming pregnant were classified as long-term (LT) and short-term (ST) iodine supplemented, respectively. Results: Lo...

Iodine excess as an environmental risk factor for autoimmune thyroid disease.

Abstract: The global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to poor monitoring, is currently a more frequent occurrence than iodine deficiency. Iodine excess is a precipitating environmental factor in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease. Excessive amounts of iodide have been linked to the development of autoimmune thyroiditis in humans and animals, while intrathyroidal depletion of iodine prevents disease in animal strains susceptible to severe thyroiditis. Although the mechanisms by which iodide induces thyroiditis are still unclear, several mechanisms have been proposed: (1) excess iodine induces the production of cytokines and chemokines that can recruit immunocompetent cells to the thyroid; (2) processing excess iodine in thyroid epithelial cells may result in elevated levels of oxidative stress, leading to harmful lipid oxidation and thyroid tissue injuries; and (3) iodine incorporation in the protein chain of thyroglobulin may augment the antigenicity of this molecule. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding excess iodide as an environmental toxicant and relate it to the development of autoimmune thyroid disease.

Induction of myxedema by iodide in patients euthyroid after radioiodin or surgical treatment of diffuse toxic goiter.

Abstract: In all 10 patients with diffuse toxic goiter of Graves disease rendered euthyroid by radioiodine six months to six years earlier, myxedema (as evidenced by typical signs and symptoms, rises in serum TSH and cholesterol concentrations and decrease in serum thyroxine into the hypothyroid range) developed after small, pharmacologic doses of iodide. Of seven similar patients who had been treated surgically, frank hypothyroidism developed in two, one remained entirely unchanged, and the remaining four displayed slight abnormalities in serum thyroxine or TSH concentrations without overt hypothyroidism. The thyroid gland in Graves disease appears to be inherently susceptible to the induction of iodide myxedema, and such susceptibility may be enhanced or its demonstration facilitated by radioiodine treatment.

Influencing factors on iodine content of cow milk

Abstract: Iodine is an essential trace element for humans and animals, and it is incorporated into the thyroid hormones such as thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which have multiple functions in energy metabolism and growth, but also as transmitter of nervous stimuli and as an important factor for brain development. Because of the small range between iodine requirements and the upper level for humans (between 1:2.5 and 3), the requirements should be met, but excesses should be avoided. One of the most important iodine sources for humans is milk of ruminants. Therefore, various influencing factors on the iodine content of milk of ruminants should be analyzed in the paper. The iodine content of milk depends on many factors, such as iodine content and level of iodine supplementation of feed, iodine source, iodine antagonists such as glucosinolates in the feed, farm management, teat dipping with iodine-containing substances, and milk processing in the dairy. The effects of some factors on the iodine content of milk are demonstrated and discussed. Feed iodine supplementation has the main effect on milk iodine. However, the iodine content of milk may vary considerably depending on many other influencing factors. As a consequence of preventive consumer protection, the European Food Safety Authority proposed a reduction in the iodine upper level for lactating ruminants from 5 to 2 mg/kg complete feed.

Low iodine diet in I-131 ablation of thyroid remnants.

Abstract: A low-iodine diet was developed for use in decreasing iodine intake and excretion in patients undergoing evaluation with radioactive I-131 for ablation of thyroid remnants as treatment for thyroid cancer. It has been demonstrated to effectively lower iodine excretion to less than 25% of basal values. Preliminary calculations suggest that such iodine depletion may be potentially useful in increasing the radiation dose per mCi of administered activity in I-131 ablative therapy.