Isopropyl alcohol

About: Isopropyl alcohol is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 3064 publications have been published within this topic receiving 27354 citations. The topic is also known as: Rubbing Alcohol & Propan-2-ol.

Hydrogenation of 2-Butyne-1,4-diol Using Novel Bio-Palladium Catalysts

Abstract: Palladium catalyst samples were prepared upon bacterial biomass supports (Gram-positive A. oxidans and Gram-negative R. capsulatus) and tested in the partial hydrogenation of 2-butyne-1,4-diol to 2-butene-1,4-diol. The objectives of the study were to assess the effects of operating conditions in the stirred autoclave upon the reaction conversion and selectivity and to compare the biologically supported palladium (BioPd) catalyst performance with that of a conventionally supported catalyst. Variables investigated included solvent, stirring speed, and catalyst metal loading. A maximum selectivity toward 2-butene-1,4-diol of 0.98 was observed in a solvent composed of 5% isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) in water at a conversion of 75% 2-butyne-1,4-diol for the Pd/A. oxidans catalyst. The Pd/R.capsulatas catalyst showed a maximum selectivity of 1.0 at a conversion of 62.6%. Concentration profiles of the different hydrogenation products were fitted using a Langmuir−Hinshelwood expression, which showed a higher fi...

Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) for the removal of N-containing heterocyclic hydrocarbon wastes. Part I: Process enhancement by addition of isopropyl alcohol

Abstract: The present work investigates the destruction of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic hydrocarbons frequently encountered in hazardous wastes by supercritical water oxidation (SCWO), with focus on the process enhancement using isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as co-fuel. 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) was selected for SCWO in a continuous plug flow reactor, under a range of temperatures (400–525 °C), oxidant ratios nSR (0.8–2.0) and IPA/DBU ratios (0.5–3.5). Experimental results were presented in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) removal %, and nitrogenous products yield %. Based on GC–MS analysis, a free radical reaction mechanism for SCWO of DBU was proposed. Results showed that temperature was the predominant factor to influence the rate of DBU oxidation, while oxidant ratio (nSR) significantly affected the N speciation in the exit stream. IPA addition had a significant impact on shifting recalcitrant aqueous ammonia NH 4 + in the liquid stream to gaseous nitrogen. It also increased TOC removal % (DBU + IPA) due to the increased free radicals produced by IPA oxidation.

Evaluation of Decontamination Efficacy of Cleaning Solutions on Stainless Steel and Glass Surfaces Contaminated by 10 Antineoplastic Agents

Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The handling of antineoplastic agents results in chronic surface contamination that must be minimized and eliminated. This study was designed to assess the potential of several chemical solutions to decontaminate two types of work surfaces that were intentionally contaminated with antineoplastic drugs. METHODS: A range of solutions with variable physicochemical properties such as their hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance, oxidizing power, desorption, and solubilization were tested: ultrapure water, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, sodium hypochlorite, and surfactants such as dishwashing liquid (DWL), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Tween 40, and Span 80. These solutions were tested on 10 antineoplastic drugs: cytarabine, gemcitabine, methotrexate, etoposide phosphate, irinotecan, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, doxorubicin, epirubicin, and vincristine. To simulate contaminated surfaces, these molecules (200ng) were deliberately spread onto two types of work surfaces: stainless steel and glass. Recovered by wiping with a specific aqueous solvent (acetonitrile/HCOOH; 20/0.1%) and an absorbent wipe (Whatman 903®), the residual contamination was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry. To compare all tested cleaning solutions, a performance value of effectiveness was determined from contamination residues of the 10 drugs. RESULTS: Sodium hypochlorite showed the highest overall effectiveness with 98% contamination removed. Ultrapure water, isopropyl alcohol/water, and acetone were less effective with effectiveness values of 76.8, 80.7, and 40.4%, respectively. Ultrapure water was effective on most hydrophilic molecules (97.1% for cytarabine), while on the other hand, isopropyl alcohol/water (70/30, vol/vol) was effective on the least hydrophilic ones (85.2% for doxorubicin and 87.8% for epirubicin). Acetone had little effect, whatever the type of molecule. Among products containing surfactants, DWL was found effective (91.5%), but its formulation was unknown. Formulations with single surfactant non-ionics (tween 40 and span 80) or anionic (SDS) were also tested. Finally, solutions containing 10(-2) M anionic surfactants and 20% isopropyl alcohol had the highest global effectiveness at around 90%. More precisely, their efficacy was the highest (94.8%) for the most hydrophilic compounds such as cytarabine and around 80.0% for anthracyclines. Finally, the addition of isopropyl alcohol to surfactant solutions enhanced their decontamination efficiency on the least hydrophilic molecules. Measured values from the stainless steel surface were similar to those from the glass one. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that all decontamination agents reduce antineoplastic contamination on work surfaces, but none removes it totally. Although very effective, sodium hypochlorite cannot be used routinely on stainless steel surfaces. Solutions containing anionic surfactant such as SDS, with a high efficiency/safety ratio, proved most promising in terms of surface decontamination.

The Photochemistry of Aromatic Azo Compounds in Organic Solvents

Abstract: Qualitative observations have been made on the photochemistry of azobenzene and 4–amino–4–nitroazobenzene solutions in isopropyl alcohol and isooctane in the presence of various amounts of oxygen. The fading reaction consists in the addition of hydrogen, extracted from the solvent, to the azo linkage to form a substituted hydrazine and later substituted anilines. In the presence of oxygen there is a photosensitised oxidation of the solvent. In iaopropyl alcohol as solvent the fading of the dye is completely inhibited by one atmosphere of oxygen, but after exhaustion of the oxygen the dye fades very rapidly. In the presence of a large excess of oxygen the dye eventually fades slowly. The rate of oxygen consumption increases during the exposure and continues to increase after complete destruction of the dye. In this case the oxidation products contain aliphatic acids and carbon dioxide in addition to acetone. The number of carbonyl groups produced is in excess of equivalence to the molecular oxygen consumed.