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Iodine

About: Iodine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8936 publications have been published within this topic receiving 139981 citations. The topic is also known as: I & element 53.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Rat thyroid lobes were incubated with 131I- in graded concentrations of thiocyanate, perchlorate, nitrate, chlorate and fluoborate, indicating that there are qualitative as well as quantitative differences between the various anions, particularly between thiOCyanate and the others.
Abstract: Rat thyroid lobes were incubated with 131I- in graded concentrations of thiocyanate, perchlorate, nitrate, chlorate and fluoborate. All anions tested inhibited both concentration of inorganic iodide by the thyroid tissue and, in higher concentration, organic binding of that iodide which did enter the thyroid. Both inhibitory phenomena could be reversed by leaching lobes preincubated in effective concentrations of any of these anions. Perchlorate was most effective in inhibiting iodide concentration, while thiocyanate was the most potent inhibitor of organic binding. High concentrations of perchlorate and thiocyanate, the only 2 anions so tested, also inhibited both iodide concentration and organic binding of iodine in vivo. The patterns of inhibition of the various functions indicated that there are qualitative as well as quantitative differences between the various anions, particularly between thiocyanate and the others. (Endocrinology 79: 237,1966)

70 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2002-Thyroid
TL;DR: The introduction of salt iodination led to an improvement in iodine supply with a marked reduction of goiter prevalence in people who were born after 1963, but also to an increase in hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thyroid diseases as well as changes in histologic types of thyroid cancer.
Abstract: Until 1963 Austria was an extremely iodine-deficient area with low iodine intake and high goiter prevalence. Therefore, for the first time in 1963, salt iodination with 10 mg of potassium iodide per kilogram of salt was introduced by federal law. Twenty years after this salt iodination, however, investigations in schoolchildren demonstrated iodine deficiency grade I to II according to the World Health Organization (WHO) (urinary iodine excretion, 42-75 microg/g Crea) and goiter prevalence of far more than 10%. In 1990, salt iodination was increased to 20 mg of potassium iodide per kilogram of salt. In 1994, further investigations in schoolchildren demonstrated an increase of urinary iodine excretion (121 microg/g Crea) and a reduction of goiter prevalence below 5%, with the exception of pupils ages 14-19 (12%). In the year 2000, 10 years after the increase of salt iodination in Austria, 430 nonselected adult inhabitants of three communities in Carinthia (a county of Austria) were investigated for iodine excretion, goiter prevalence, and prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies. This study demonstrated that although iodine supply is sufficient now in Austria (males, 163.7 microg of Crea; females, 183.3 microg of iodine per gram of Crea), goiter prevalence is still high in the elderly, who lived for a longer period of iodine deficiency (34.3% in women and 21.3% in men), whereas goiter prevalence in younger people up to age 40 years is below 5%. It could also be shown that the percentage of thyroid autoantibodies is now as high as in other countries with sufficient iodine supply (3.19% in males, 5.17% in females). In addition to the changes of urinary iodine excretion and goiter prevalence because of salt iodination, changes of incidence in hyperthyroidism and histologic types of thyroid cancer are discussed in this paper. In conclusion, the introduction of salt iodination led to an improvement in iodine supply with a marked reduction of goiter prevalence in people who were born after 1963, but also to an increase in hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thyroid diseases as well as changes in histologic types of thyroid cancer.

70 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings suggest that I status of New Zealanders may no longer be considered adequate and may once again be approaching levels of intake associated with clinical I deficiency.
Abstract: The aims of this study were (1) to compare various measures of I status, and (2) to assess urinary I and thyroid hormone status of residents of two areas of New Zealand where, before the iodization of salt, goitre was endemic due to low soil I. A total of 189 subjects (102 males, eighty-seven females) were recruited from the Dunedin Blood Transfusion Centre, and 144 (sixty-seven males, seventy-seven females) from the Waikato Blood Transfusion Centre between November 1993 and June 1994. Blood was taken for thyroid hormone assays, and subjects collected a fasting overnight urine specimen, a double-voided fasting urine sample, and a complete 24 h specimen for iodide and creatinine analyses. Positive correlations (P < 0.0001) between daily iodide excretion and iodide concentrations in fasting and double-voided fasting urines, identical median values for iodide concentrations in the three samples, and similar numbers of subjects classified as at risk from I deficiency disorders according to the International Committee for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders/World Health Organization categories (World Health Organization, 1994) confirmed indications from earlier studies that fasting urine samples were suitable for population studies. However 24 h urinary iodide excretion remains the recommended measure for individual I status. Waikato residents excreted more iodide in urine and all measures were significantly greater than for Otago residents. However median urinary iodide excretions for both areas (60 and 76 microgram/d for Otago and Waikato respectively) were considerably lower than those reported previously for New Zealand. Thyroid hormone concentrations were within normal ranges. Our findings suggest that I status of New Zealanders may no longer be considered adequate and may once again be approaching levels of intake associated with clinical I deficiency.

70 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
06 Nov 2014-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: Thyroid nodules are more likely to be present in the iodine excess and deficient areas than in the iodine sufficient areas, and Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was significantly correlated with excess iodine intake.
Abstract: Background In spite of the salt iodization, iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) have not been sustainably eliminated in China. There are coastal areas with low iodized salt coverage rates (iodine nutrition is inadequate) and other areas with excessive amounts of iodine in the drinking water. Objective This study aimed to clarify the association of iodine deficiencies resulting from a low coverage rate of iodized salt, excess iodine intake from drinking water with thyroid function and disease in adults. Design A cross-sectional study was conducted in adults in different iodine nutrition areas in three provinces in China. Results The prevalence of thyroid nodules was 15.52%, 8.66% and 22.17% in the iodine excess, sufficient and deficient groups, respectively. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 20.09%, 10.41%, and 2.25% in the excess, sufficient and deficient iodine groups, respectively. The prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism and overt hyperthyroidism in the iodine deficient group was higher than that in the iodine excess group ([Formula: see text] = 9.302, p = 0.002) and iodine sufficient group ([Formula: see text] = 7.553, p = 0.006). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was significantly correlated with excess iodine intake (β = 1.764,P = 0.001) and deficient iodine intake (β = -1.219, P = 0.028). Conclusions Thyroid nodules are more likely to be present in the iodine excess and deficient areas than in the iodine sufficient areas. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and overt hyperthyroidism are more likely to be prevalent in the iodine deficient areas than in the iodine excess or sufficient areas. Subclinical hypothyroidism is more likely to be prevalent in the high iodine intake areas than in the iodine deficient or sufficient areas. Median TSH may be deemed as an alternative indicator for monitoring the iodine nutrition status of the adult population in iodine excess and deficient areas.

70 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1999-Thyroid
TL;DR: The incidence of isolated hypothyroxinemia or biochemical hypothyroidism doubled between midgestation and term in group A, suggesting that moderate iodine deficiency may result in maternal thyroid failure during the later stages of pregnancy.
Abstract: In an effort to assess the impact of moderate iodine deficiency on maternal thyroid function during pregnancy, we measured serum thyrotropin, total and free thyroid hormones, thyroid-binding globul...

70 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023748
20221,361
2021155
2020154
2019158
2018186