Isopropyl alcohol

About: Isopropyl alcohol is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 3064 publications have been published within this topic receiving 27354 citations. The topic is also known as: Rubbing Alcohol & Propan-2-ol.

Synthesis of tetraalkyl thiuram disulfides using different oxidants in recycling solvent mixture

Abstract: A new optimized laboratory synthesis of tetraalkyl thiuram disulfides, starting from dialkyl amines and carbon disulfide in presence of three oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, potassium peroxodisulfate and sodium hypochlorite) and appropriate reaction medium: two mixtures of isopropyl alcohol - water used in two consecutive syntheses, was presented in this work. First synthesis was performed in a recycled azeotropic mixture of isopropyl alcohol - water 87.7% - 12.3%, and second in a filtrate obtained after first synthesis, which was a mixture of isopropyl alcohol - water 70.4% - 29.6%. After the second synthesis and filtration, recycled azeotropic mixture isopropyl alcohol - water 87.7% - 12.3% was regenerated from the filtrate by rectification. Considering this, the technology for beneficial use of recycling isopropyl alcohol - water mixture as reaction medium for tetraalkyl thiuram disulfides synthesis was developed. Such concept contributes to extraordinary economical benefit of implemented optimal laboratory synthesis at semi-industrial level. High yields of tetraalkyl thiuram disulfides syntheses were obtained at both laboratory and semiindustrial level. Structure and purity of synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, as well as FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR, and MS spectral data.

Alkoxide solutions: 1H nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts, deuterium fractionation factors, and the solvation of alkoxide ions

Abstract: The effect of added sodium alkoxides on the position of the hydroxy proton resonance of the respective alcohols has been measured for ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and t-butyl alcohol. Corresponding measurements have also been performed for solutions in hydroxy-deuteriated alcohols containing only a small fraction of the hydroxy-protiated alcohol. Analysis of the data leads to the conclusions (1) that for all three alcohols the deuterium fractionation factor (measuring the isotopic discrimination between bulk solvent molecules and solvent molecules hydrogen-bonded to alkoxide ions) has a value (ca. 0.75) close to that in the previously studied sodium methoxide–methanol system, (2) that the average number of solvent molecules hydrogen-bonded to alkoxide ions decreases down the series, from 3 for methanol to ca. 1.6 for t-butyl alcohol, which is consistent with the parallel increase in basicity of the solutions, (3) that the effect of sodium perchlorate, unlike that of sodium alkoxides, on the position of the hydroxyproton resonance is essentially the same in all solvents, and (4) that hydroxy-deuteriation of the solvent appears to lead in all cases to a small upfield shift of the resonance of the residual hydroxylic protium.

The Oxidation Activity and Acid-base Properties of V2O5-K2SO4-H2SO4 Catalysts

Abstract: The vapor-phase oxidation of 1-butene, butadiene, and acetic acid were carried out in the presence of excess air over two series of V2O5-K2SO4-H2SO4 catalysts, V2O5-K2SO4-H2SO4 (2-x-1, mole ratio) and V2O5-K2SO4-H2SO4 (2-1-y) where x and y were varied (X=0∼1.0, y=0∼3), and the relationship between catalytic behavior and acid-base properties of the catalysts was investigated. The acidity and basicity of V2O5-K2SO4-H2SO4 catalysts were obtained from the values of dehydration activity for isopropyl alcohol (IPA), rp, and the ratio of (dehydrogenation activity for IPA)/(dehydration activity for IPA), ra/rp, which were measured in the presence of excess air. It has been found that the acid-base properties of the catalysts are changed largely by the contents of K2SO4 and H2SO4, and that oxidation activity and selectivity can be interpreted in terms of the acid-base properties of the catalysts. It can be concluded that the acid-base conception in which the catalytic activities are governed by the acidbase properties between the catalyst and reactant is still effective in explaining the function of the K2SO4 and H2SO4 added to V2O5.

Chlorinated polycyclic compounds

Abstract: The invention comprises adducts of naphthalene or anthracene with one or two mols. of hexachlorocyclopentadiene. The naphthalene di-adduct is represented as having the formula Analogous formul are given for the naphthalene mono-adduct and for the anthracene mono-and di-adducts. The adducts are made by heating naphthalene or anthracene with hexachlorocyclopentadiene at a temperature of 100 DEG to 300 DEG C., preferably at 140-180 DEG C. for 80-300 hours. The reaction may be carried out by a continuous recycle system whereby the reaction product is separated from the mixture and the unreacted mother liquor is returned for further reaction at the appropriate temperatures. In examples: (1) hexachlorocyclopentadiene and naphthalene are reacted, the reaction mixture is extracted with acetone and the naphthalene di-adduct is obtained from the residue; (2) the acetone filtrate from (1) is evaporated and the naphthalene mono-adduct is separated from the residue by distillation at reduced pressure; (3) the di-adduct of hexachlorocyclopentadiene and anthracene is prepared and (4) the di-adduct of hexachlorocyclopentadiene and naphthalene is prepared and the crude product is purified by washing with isopropyl alcohol. The mono adduct of anthracene and hexachlorocyclopentadiene may be prepared by heating the di-adduct at 175-200 DEG C. for thirty minutes.

Yttrium, dysprosium and ytterbium alkoxides

Abstract: : Isopropoxides of yttrium, dysprosium, and ytterbium have been prepared by reacting the metals with isopropyl alcohol using mercuric chloride as a catalyst. The reactants were refluxed for 24 hours at 82 C, and the isopropoxides recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol. The use of stoichiometric amounts of mercuric chloride resulted in chloride contamination and alkene-alkoxide formation. Heavier alkoxides were made by an alcoholysis reaction of the isopropoxides with the appropriate higher boiling alcohol in benzene. Compounds prepared by alcoholysis methods included the 2-pentoxides of yttrium, dysprosium, and ytterbium and yttrium tertiary-butoxide, 3-methyl-2-butoxide, 2-hexoxide, 3-ethyl-3-pentoxide, 3-hexoxide, 2-ethyl-1-hexoxide, and phenoxide. All the alkoxides were either solids or semisolids which sublimed or decomposed on heating at 200 C or higher. Thermal and hydrolytic decomposition was quantitative to the oxides. Some infrared spectra and data are presented. (Author)