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Iodine

About: Iodine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8936 publications have been published within this topic receiving 139981 citations. The topic is also known as: I & element 53.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is generally conceded that SPI ordinarily represents circulating thyroid hormone, but in studies of medically treated hyperthyroid patients, however, a number of values for SPI proved unexpectedly high in comparison with other measures of thyroid activity.
Abstract: It has been demonstrated chemically that the iodine bound to proteins of the serum is predominantly composed of thyroxine (1-4). The concentration of this protein-bound or serum precipitable iodine (SPI) appears to be closely correlated with the activity of the thyroid gland (5-7). It is probably the most precise clinical criterion of such activity that has yet been extensively employed. It is, therefore, generally conceded that SPI ordinarily represents circulating thyroid hormone. In studies of medically treated hyperthyroid patients, however, a number of values for SPI proved unexpectedly high in comparison with other measures of thyroid activity (5, 7). Danowski and associates (8-10) reported that SPI of normal individuals and pregnant women rose after the administration of potassium iodide. It had also been discovered that certain iodine-containing compounds commonly used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes formed combinations with the proteins of the serum and therefore were measured with SPI (11). For these reasons it seemed desirable to examine more closely the nature of SPI and to find a more specific measure of circulating thyroid hormone. Taurog and Chaikoff (4) utilized N-butanol to extract thyroxine-like compounds from serum. This solvent, originally employed by Leland and Foster (12), can be freed from diiodotyrosine and inorganic iodine by means of an alkaline reagent suggested by Blau (13). Taurog and Chaikoff (4) found that 73 to 93 per cent of the iodine of normal plasma behaved like thyroxine inasmuch as it remained in butanol extracts after these had been washed with Blau's reagent. Danowski and associates (8-10) compared the iodine extracted by butanol with SPI in the sera of normal individuals, pregnant women, and persons taking potassium iodide. The mean value for iodine extraced by butanol in the sera from 23 healthy

115 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the urinary iodine concentration is the most useful epidemiological indicator for assessing current iodine status, and thyroid volume and serum thyroglobulin levels are the best markers for assessing chronic effects.
Abstract: Oral iodized oil is the major alternative to iodized salt for correcting endemic iodine deficiency. This study responds to a need for better guidelines in its use. Schoolchildren, aged 6-11 yr, from a severely iodine-deficient area of Algeria received iodized poppy seed oil (Lipiodol) in a single oral dose containing 120, 240, 480, or 960 mg iodine (groups A-D) or in an im injection of 480 mg iodine (group E). Thyroid volume by ultrasonography had not changed 395 days after treatment in groups A, B, and C, had decreased in groups D and E. Urinary iodine concentration rose rapidly from an initial median of 0.21 mumol/L, but fell below 0.79 mumol/L (the currently accepted level for indicating iodine deficiency) by 150 days for groups A and B, and by 395 days for groups C and D. Median serum TSH and T4 levels were normal before and after treatment, whereas high initial serum thyroglobulin values decreased in all groups after iodized oil treatment. For correcting iodine deficiency in children, we recommend single oral doses of Lipiodol containing 240 mg iodine for 6-month coverage or 480 mg for 12 months. These doses may not completely sustain iodine sufficiency, but will prevent the worst of the iodine deficiency disorders. Additionally, we conclude that the urinary iodine concentration is the most useful epidemiological indicator for assessing current iodine status, and thyroid volume and serum thyroglobulin levels are the best markers for assessing chronic effects.

115 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The association between excess iodine intake and thyroid function is described and guidance on choice of biomarkers to assess iodine intake is provided, with an emphasis on the median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and thyroglobulin.
Abstract: Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. High iodine intakes are well tolerated by most healthy individuals, but in some people, excess iodine intakes may precipitate hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, goiter, and/or thyroid autoimmunity. Individuals with preexisting thyroid disease or those previously exposed to iodine deficiency may be more susceptible to thyroid disorders due to an increase in iodine intake, in some cases at intakes only slightly above physiological needs. Thyroid dysfunction due to excess iodine intake is usually mild and transient, but iodine-induced hyperthyroidism can be life-threatening in some individuals. At the population level, excess iodine intakes may arise from consumption of overiodized salt, drinking water, animal milk rich in iodine, certain seaweeds, iodine-containing dietary supplements, and from a combination of these sources. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of a population reflects the total iodine intake from all sources and can accurately identify populations with excessive iodine intakes. Our review describes the association between excess iodine intake and thyroid function. We outline potential sources of excess iodine intake and the physiological responses and consequences of excess iodine intakes. We provide guidance on choice of biomarkers to assess iodine intake, with an emphasis on the UIC and thyroglobulin.

115 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Mu Li1, Gary Ma1, Karmala Guttikonda1, Steven C Boyages1, Creswell J Eastman1 
TL;DR: Evaluating the urinary iodine excretion (UIE), as the indicator of iodine nutrition, in samples obtained from various demographic groups in the Sydney metropolitian area confirmed that iodine deficiency has reemerged in Sydney, Australia.
Abstract: Iodine is an essential nutrient for human growth and development. The thyroid gland is dependent upon iodine for production of thyroid hormone. It is a common perception that iodine deficiency is not a major public health concern in mainland Australia, with sporadic studies carried out about a decade ago showing average urinary iodine excretion levels of around 200 µg/day. Recent evidence, however, has shown that the consumption of iodine is declining in Australia. A similar situation has occurred in the USA. The present study was designed to evaluate the urinary iodine excretion (UIE), as the indicator of iodine nutrition, in samples obtained from various demographic groups in the Sydney metropolitian area, namely: schoolchildren, healthy adult volunteers, pregnant women and patients with diabetes. Urinary iodine in spot urine sample was measured in a Technicon II autoanalyser using an in-house, semiautomated method. The results in this communication show that all four study groups had the median UIE below 100 µg/L, the criteria set by the World Health Organization for iodine repletion, and confirm what has been described previously, that iodine deficiency has reemerged in Sydney, Australia. One of the major causes of the reduced iodine intake is the reduction of iodine in milk since the dairy industry replaced iodine-rich cleaning solutions with other sanitisers. Secondly, less than 10% of the population are currently using iodised salt. A national survey into the iodine nutrition status in Australia is urgently required as part of the establishment of a systematic surveillance and legislation is required to iodise all edible salt.

115 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A DFS containing iodine and micronized ferric pyrophosphate can be an effective fortification strategy in rural Africa.

113 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023748
20221,361
2021155
2020154
2019158
2018186