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Showing papers on "Isopropyl alcohol published in 2018"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of Au loading and Al doping were investigated in 10, 20 and 30% aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol.

65 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Multiple disinfectants containing ethyl alcohol and/or isopropyl alcohol combined with other active agents such as quaternary ammonium or phenolic compounds are widely used for disinfecting environmental surfaces in healthcare facilities.
Abstract: Isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol have been used as low-level disinfectants in healthcare settings for many years. Recent studies have found that ethyl alcohol inhibits protein synthesis in Escherichia coli by direct effects on ribosomes and RNA polymerase and that 60%-70% solutions have in vitro efficacy against murine norovirus, Ebola virus, and several coronaviruses. Alcohol prep pads or towelettes containing isopropyl or ethyl alcohol and water have been used primarily for disinfection of small noncritical items due to a concern regarding their rapid evaporation rates and associated short contact times. Sterile alcohol solutions are used mostly for disinfection of compounding pharmacies and controlled areas. One new Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered cleaner/disinfectant formulation differs from other alcohol-based disinfectants by virtue of having a 30-second contact time for multiple pathogens and a toxicity rating of category IV. Multiple disinfectants containing ethyl alcohol and/or isopropyl alcohol combined with other active agents such as quaternary ammonium or phenolic compounds are widely used for disinfecting environmental surfaces in healthcare facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:323-328.

60 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a metal-organic framework (MOF) was used as a heterogeneous catalysts for the highly selective and efficient cross-aldol condensation of biomass-derived carbonyls with acetone under mild reaction conditions with near quantitative yields.

57 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the solubility, molecular interactions and mixing thermodynamic properties of a poorly water soluble bioactive compound piperine in twelve different pure solvents namely water, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), propylene glycol (PG), 1-butanol, 2-Butanol, ethyl acetate (EA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) and 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol [Transcutol®] were evaluated

34 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work shows how furan ring-opening reactions were controlled by polymerization conditions to tune the cross-link density in bio-based poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) and showed that the thermal stability remains very high even with more open structures in PFA.
Abstract: This work shows how furan ring-opening reactions were controlled by polymerization conditions to tune the cross-link density in bio-based poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA). The influence of water and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) on the polymerization of furfuryl alcohol, and particularly on furan ring-opening, was investigated by means of 13 C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Results indicated that formation of open structures were favored in the presence of solvents, thus leading to modification of the thermo-mechanical properties compared to PFA cross-linked without solvent. Dynamic mechanical analyses showed that when slightly more open structures were present in PFA it resulted in an important decrease of the cross-link density. Despite lower glass-transition temperature and lower elastic modulus for PFA polymerized with solvent, the thermal stability remains very high (>350 °C) even with more open structures in PFA.

32 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: 1D Nb2Se9 chains, whose size is less than 10 nm, are well dispersed and it is possible to disperse mono-chains of 1 nm or less in a specific dispersion region, and the 1D unit chain with dangling bond free surface and high volume to area ratio is expected to be used in applications that utilize the surface of the material.
Abstract: The optimum solvent for Nb₂Se₉ dispersion, which is a new type of one dimensional (1D) material, is investigated. Among several solvents (16 solvents in total), strong dispersion was observed in benzyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and diacetone alcohol, which have medium dielectric constants in the range of 10 to 30 and surface tension in the range of 25 to 35 mJ m-2. 1D Nb₂Se₉ chains, whose size is less than 10 nm, are well dispersed and it is possible to disperse mono-chains of 1 nm or less in a specific dispersion region. The 1D unit chain with dangling bond free surface and high volume to area ratio is expected to be used in applications that utilize the surface of the material. Such dispersion is an important first step towards various potential applications and is an indispensable scientific goal for the practical applications of Nb₂Se₉.

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A variety of NaYF4:Yb/Er upconversion materials were successfully synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method by altering the volume ratios of ethanol to water and various alcohols as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A variety of NaYF4:Yb/Er upconversion materials were successfully synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method by altering the volume ratios (0:1, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1) of ethanol to water and various alcohols (methanol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and phemethylol), and the grain size and luminescence of the materials were effectively tailored. The addition of alcohol effectively reduces the grain size of the materials and simultaneously leads to the surprising enhancement of the UC emission. The increase in the volume ratio of EtOH/H2O causes the transformation of the crystal structure of the materials from hexagonal to cubic phase. The particle size of the material with the EtOH/H2O of 2:1 is almost 1000 times smaller than that of the material without EtOH, and the strongest luminescence is observed at the EtOH/H2O of 2:1. The type of alcohol in the solvent exhibits a significant influence on the luminescent properties of the materials. The NaYF4:Yb/Er n...

24 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the solid-liquid equilibrium of benzoic acid has been determined in six monosolvents (tributyl phosphate, diacetone alcohol, methyl-n-propyl ketone, methyl acetate, amyl acetate and isooctane).
Abstract: The solid–liquid equilibrium of benzoic acid has been determined in six monosolvents—tributyl phosphate, diacetone alcohol, methyl-n-propyl ketone, methyl acetate, amyl acetate, and isooctane—at temperatures from 283.15 to 328.15 K and five binary systems—ethanol + hexane (288.15–328.15 K), isopropyl alcohol + hexane and chloroform + hexane (288.15–323.15 K), acetone + hexane (288.15–318.15 K), and acetone + water (288.15–318.15 K)—at atmospheric pressure with varying mole fraction of the binary mixture. The solubility was estimated by three different methods—titrimetry, gravimetry, and high-pressure liquid chromatography methods. The solubility of benzoic acid was found to increase with an increase in temperature and mole fraction. Experimental solubility data was correlated with various thermodynamic models such as the Buchowski equation, the NRTL model, and the modified Apelblat–Jouyban–Acree model. The mathematical models demonstrated that the calculated and experimental solubilities of benzoic acid i...

20 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Tingting Gong1, Dandan Han1, Yifu Chen1, Shuo Wang1, Weiwei Tang1 
TL;DR: In this paper, the solubility of isoniazid (INH) in eight pure solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, DMF, ethyl acetate, and acetonitrile) and three binary solvent mixtures were experimentally determined by gravimetric method at temperatures ranging from (283.15 to 323.15) K.
Abstract: The solubility of isoniazid (INH) in eight pure solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, DMF, ethyl acetate, and acetonitrile) and three binary solvent mixtures of methanol–water, ethanol–water, and isopropyl alcohol–water were experimentally determined by gravimetric method at temperatures ranging from (283.15 to 323.15) K. Expectedly, the solubility displays temperature dependence, and the most remarkable change was found in water. In all three binary solvent mixtures, INH solubility bears a maximum at 0.2–0.4 mole fraction of alcohols, and the maximum solubility values were found varying with temperature. The experimental solubility data were well correlated by the modified Apelblat, van’t Hoff, CNIBS/R–K, and Apel–JA equations. Among these models, the modified Apelblat model produces the best fitting results.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated denitrification of ammonia and nitrate through SCWO under a stable pressure of 24 MPa, temperature and reaction time of 350-550°C and 0.5-6 min, respectively.
Abstract: Denitrification of ammonia and nitrate through SCWO has been investigated under a stable pressure of 24 MPa, temperature and reaction time of 350–550 °C and 0.5–6 min, respectively. The result showed that an appropriate ratio of NO3−/NH4+ did facilitate TN removal, which resulted in the best ratio of 1:1. The reaction of NO2−/NH4+ achieved a better TN removal than that of NO3−/NH4+. The catalysts, like Co2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Fe3+, and co-fuels, such as methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol, could play a positive role on TN removal. The results indicated that the highest degradation rate constant was found in the presence of isopropyl alcohol (IPA). The distribution of NO3− and NH4+ showed that the concentration of nitrate was much higher than that of ammonium, which revealed that the conversion of ammonia made a major contribution to TN removal.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of different alcohols as desolvating agents on BSA nanoparticles has not been systematically clarified so far, but the results show that propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol had stronger coacervation ability to produce nanoparticles with larger sizes and higher yields, while it would be easier to control the size of the nanoparticles produced with ethanol.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two titanium precursors [titanium tetraisopropoxide and diisoprooxitititanium bis(acetylacetonate)], two alcohols (ethanol and isopropyl alcohol), and one metal precursor (Cu (II) acetylacetate) were used in the synthesis.
Abstract: BACKGROUND In previous studies the enhanced activity of TiO2-based catalysts synthesized in supercritical medium for photocatalytic reduction of CO2 was proved. RESULTS In this study, Cu/TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized by hydrothermal methods in supercritical CO2. Two titanium precursors [titanium tetraisopropoxide and diisopropoxititanium bis(acetylacetonate)], two alcohols (ethanol and isopropyl alcohol), and one metal precursor (Cu (II) acetylacetonate) were used in the synthesis. Catalysts produced showed improved properties in comparison with the commercial reference catalyst (Degussa P-25, Evonik). CONCLUSIONS Specifically, it has been found that Cu/TiO2 catalysts may yield methane production rates 20 times larger than that of commercial TiO2 catalyst without diminishing CO production rate (about 5 times higher than that of commercial catalyst). This result has been mainly imputed to both the formation of oxygen vacancies during the synthesis in supercritical medium and the high capacity of copper to adsorb and activate CO2 molecules, while preventing CO molecules from reoxidation, and avoiding the competitive reaction of hydrogen formation. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies on the nonthermal plasma reaction of isopropyl alcohol in dinitrogen at Macor and the analogous thermally driven process led to unexpected chemistry hitherto not observed.
Abstract: This paper reports in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies on the nonthermal plasma reaction of isopropyl alcohol in dinitrogen at Macor (a ceramic containing oxides of Al, Mg, and Si) and the analogous thermally driven process. While isopropyl alcohol did not react at the Macor at temperatures up to 600 °C, the study of the nonthermal plasma-driven process at the ceramic led to unexpected chemistry hitherto not observed, primarily the reaction of IPA in dinitrogen at short time scales to produce methane, HCN, acetone and “cold” CO at ca. 115 K. The CO, methane, and HCN rapidly established steady state concentrations, pointing to the need for faster FTIR studies: at longer times, isophorone and a “polymethylacetylene-like” polymer were formed as a brown oil. The observation of the steady-state gases and brown oil suggested parallel pathways in the plasma, the latter taking place at the plasma/catalyst interface, and the former in the plasma remote from the catalyst. Replacing dinit...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the solubility of citric acid in binary liquid solutions formed by methyl, ethyl and isopropyl alcohol at temperatures of 293.15 K, 303.15

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Alcohol-based hand sanitizers should not be used outside the concentration range of 85%–95% and isopropyl alcohol inhibits more bacterial and fungal organisms than ethanol for most concentrations, and inclusion of benzalkonium improves the antimicrobial spectrum and activity of isoprostyl alcohol, and the combination may justifiably be used to achieve both immediate and long lasting effect.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, an imidazoline quaternary corrosion inhibitor suitable for oilfield was synthesized, which achieved an inhibition rate of 99.113% in hydrochloric acid.
Abstract: An imidazoline quaternary corrosion inhibitor suitable for oilfield was synthesized. Oleic acid, diethylene triamine, and quaternary ammonium reagents were used in the experiment. The dimethylbenzene was used as water carrying agent. Under the experimental conditions, the inhibition rate of the synthesized corrosion inhibitor in hydrochloric acid can reach to 99.113%. Infrared spectrometer was used for the imidazoline corrosion inhibitor intermediates and the quaternary ammonium and the structures were characterized. The complex with sodium sulfite, potassium iodide, sodium lauryl sulfate, potassium pyroantimonate, glycerol, OP-10, propargyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and thiourea were researched. The better mixtures with good synergy were selected and the best ratios were obtained.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the benzoin solubility in ethanol, methanol, npropanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, acetone, ethylacetate, acetonitrile, cyclohexane, butyl acetate, isobutyl alcohol and toluene.
Abstract: In the present work, the benzoin solubility in ethanol, methanol, n-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, cyclohexane, butyl acetate, isobutyl alcohol, and toluene and ethyl acetate + ethanol solvent mixtures was measured by using the static method at the temperature range from 273.15 to 313.15 K under atmospheric pressure (101.1 kPa). The solubilities in mole fraction increased with increasing temperature and followed the order from high to low in the selected monosolvents: ethyl acetate > acetone > butyl acetate > (acetonitrile, toluene) > methanol > ethanol > n-propanol > n-butanol > isobutyl alcohol > isopropyl alcohol > cyclohexane; and for the ethyl acetate + ethanol mixture, the mole fraction solubilities of benzoin increased with the increase in temperature and ethyl acetate mass fraction. The obtained solubility of benzoin in neat solvents was correlated with the Apelblat equation, λh equation, and Wilson and NRTL models; and in solvent mixtures of ethyl ac...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the solubility of trimetazidine hydrochloride in 12 neat solvents namely ethanol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propanol, acetone, toluene, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, N-butanol, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and binary liquid mixtures methanhol + (ethanol, DMF, or ethylacetate) was measured using the isothermal method over the temperature range from
Abstract: The solubility of trimetazidine hydrochloride in 12 neat solvents namely ethanol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propanol, acetone, toluene, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and 1,4-dioxane and binary liquid mixtures methanol + (ethanol, DMF, or ethyl acetate) was measured using the isothermal method over the temperature range from 278.15 to 323.15 K under local atmospheric pressure of 101.2 kPa. The observed mole fraction solubility was the largest in methanol and smallest in toluene. The experimental data in monosolvents was correlated through the Apelblat equation; while in mixed solvents, by the van’t Hoff–Jouyban–Acree model, Jouyban–Acree model and Apelblat–Jouyban–Acree model. Consequently, for the selected monosolvents, the largest relative average and root-mean-square deviations were 0.79% and 0.227 × 10–4, respectively; and for the binary solvent mixtures, 3.00% and 2.22 × 10–4. Solvent–solvent and solute–solvent interactions were analyzed in the 1...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The solubility of aniracetam in seven pure solvents including methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, toluene, and three binary mixtures were measured by using the isothermal saturation method from T = 27315 to 31815 K as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The aim of this work is to study the solubility of aniracetam and discuss the molecular interaction between solute and solvent in the dissolution process This work would be important to optimize the crystallization and extraction process of aniracetam The equilibrium data of aniracetam in seven pure solvents including methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, toluene, ethyl acetate, and three binary mixtures were measured by using the isothermal saturation method from T = 27315 to 31815 K The solubility of aniracetam in pure and mixed solvents increased with the increasing temperature At a given temperature, the solubility of aniracetam in (acetone + alcohols) increased with increasing mass fraction of acetone Moreover, it was greater in (acetone + methanol) than other mixed systems The maximum solubility of aniracetam in pure solvents was obtained in acetone, and the order they follow from small to large is (n-propanol < isopropyl alcohol < ethanol < methanol < toluene < ethyl ac

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Complex 2 is an active catalyst for the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone to phenylethanol in isopropyl alcohol as discussed by the authors, which has been crystallographically characterized as a disordered mixture of two regioisomers (4/4′).
Abstract: Complex [(η6-Cym)RuCl(NPN)] {Cym = p-cymene; NPN = (pTolN)2PPh2} (1) yields a thermally sensitive hydride derivative [(η6-Cym)RuH(NPN)] (2) by reaction with iPrOH in the presence of a strong base, via an observable isopropoxide intermediate [(η6-Cym)Ru(OiPr)(NPN)] (3), or with NaBHEt3 in toluene. Partial conversion also occurs in iPrOH in the absence of base. 2 is stabilized by dihydrogen bonding with isopropyl alcohol, but attempts to isolate it induce isomerization by hydride migration to a ring CH position to yield a 16-electron cyclohexadienyl derivative [{η5-p-C6H5(Me)(iPr)}Ru(NPN)], which has been crystallographically characterized as a disordered mixture of two regioisomers (4/4′). Complex 2 is able to release H2 upon treatment with medium strength proton donors (fluorinated alcohols), but also slowly with iPrOH. 2 is an active catalyst for the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone to phenylethanol in isopropyl alcohol. The catalytic transformation is first order in acetophenone and first order in catalyst, with k = 117 ± 10 m–1 h–1 at 40 °C. The temperature dependence of the rate constant (25–80 °C) gave the activation parameters ΔH‡ = 9.6 ± 1.3 kcal mol–1 and ΔS‡ = –31 ± 4 cal mol–1 K–1. DFT calculations have validated the slow isomerization of 2 to 4/4′ (high energy TS), the preference of the cyclohexadienyl system for 4/4′ relative to the other isomers 4Me and 4iPr, where the hydride has migrated to the CMe or CiPr position, and suggest that the hydrogen transfer mechanism involves outer sphere hydride transfer to the ketone substrate with H-bonding assistance of isopropyl alcohol to yield a σ complex intermediate [(η6-Cym)Ru+(NPN){H-C(Me)(Ph)O–}].

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-terminal device has been fabricated using either multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), bamboo charcoal (BC) and activated carbon (AC) as sensing material which was kept between the two terminals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The liquid-liquid equilibrium data of the two ternary systems of n-propyl acetate + n-propanol + 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate were measured at 298.15 and 318.15 K and under atmospheric pressure in this article.
Abstract: The liquid–liquid equilibrium data of the two ternary systems of n-propyl acetate + n-propanol + 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate and isopropyl acetate + isopropyl alcohol +1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate were measured at 298.15 K and 318.15 K and under atmospheric pressure in this work. The extraction effect of ionic liquids was discussed by comparing the values of the distribution coefficient and separation factor. The influence of temperature on the liquid–liquid equilibrium data was discussed. The binary interaction parameters of the nonrandom two-liquid and universal quasichemical models were obtained by regressing the experimental data.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, microwave assisted synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) over sulfonic acid anchored solid acid catalysts in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) offers specific advantages.
Abstract: Microwave assisted synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) over sulfonic acid anchored solid acid catalysts in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) offers specific advantages. Comparison of catalysts with ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the cold properties of the biofuel produced from the transesterification of soybean oil with different alcohols were studied by means of 1H NMR, HPLC, FTIR, sodium and sulphur content.
Abstract: Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that has been used for partial or total substitution of diesel to reduce its environmental impacts. In Brazil, the main industrial technique used to produce biodiesel is via transesterification of soybean oil with methanol under sodium methoxide as a homogenous catalyst. Some studies on this topic have focused on improving the cold properties of biodiesel for use in cold climate countries. This research focused on the comparison of the cold properties of the biofuel produced from the transesterification of soybean oil with different alcohols. The alcohols used vary according to the size of the carbon chain and its nature: methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, isoamyl and benzyl alcohol. The chemical composition of the esters formed were studied by means of 1H NMR, HPLC, FTIR, sodium and sulphur content. The 1H NMR spectra showed that only the methyl and ethyl esters reached the minimum value of ester content established for the international specifications for biodiesel. Despite the greater difficulty in removing the excess of the reactant alcohol at the end of the reaction and having an ester content above requirements, the esters obtained from the alcohol isopropyl and isoamyl presented the best results in terms of their cold properties. However, the presence of the benzyl in the structure of the ester did not show any change in its CFPP, compared to the respective methyl ester. In addition to the cold properties, studies of some other physicochemical properties have also been made to show the maintenance of international specifications.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, three types of purified nitrogen doped CNTs were tested for isopropyl alcohol conversion under nitrogen or air atmosphere, and compared to undoped cNTs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The developed and validated method can be applied for the intended routine analysis and was carried out with regard to the guidelines for validation of analytical procedures Q2 demanded by the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use.
Abstract: A simple, sensitive, accurate, robust headspace gas chromatographic method was developed for the quantitative determination of acetone and isopropyl alcohol in tartaric acid-based pellets of dipyridamole modified release capsules. The residual solvents acetone and isopropyl alcohol were used in the manufacturing process of the tartaric acid-based pellets of dipyridamole modified release capsules by considering the solubility of the dipyridamole and excipients in the different manufacturing stages. The method was developed and optimized by using fused silica DB-624 (30 m × 0.32 mm × 1.8 µm) column with the flame ionization detector. The method validation was carried out with regard to the guidelines for validation of analytical procedures Q2 demanded by the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). All the validation characteristics were meeting the acceptance criteria. Hence, the developed and validated method can be applied for the intended routine analysis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the emission properties of a diesel engine generator fueled by traditional fossil diesel (D100) with the addition of nbutanol (B), hydrous n-butanol/acetone, acetone (A), isopropyl alcohol (I) or waste cooking oil-based biodiesel (W).
Abstract: This study examines the emission properties of particulate matter and particle-bound metals from a diesel engine generator fueled by traditional fossil diesel (D100) with the addition of n-butanol (B), hydrous n-butanol (B′), acetone (A), hydrous acetone (A′), isopropyl alcohol (I) or waste cooking oil-based biodiesel (W). The fuel blends were B30W20D50 (abbr. B30), B′30W20D50 (abbr. B′30), A3I1W20D76 (abbr. A3), A′3I1W20D76 (abbr.A′3), B30A3I1W20D46 (abbr. B30A3) and B′30A′3I1W20D46 (abbr. B′30A′3) tested at loads of 1.5 kW and 3.0 kW for the diesel engine generator. Experimental results indicate that adding B30, A3 or B30A3 reduces the PM mass concentration in the exhaust at both engine loads compared to using only W20. Additionally, the PM emission concentrations are lower when using B′30, A′3 and B′30A′3 than when using B30, A3 and B30A3, respectively; in other words, replacing pure n-butanol/acetone with hydrated n-butanol/acetone in the blends further reduces the PM emission concentrations. However, B30 or B30A3 is more effective than A3 in reducing the PM emissions, irrespective of the water content in the fuel blends. Conversely, using B30, B′30, A3, A′3, B30A3 or B′30A′3 instead of W20 reduces the metal content in the PM emissions at both engine loads. The major metal components in PM are Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Fe and Zn, accounting for about 97 wt.% of 21 overall metals. The remaining analyzed metals were dominated by Mn, Ni, Cu, Mo and Ba. Accordingly, adding biodiesel from waste cooking oil and hydrous acetone/n-butanol to diesel fuel for diesel engine generators reduces the levels of PM and particle-bound metals. The waste hydrous acetone/n-butanol can be used for recycling purposes during this process.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed UVPD method is suitable for application in routine analysis of fluoride in organofluorine-containing drugs and no statistical difference was observed between the results.