Showing papers on "Isopropyl alcohol published in 2020"

Serious Adverse Health Events, Including Death, Associated with Ingesting Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers Containing Methanol - Arizona and New Mexico, May-June 2020.

Abstract: Alcohol-based hand sanitizer is a liquid, gel, or foam that contains ethanol or isopropanol used to disinfect hands. Hand hygiene is an important component of the U.S. response to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). If soap and water are not readily available, CDC recommends the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizer products that contain at least 60% ethyl alcohol (ethanol) or 70% isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) in community settings (1); in health care settings, CDC recommendations specify that alcohol-based hand sanitizer products should contain 60%-95% alcohol (≥60% ethanol or ≥70% isopropanol) (2). According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates alcohol-based hand sanitizers as an over-the-counter drug, methanol (methyl alcohol) is not an acceptable ingredient. Cases of ethanol toxicity following ingestion of alcohol-based hand sanitizer products have been reported in persons with alcohol use disorder (3,4). On June 30, 2020, CDC received notification from public health partners in Arizona and New Mexico of cases of methanol poisoning associated with ingestion of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. The case reports followed an FDA consumer alert issued on June 19, 2020, warning about specific hand sanitizers that contain methanol. Whereas early clinical effects of methanol and ethanol poisoning are similar (e.g., headache, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, loss of coordination, and decreased level of consciousness), persons with methanol poisoning might develop severe anion-gap metabolic acidosis, seizures, and blindness. If left untreated methanol poisoning can be fatal (5). Survivors of methanol poisoning might have permanent visual impairment, including complete vision loss; data suggest that vision loss results from the direct toxic effect of formate, a toxic anion metabolite of methanol, on the optic nerve (6). CDC and state partners established a case definition of alcohol-based hand sanitizer-associated methanol poisoning and reviewed 62 poison center call records from May 1 through June 30, 2020, to characterize reported cases. Medical records were reviewed to abstract details missing from poison center call records. During this period, 15 adult patients met the case definition, including persons who were American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN). All had ingested an alcohol-based hand sanitizer and were subsequently admitted to a hospital. Four patients died and three were discharged with vision impairment. Persons should never ingest alcohol-based hand sanitizer, avoid use of specific imported products found to contain methanol, and continue to monitor FDA guidance (7). Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for methanol poisoning when evaluating adult or pediatric patients with reported swallowing of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer product or with symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings (e.g., elevated anion-gap metabolic acidosis) compatible with methanol poisoning. Treatment of methanol poisoning includes supportive care, correction of acidosis, administration of an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor (e.g., fomepizole), and frequently, hemodialysis.

Gasification Pathways and Reaction Mechanisms of Primary Alcohols in Supercritical Water

Abstract: Supercritical water gasification is a promising waste-to-energy technology with the ability to convert aqueous and/or heterogeneous organic feedstocks to high-value gaseous products. Reaction behav...

Solubility Measurement and Data Correlation of 5,5-Dimethylhydantoin in 12 Pure Solvents at Temperatures from 283.15 to 323.15 K

Abstract: The solubility of 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DMH) in 12 pure solvents including water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, 1-butanol, isobutyl alcohol, 2-butanol, 1-pentanol, ethyl acetat...

Secondary Alcohols as Rechargeable Electrofuels: Electrooxidation of Isopropyl Alcohol at Pt Electrodes

Abstract: Fuel cells can be operated directly by oxidation of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to acetone (ACE). If the product ACE is hydrogenated, IPA is formed again. In this way, IPA serves as a rechargeable elec...

Solubility Measurement and Data Correlation of Isatoic Anhydride in 12 Pure Solvents at Temperatures from 288.15 to 328.15 K

Abstract: The solid–liquid equilibrium solubility of isatoic anhydride in 12 pure solvents (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate,...

Synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles anchored cellulose and lignin-based carbon nanotube composites for rapid oil spill cleanup

Abstract: Natural raw wood consists of cellulose and lignin, which have become more important in industrial and biological applications especially in sorption studies. In this study, cellulose and lignin were chemically modified by carbon nanotube (CNT) under different reaction conditions using CNT-COCl in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The structure of modified cellulose and lignin was confirmed using SEM, XRD, TEM, DLS, XPS, and TGA. Further, the material can be immobilized with iron oxide, which renders easier separation. The hydrophobicity of the modified material increased after modification with water contact angles in the range of 130‒135°. In addition, the modified materials absorbed oils and organic solvents, but only a very little water, due to the hydrophobicity of the modified material. Sorption capacity of CNT-g-Cellulose/Fe3O4 and CNT-g-Lignin/Fe3O4 are calculated as 15–25 and 10–23 g/g, respectively, for various oil/organic solvents depending on the density of the liquid. The sorption capacity of both cellulose and lignin-based composite were compared in a series of oils/solvents, including silicone oil, toluene, isopropyl alcohol, trichloroethylene, chlorobenzene, chloroform, dimethylsulphoxide, dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, octadecane, and hexane gravimetrically, which can be monitored by contact angle measurement.

Preparation of Photocatalizers Based on Titanium Dioxide Synthesized Using a Microreactor with Colliding Jets

Abstract: In a microreactor with colliding jets using solutions of titanium tetraisopropylate and water in isopropyl alcohol, a number of titanium dioxide powders are obtained. It is shown that an additional heat treatment of samples up to 350°C for 30 min is sufficient for the formation of the anatase phase. The developed method allows synthesis in a short time, provides low energy consumption, does not require labor-intensive operations, and is technological and easily scalable.

Mixed Matrix PVA-GO-TiO2 Membranes for the Dehydration of Isopropyl Alcohol by Pervaporation

Abstract: In the current work, mixed matrix membranes of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-graphene oxide (GO)-titanium dioxide (TiO2) were prepared using a solvent evaporation technique for the separation of isopropyl alcohol from its azeotropic mixture with water by pervaporation. In this work, the effects of the feed water concentration in the range of 10%–40% and the feed temperature of 50–80 °C have been investigated. The characterization of membranes was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the contact angle measurements. The Arrhenius activation energy for permeation was determined to be in the range of 8–12.8 kJ/mol. The results of the diffusion coefficient values and the Arrhenius activation energy parameters showed that the water-selectivity was improved at higher concentrations of GO-TiO2.

Solubility Determination and Thermodynamic Correlation of 2-Benzimidazolone in Twelve Pure Solvents from 283.15 to 323.15 K

Abstract: The solubility of 2-benzimidazolone (BDE) in 12 pure solvents (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutyl alcohol, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetat...

Thermal coupled extractive distillation sequences with three entrainers for the separation of azeotrope isopropyl alcohol + diisopropyl ether

Abstract: BACKGROUND: During the synthesis of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) by hydration of propylene, diisopropyl ether (DIPE) is usually produced as a by‐product. Because IPA and DIPE can form a binary homogeneous azeotrope with the minimum boiling temperature at atmospheric pressure, it is difficult to separate the binary mixture by simple distillation. RESULT: For separating the azeotrope IPA + DIPE, side‐stream extractive distillation column (SSED) and extractive dividing wall column (EDWC) processes with three entrainers [2‐methoxyethanol (2‐MEA), 2‐ethoxyethanol and propylene glycol ethyl ether (PGEE)] were simulated and optimized based on the minimal total annual cost (TAC). Moreover, CO₂ emissions of the six sequences were calculated and the impact on the environment evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: The sequence of SSED with PGEE as entrainer can reduce TAC by ≤34.48%, but EDWC with PGEE can offer TAC reduction of ≤52.46%. The results demonstrate that the EDWC sequence with PGEE as entrainer is favourable for separating the binary azeotrope IPA + DIPE. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

Evaluating the vapour evaporation from the surface of pure organic solvents and their mixtures

Abstract: Some perfumery and cosmetic products represent mixtures and they include large parts of solvents as ethanol, water, acetone and isopropyl alcohol. Solvents as pure hexane and ethanol-water mixtures are used in the solvent extraction of oil-bearing plant materials and herbs. The goal of this study was the emissions of volatile solvents released during above pointed productions to be evaluated. It was found that the specific evaporation rate varies from 1.2 kg/(m2.h) (for pure methoxy-propanol) to 66 kg/(m2.h) (for three-component mixture including acetone). The evaporation rate is higher for solvents with higher vapour pressure and at a higher velocity of surrounding air. The evaporation is less intensive from pure solvents than their mixtures. The time for the evaporation from a film of solvents and their mixtures was also evaluated. It varies from 14 s (for acetone) to 9 min (for methoxy-propanol). Practical applications: The evaluation of volatile solvent emissions is a mandatory step in the design of plants for manufacturing perfumery, cosmetics, deriving essential and edible oils by means of organic solvents. Most of volatile organic solvents used are highly flammable and healthy hazardous. For assuring fire safety and safety-health working conditions and environment the ventilation system must be designed on the base of these emissions evaluated. The obtained results were applied for plant design of the company "Star Nails Bulgaria" Ltd. Plovdiv for manufacturing cosmetic products.

Isobaric Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium of Binary Systems (Isopropyl Acetate/Isopropyl Alcohol + Dibutyl Ether/ Anisole) at 101.3 kPa

Abstract: Isopropyl acetate and isopropyl alcohol were azeotropic mixtures with a minimum boiling point. To break the azeotrope of the above binary system and separate it, dibutyl ether and anisole were chos...

Hidden solvates and transient forms of trimesic acid

Abstract: This article discusses the formation of trimesic acid (TMA) solvates with ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and dimethylformamide via liquid-assisted grinding and slurry experiments. Through the use of X-ray diffraction methods, we highlight the formation of a new ethanol solvate of TMA that completes the series of alcohol solvates observed, a temperature-induced phase transition in the isopropyl alcohol solvate between 233 K and 243 K, and a transient 1:3 solvate with dimethylformamide that mimics a previously identified dimethylsulfoxide solvate. The alcohol structures possess a TMA framework that is geometrically similar where the intermolecular energies between TMA molecules are equivalent. We have observed that increasing the length of the alcohol induces an increase in the distortion of the TMA framework to accommodate the longer alkyl tails.

Subcritical Methanol Extraction of the Stone of Japanese Apricot Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.

Abstract: The pits of Japanese apricot, Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc., which are composed of stones, husks, kernels, and seeds, are unused by-products of the processing industry in Japan. The processing of Japanese apricot fruits generates huge amounts of waste pits, which are disposed of in landfills or, to a lesser extent, burned to form charcoal. Mume stones mainly consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Herein, we attempted to solubilize the wood-like carapace (stone) encasing the pit by subcritical fluid extraction with the aim of extracting useful chemicals. The characteristics of the main phenolic constituents were elucidated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. The degrees of solubility for various treatments (190 °C; 3 h) were determined as follows: subcritical water (54.9%), subcritical 50% methanol (65.5%), subcritical 90% methanol (37.6%), subcritical methanol (23.6%), and subcritical isopropyl alcohol (14.4%). Syringaldehyde, sinapyl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol methyl ether, sinapyl alcohol methyl ether, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural, and furfural were present in the subcritical 90% methanol extract. Coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols (monolignols) are source materials for the biosynthesis of lignin, and syringaldehyde occur in trace amounts in wood. Our current findings provide a solubilization method that allows the main phenolic constituents of the pits to be extracted under mild conditions. This technique for obtaining subcritical extracts shows great potential for further applications.

Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Solketal on Bifunctional Catalysts with Production of High Octane Components of Motor Fuels

Abstract: The possibility of implementing the concept of converting bioglycerin into a blend of oxygenates, potentially applicable as components of gasoline by ketalization with acetone (T = 30–40°C, atmospheric pressure), accompanied by mild hydrogenolysis of ketal [T = 100–140°C, p(H2) = 2 MPa] to obtain a mixture of of glycerol and solketal isopropyl ethers. It was shown that the preferred method of conversion is the separate performing of ketalization and hydrogenolysis, since when these stages are combined, the side reaction of the formation of free isopropyl alcohol is highly selective. The regularities in the influence of the composition of the catalytic system (Pd/C + para-toluenesulfonic acid) on its activity were found in the reaction of catalytic hydrogenation of solketal to a mixture of glycerol and solketal isopropyl ethers (optimal ratio of Pd/para-toluenesulfonic acid = 0.811 mol). It was shown that the addition of 4–5% glycerol to raw materials makes it possible to increase the yield of target hydrogenation products from 25 to 36%. Using a flow unit, the catalytic hydrogenation of solketal was optimized. In the optimal mode [T = 170°C, p(H2) = 4 MPa, v = 0.5 h−1, H2/feedstock = 660 nL L−1], the conversion of solketal to a mixture of target products (glycerol monoisopropyl ether, glycerol diisopropyl ethers, and solketal isopropyl ether) reaches 98%. The possibility of carrying out the reaction on heterogeneous bifunctional catalysts of the Pd/sulfonated coal type is shown.

Processing Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass for the extraction of high-value biocompounds

Abstract: Extraction of carotenoids and fatty acids from microalgae is a technological bottleneck in processing. An improved extraction process was developed to scale the production of these bioproducts from Nannochloropsis gaditana. Different cell disruption methods were evaluated in terms of carotenoid release. Ethanol was substituted with isopropyl alcohol in a three-component solution of water:isopropyl alcohol:hexane (WIH), in which the extracts were separated by solution partitioning. This resulted in higher carotenoid and fatty acid recovery yields if compared with the standard method. The extraction method was replicated on a pilot scale, obtaining similar carotenoid recovery yields, higher than those of the standard method. Although fatty acid recovery was lower than that of the small-scale tests, yields above 85% were obtained. This demonstrated that the method was scalable for the extraction of high-value products from microalgae up to 10-L reactor volume. The use of isopropyl alcohol, which is cheaper than ethanol, and the separation of the solution phases by partitioning (avoiding drying) could contribute to reduce operation costs of downstream processing.

Hydrogenation of High Molecular Weight Bisphenol A Type Epoxy Resin BE503 in a Functional and Greener Solvent Mixture Using a Rh Catalyst Supported on Carbon Black.

Abstract: A functional greener solvent mixture containing water, isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and ethyl acetate with the ratio 10:20:70 (wt%) was found to accelerate hydrogenation of bisphenol A type epoxy resin BE503 with a molecular weight of 1500 through an on-water mechanism, and led to an increased H2 availability, due to high solubility of H2 in IPA. Different carbon-based supports were tested and VulcanXC72 was found as the best support among the tested carbon-based ones as it possessed the highest amount of electron deficient promoter, RhOx. The catalyst, Rh5/VulcanXC72-polyol, synthesized by the microwave assisted polyol method, yielded a 100% hydrogenation of aromatic rings with an epoxy ring opening below 20.0% at 50 °C and a H2 pressure of 1000 psi in 2.25 h. Intrinsic activation energies for the hydrogenation of aromatic rings and epoxy ring opening were experimentally estimated and a mechanism for the hydrogenation of BE503 was proposed, wherein the hydrogenation of aromatic rings and epoxy ring opening in BE503 proceeded simultaneously in parallel and in-series with parallel being the major pathway.

A solvothermal route to prepare enhanced LiNi0.88Co0.09Al0.03O2 cathode material taking isopropyl alcohol as solvent

Abstract: Ni-rich cathode material is taking more and more important position in energy storage and conversion because of their high capacity. But the gap between the demanded and actual capacity still hinder the development of electric vehicle industry. Herein, the Ni-rich (Ni content > 85%) cathode material has received extensive concern. In our research, LiNi0.88Co0.09Al0.03O2 was prepared with solvothermal method by two steps. Meanwhile, the different solvents in solvothermal route are investigated. It is found that LiNi0.88Co0.09Al0.03O2 prepared by isopropyl alcohol shows an excellent capacity retention which is up to 82.3% after 100 cycles at 55 °C, much higher than that prepared by ethyl alcohol (64.0%). The enhanced performance could be ascribed to the specific morphology formed in solvothermal period by the proper solvent.

Ultrasonic Regeneration Studies on Activated Carbon Loaded with Isopropyl Alcohol

Abstract: Ultrasonic regeneration of activated carbon loaded with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) was studied. IPA adsorption was performed batchwise at varying solution pH. Adsorption was optimal at solution pH 7, which was closest to the point of zero charge of the activated carbon (6.7). Ultrasonic regeneration was performed on IPA-loaded activated carbon with three factors being tested: ultrasonic intensity, solution temperature and ethanol addition. Regeneration efficiency increased with ultrasonic intensity up to 32.4 W/cm2. A higher intensity led to a higher desorption but damaged the activated carbon, shown by a decrease in the particle size of activated carbon. The regeneration efficiency increased with solution temperature primarily because desorption is endothermic and because the surface tension and viscosity of a solution are reduced with increasing temperature, promoting cavitation bubble production. Ethanol addition increased regeneration efficiency up to 10%, as ethanol reduces tensile stress, facilitating cavitation bubble generation. At 15% and above, regeneration decreases, possibly due to coalescence of bubbles into larger, more stable bubbles. Under optimal parameters, the regeneration efficiency was 83%, which dropped to 64% after four regeneration cycles.

The effect of solvent type and temperature on mono-diacylglycerol purification

Abstract: Mono-diacyl glycerol (M-DAG) resulted from esterification reaction between palm fatty acid distillates (PFAD) and glycerol with catalyst of methyl ester sulfonic acid, has low purity caused by the remaining catalyst, free fatty acids, free glycerol and triacylglycerol. Purification can be carried out by saponification and crystallization. The purpose of this study was to determine the most suitable solvent (96% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 95% isopropyl alcohol), and followed by determination of temperature level (2 °C, 5 °C, 10 °C) in crystallization step to obtain pure and high yield of M-DAG. Analyses that were carried out included yield, visual appearance, free fatty acid (FFA) content, and emulsion stability. The results showed that the type of solvent had an effect on the yield and free fatty acids, but did not affect the emulsion stability. Temperature also affected the yield and free fatty acids content, but did not affect the emulsion stability. The most suitable solvent was 96% ethanol with a yield of 24.2%, FFA content of 29.6%, and emulsion stability of 49.5%. The best temperature for crystallization was at 2 °C with a yield of 16.23%, FFA content of 3.80%, and emulsion stability of 100%.

Ru–g-C3N4 as a highly active heterogeneous catalyst for transfer hydrogenation of α-keto amide into β-aminol or α-hydroxyl amide

Abstract: This work reports a sustainable route for the catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of α-keto amide into β-aminol via an efficient heterogeneous catalyst wherein ruthenium is incorporated on an active graphite sheet of a carbon nitride support (Ru–g-C3N4). Other different metals like Ni or Pd were also screened with the same support but none of them showed efficient activity. Although, partial hydrogenation of ketone to alcohol has also been observed based on the optimization of the reaction parameters using all of the above catalysts. The catalyst has been characterized using field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infra-red (IR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the catalyst has been recycled and further characterized and does not show any significant changes in its reactivity for the CTH process. Ru–g-C3N4 as a recyclable heterogenous catalyst has been used for the first time for the CTH of α-keto amide into β-aminol, making the process sustainable because economical and environmentally benign isopropyl alcohol is used as a solvent system. The proposed catalytic system shows a wide scope of substrates for α-hydroxyamide and β-aminol derivatives, which were confirmed from 1H and 13C-NMR.

Binding solution, kit and method for purifying nucleic acid by magnetic bead method as well as application

Abstract: The invention provides a binding solution, kit and method for purifying nucleic acid by magnetic bead method as well as application. The binding solution comprises a citrate buffer solution, EDTA, sodium acetate, lithium chloride and isopropyl alcohol but does not comprise guanidine salt. The binding solution contains no guanidine salt, can coexist with magnetic beads for a long time and can fullypromote precipitation of nucleic acid and binding with magnetic beads, the low isopropyl alcohol content contributes to increase of the nucleic acid purity, and nonspecific binding of impurities withmagnetic beads is reduced.

Unusual ferrite induced photohydrolysis of dinitrophenols to nonaromatic and nontoxic derivatives

Abstract: Zinc ferrites can induce the photodegradation of many organic pollutants. Here ZnFe2O4 has been used as a catalyst to photocatalytically degrade 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP). Using GS–MS, an unusual ferrite induced photohydrolysis of aromatic moiety of dinitrophenols was observed. At least two new compounds, 6-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrohexa-2,4-dienal and 4,6-dinitrocyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,3-diol, were unambiguously identified by GC–MS, which resulted by the addition of one or two molecules of water, with the corresponding disappearance of uncoupling properties of the parent 2,4-DNP. The photochemical mechanism of 2,4-DNP degradation was investigated and OH• radical generation using isopropyl alcohol and terephthalic acid test was demonstrated. Additionally, only 5 min of irradiation in the presence of ZnFe2O4 may be enough for the degradation of very hazardous compounds to inoffensive ones, and it may afford nonaromatic derivatives. The germination experiments, using the supernatant obtained after 2,4-DNP photodegradation, show the total lack of toxicity on wheat seeds and seedling. Thus, the 10−3 M 2,4-DNP solution inhibited wheat germination and produced no seedlings, while the average height of the shoots resulted from the supernatant-treated seeds was 8.48 ± 0.84 cm, higher than 7.51 ± 0.92 cm in the H2O-treated control samples. The obtained results suggest a great potential for application of the ZnFe2O4 for solving some environmental problems.

Photodegradation of low molecular weight organic compounds by 185-nm UV light in ultrapure water production system

Abstract: The photodegradation of low molecular weight organic compounds by 185-nm UV light was studied using a continuously operated column reactor which can be simulated the TOC reduction UV unit in ultrapure water production (UPW) process. Six chemicals (methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)) were chosen as target compounds, because they are frequently observed in influent of a total organic carbon (TOC) reduction UV unit in UPW production process. The degradation efficiency of each chemical and the proportions of intermediate byproducts and the final product (CO2) were measured by TOC and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The degradation efficiency by 185-nm UV based on GC–MS analysis was as follows, from highest to lowest: acetaldehyde, IPA, ethanol, MEK, methanol, and acetone. The fastest oxidation to CO2 was observed in methanol degradation in which 13 % of methanol was transformed to CO2 which was 6 times higher than that of ethanol, the slowest one. In the analysis of the intermediate byproducts of chemical degradation, except for IPA, the percentage of charged byproduct was higher than that of uncharged byproduct. These findings constitute a theoretical basis for placement of ion exchange (IX) resin behind a TOC reduction UV unit to increase the TOC removal efficiency because charged organic materials are removed by IX resin.

Production of racemic acetoin by fermentation using Lactobacillus casei

Abstract: An aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was used to extract enantioenriched acetoin produced by Lactobacillus casei using an isopropyl alcohol/potassium carbonate mixture Saturation of the aqueous laye