Topic
Ionization
About: Ionization is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 67763 publications have been published within this topic receiving 1376985 citations. The topic is also known as: ionisation.
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TL;DR: In the absence of forces other than the Coulomb attraction, the probability of escape equals the reciprocal of the Boltzmann factor as discussed by the authors, which is the proper procedure whenever the Langevin factor equals unity, as in gases at high pressures.
Abstract: The probability that a pair of ions of given initial separation will recombine with each other is computed from the laws of Brownian motion, which is the proper procedure whenever the Langevin factor equals unity, as in gases at high pressures. In the absence of forces other than the Coulomb attraction, the probability of escape equals the reciprocal of the Boltzmann factor. This result includes the correlation between temperature and pressure coefficients of the ionization by light particles previously predicted by Compton, Bennett and Stearns, if one allows their basic hypothesis about the laws which govern the initial separation of the ions. The effect of an electric field is to increase the fraction of escaping ions by a factor which in the incipient stage of the effect is proportional to the field intensity and independent of the initial distance, although it depends on the orientation of an ion pair. The predicted increase of the ionization current is a little more than one percent for every 100 volts/cm, which accounts for the observed effects of fields exceeding 1500 volts/cm. A reasonable amount of columnar recombination would help to explain the proportionately greater effects of weak fields. The inferred initial separations of the ions are apparently compatible with present knowledge of electron scattering and attachment.
1,598 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a non-equilibrium discharge in nitrogen-oxygen mixtures is developed, which almost wholly describes chemical transformations of particles in the cold (200 K
Abstract: A kinetic scheme for non-equilibrium discharge in nitrogen-oxygen mixtures is developed, which almost wholly describes chemical transformations of particles in the cold (200 K
1,558 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a method for determination of intrinsic ionization and complexation constants of oxide surface sites from potentiometric titration data is reported using these experimental properties and the stoichiometry of surface reactions, surface charge, σo, adsorption density, Γi, and diffuse layer potentials, ψd, at the oxide/water interface.
1,493 citations
TL;DR: A decreasing threshold fluence is found associated with a gradual transition from the long-pulse, thermally dominated regime to an ablative regime dominated by collisional and multiphoton ionization, and plasma formation.
Abstract: We report extensive laser-induced damage threshold measurements on dielectric materials at wavelengths of 1053 and 526 nm for pulse durations $\ensuremath{\tau}$ ranging from 140 fs to 1 ns. Qualitative differences in the morphology of damage and a departure from the diffusion-dominated ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ scaling of the damage fluence indicate that damage occurs from ablation for $\ensuremath{\tau}l~10$ ps and from conventional melting, boiling, and fracture for $\ensuremath{\tau}g50$ ps. We find a decreasing threshold fluence associated with a gradual transition from the long-pulse, thermally dominated regime to an ablative regime dominated by collisional and multiphoton ionization, and plasma formation. A theoretical model based on electron production via multiphoton ionization, Joule heating, and collisional (avalanche) ionization is in quantitative agreement with the experimental results.
1,435 citations
TL;DR: The spectrum of radiation emitted by a hot optically thin plasma with abundances and equilibrium ionization balance appropriate to interstellar conditions has been calculated in this article for wavelengths shorter than 200 A.
Abstract: The spectrum of radiation emitted by a hot optically thin plasma with abundances and equilibrium ionization balance appropriate to interstellar conditions has been calculated. The results at wavelengths shorter than 200 A are discussed for material in the electron-temperature range from 160,000 to 100 million K.
1,378 citations