Topic
Isopropyl alcohol
About: Isopropyl alcohol is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 3064 publications have been published within this topic receiving 27354 citations. The topic is also known as: Rubbing Alcohol & Propan-2-ol.
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TL;DR: The mechanism of the Ru(arene)(amino alcohol)-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of ketones using isopropyl alcohol as the hydrogen source has been studied by means of hybrid density functional methods as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The mechanism of the Ru(arene)(amino alcohol)-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of ketones using isopropyl alcohol as the hydrogen source has been studied by means of hybrid density functional methods (B3PW91). Three mechanistic alternatives were evaluated, and it was shown that the reaction takes place via a six-membered transition state, where a metal-bound hydride and a proton of a coordinated amine are transferred simultaneously to the ketone. Further calculations provided a general rationale for the rate of the reaction by comparison of steric effects in the ground and transition states of the ruthenium hydride complex. It was found that the TS has a strong preference for planarity, and this in turn is dependent on the conformational behavior of the O,N-linkage of the amino alcohol ligand. Finally, a general model, rationalizing the enantioselectivity of the reaction, was developed. Experimental studies of both rate and enantioselectivity were used in order to support the computational results.
273 citations
TL;DR: The colour analysis showed a high L* value and the chromatic co-ordinates were in the yellow-greenish spectrum, and the use of isopropyl alcohol is recommended in ratio 1:3, since its commercial value is lower in comparison with ethanol.
239 citations
TL;DR: A synthetic acetone operon was constructed and expressed to increase the flux toward isopropanol formation, and a significantly higher titer and yield of IBE could be achieved in the PJC4BK strain lacking in the buk gene.
Abstract: Clostridium acetobutylicum naturally produces acetone as well as butanol and ethanol. Since acetone cannot be used as a biofuel, its production needs to be minimized or suppressed by cell or bioreactor engineering. Thus, there have been attempts to disrupt or inactivate the acetone formation pathway. Here we present another approach, namely, converting acetone to isopropanol by metabolic engineering. Since isopropanol can be used as a fuel additive, the mixture of isopropanol, butanol, and ethanol (IBE) produced by engineered C. acetobutylicum can be directly used as a biofuel. IBE production is achieved by the expression of a primary/secondary alcohol dehydrogenase gene from Clostridium beijerinckii NRRL B-593 (i.e., adhB-593) in C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. To increase the total alcohol titer, a synthetic acetone operon (act operon; adc-ctfA-ctfB) was constructed and expressed to increase the flux toward isopropanol formation. When this engineering strategy was applied to the PJC4BK strain lacking in the buk gene (encoding butyrate kinase), a significantly higher titer and yield of IBE could be achieved. The resulting PJC4BK(pIPA3-Cm2) strain produced 20.4 g/liter of total alcohol. Fermentation could be prolonged by in situ removal of solvents by gas stripping, and 35.6 g/liter of the IBE mixture could be produced in 45 h.
231 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of temperature, pressure and the addition of co-solvent (ethanol (EtOH) and isopropyl alcohol (IsoC3), both at 1.17% (mass)) on the kinetics of extraction of ginger oleoresin were studied.
Abstract: The effects of temperature, pressure and the addition of co-solvent (ethanol (EtOH) and isopropyl alcohol (IsoC3), both at 1.17% (mass)) on the kinetics of extraction of ginger oleoresin were studied. The design used was a 2×2×3 factorial (pressure 200 and 250 bar; temperature: 25 and 35 °C; solvent: CO2, CO2+EtOH, CO2+IsoC3). The experimental setup used was a fixed bed extractor with diameter of 2.76×10−2 m and length of 0.387 m. The assays were carried out at a mean solvent flow rate of 5.86×10−5 kg/s and with a bed apparent density of 350 kg/m3. The identification of the substances present in the oleoresin was performed by GC-MS; GC-FID was used to determine the ginger extract compositions. The antioxidant activity of the extract fractions was determined using the coupled oxidation of linolenic acid and β-carotene. The results show that the temperature and the interaction of the pressure and the solvent significantly affected the total yield. For the mass transfer rate, the effect of the interaction of the pressure and the solvent was significant; the mass transfer rate increased with the pressure in the absence of the co-solvent and decreased when ethanol and isopropyl alcohol were used. The major substances present in the ginger extracts were α-zingiberene, gingerols and shogaols; the amounts of these compounds were significantly affected by temperature, pressure and solvent. Nonetheless, the antioxidant activity of the ginger extracts remained constant at ≈80% and decreased to ≈60% in the absence of gingerols and shogaols. The Sovova's model quantitatively described the overall extraction curves.
229 citations
TL;DR: A trial is made to ascertain a comprehensive overview of acetone research extending discussion from chemistry to clinical implications and the possible future directions of research upon acetone are depicted by emphasizing the need for the clear-cut identification of mammalian acetoacetate decarboxylase, and the investigation of race differences and genetic background of acet one metabolism.
217 citations