Showing papers on "Karyotype published in 1978"
TL;DR: Electron microscopy of the original tumor tissue and of the tissue culture cell line show a remarkable similarity in cell organelle structure.
Abstract: A long-term tissue culture cell line has been derived from a human prostate adenocarcinoma metastatic to the brain. The cell line, DU 145, has been passaged 90 times in vitro over a period of 2 years. The cells are epithelial, grow in isolated islands on plastic Petri dishes, and form colonies in soft agar suspension culture. Karyotypic analysis demonstrates an aneuploid human karyotype with a modal chromosome number of 64. Distinctive marker chromosomes (a translocation Y chromosome, metacentric minute chromosomes and three large acrocentic chromosomes) have been identified. Electron microscopy of the original tumor tissue and of the tissue culture cell line show a remarkable similarity in cell organelle structure.
1,210 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Three continuous lines of mammary tumor cells have been established from malignant effusions of two women with breast cancer, and two of the cultures, although derived from the same patient, have stable differences in their karyotypes.
Abstract: Three continuous lines of mammary tumor cells (ZR-75-1, ZR-75-27, and ZR-75-30) have been established from malignant effusions of two women with breast cancer. Differentiated properties expressed by each cell line include: (a) epithelial morphology (by light and electron microscopy) resembling that of the parental tumors; (b) presence of receptors for estrogen and other steroid hormones; and (c) growth responsiveness to estrogen and/or progesterone. All three cell lines possess human karyotypes that differ from one another in modal chromosome number as well as in characteristic marker chromosomes. Two of the cultures (ZR-75-27 and ZR-75-30), although derived from the same patient, have stable differences in their karyotypes.
409 citations
TL;DR: The distamycin A/DAPI banding pattern appears to be comparable to that reported for anti-5-methylcytosine binding, and the observations are discussed as they relate to the roles of chromosomal DNAs and proteins in chromosome banding.
268 citations
TL;DR: From studies of the banding patterns, it has become evident that the G-positive and, to some extent, theG-negative bands of mid-metaphase results from a coalescence of finer subbands of earlier stages and that each band and its corresponding subbands maintain a constant location throughout the process of chromosome condensation.
Abstract: The detailed characterization of G-banding patterns of high resolution human chromosomes has been possible with the utilization of a refined cell synchronization technique which routinely yields a large number of excellent quality cells in late prophase, prometaphase, early metaphase, and mid-metaphase. The mitotic cells exhibit up to a 400% increase in the number of bands previously visualized by standard methods. From studies of the banding patterns, it has become evident that the G-positive and, to some extent, the G-negative bands of mid-metaphase results from a coalescence of finer subbands of earlier stages and that each band and its corresponding subbands maintain a constant location throughout the process of chromosome condensation. A precise schematic representation of the number, position, height and staining intensity of bands is presented for the five largest chromosomes of the complement at the four mitotic stages.
251 citations
TL;DR: The ideograms represent the maximal number of bands discernible with some consistency on prometaphase chromosomes, i.e., 721 euchromatic and 62 ‘variable’ heterochromatic or heteromorphic bands.
Abstract: We have constructed ideograms of human prometaphase chromosomes from synchronized and from standard 72-h lymphocyte cultures. G banding was achieved by a trypsin-Giemsa (or Wright's stain) method. In addition to light (white) and dark (black) bands, we have distinguished three different shades of grey. This distinction is essential for proper identification of the increasing number of bands displayed by high-resolution chromosomes. The relative amount of chromatin in each category of staining intensity has been calculated and expressed as 'light value.' The ideograms represent the maximal number of bands discernible with some consistency on prometaphase chromosomes, i.e., 721 euchromatic and 62 'variable' heterochromatic or heteromorphic bands. The ideograms are based on measurements. On selected printed copies of each chromosome derived from different cells and different individuals, the relative width of each band was measured in relation to the length of the respective chromosome arm. The measurements per chromosome were averaged and used for construction of the ideograms. The distance of each border between bands or sub-bands from the centromere has been calculated on a relative scale, with positions 0 at the centromere and 1.0 at the p terminus of q terminus. The numbering system for bands and sub-bands follows the Paris Conference (1971) recommendations.
211 citations
TL;DR: Findings suggest that, in some types of lymphoid malignancy, cells with a 14q translocation have a proliferative advantage over cells with other chromosome re‐arrangements.
Abstract: Chromosome studies were performed on malignant cells obtained from 27 patients with non-Burkitt lymphomas. A marker chromosome affecting the long arm of No. 14 (14q+) was the single most frequent abnormality and was noted in 17 of these patients. The frequency of the 14q+ marker varied with the type of lymphoma. For patients with malignant lymphoma, histiocytic, the frequency was 5 of 8; for mixed-cell type, 1 of 3; for poorly differentiated lymphocytic, 8 of 8; for well-differentiated lymphocytic, 0 of 3; for lymphoblastic, 0 of 1; for Hodgkin's disease, 2 of 3; and for mycosis fungoides, 1 of 1. The donor chromosome involved in the 14q translocation was identified in 12 cases; certain chromosomes appeared to be affected more frequently than others. Although the break point was band 14q32 in most cases, the exact location of the receptor site on 14q was not always consistent. The distal part of 14q24 was also involved as a receptor site in at least one translocation. These findings suggest that, in some types of lymphoid malignancy, cells with a 14q translocation have a proliferative advantage over cells with other chromosome rearrangments. The presence of the 14q translocation may be important in the future for the distinction among morphologically different, but functionally comparable, subgroups of lymphoid malignancies.
158 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the cultivated peanut could have originated from such a sterile interspecific hybrid and on morphological and phytogeographic grounds the most likely genome donors are A. cardenasii and A. batizocoi of the species within section Arachis, which have been collected up to the present time.
Abstract: Cytological studies of wild diploid Arachis species in the same section of the genus (sect. Arachis) as the cultivated peanut A. hypogaea L. show, with one exception, a karyotype characterized by the presence of 9 pairs of larger chromosomes and one pair of small (‘A’) chromosomes. The exceptional species A. batozocoiKrap. et Greg. has a more uniform karyotype. Interspecific hybrids between diploid species of similar karyotype have moderate to high pollen stainability, those involving A. batizocoi have zero pollen stainability and a very irregular PMC meiosis. Such infertile hybrids are the most likely to produce fertile, stable amphidiploids on doubling the chromosome complement. It is suggested that the cultivated peanut could have originated from such a sterile interspecific hybrid and on morphological and phytogeographic grounds the most likely genome donors are A. cardenasii (nomen nudum) and A. batizocoi of the species within section Arachis, which have been collected up to the present time.
132 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that both X chromosomes are genetically active in clonal cultures of undifferentiated female mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells derived from a spontaneous ovarian tumour.
Abstract: Evidence is presented that both X chromosomes are genetically active in clonal cultures of undifferentiated female mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells derived from a spontaneous ovarian tumour. As the cells differentiate in vitro one of the X chromosomes becomes inactivated.
124 citations
TL;DR: The chromosome banding patterns of all seven extant species of the horse family, Equidae, are presented.
Abstract: The chromosome banding patterns of all seven extant species of the horse family, Equidae, are presented. This mammalian family is composed of a single genus, Equus, notable for its rapid karyotypic ev
120 citations
TL;DR: Using somatic cell hybrids from fusions of lymphocytes of two different mouse stocks with the myeloma cell line X63-Ag8, genes for the immunoglobulin heavy and kappa-type light chains are assigned to chromosomes 12 and 6, respectively.
Abstract: Using somatic cell hybrids from fusions of lymphocytes of two different mouse stocks with the myeloma cell line X63-Ag8, we have assigned genes for the immunoglobulin heavy and kappa-type light chains to chromosomes 12 and 6, respectively. The two mouse stocks exhibit karyotypes consisting of nine pairs of metacentric chromosomes as a result of centric fusions of acrocentric chromosomes in different combinations. In the hybrid cells these metacentric chromosomes can be distinguished from the acrocentric chromosomes of myeloma origin, permitting correlation of Ig chain expression with mitotic loss of individual metacentric chromosomes.
117 citations
TL;DR: It is found that the midportion of the 5p15 segment probably must be deleted to develop the typical clinical features of the cri du chat syndrome.
Abstract: Chromosome investigation of 35 individuals with a 5p- karyotype and their families revealed the presence of 27 apparently terminal deletions, four interstitial deletions, and four translocations, including two familial cases. Four of the probands with simple deletions and one of the mothers were mosaics. Unusual chromosomal heteromorphism, as rendered visible after acridine orange staining, was observed on the short arm of chromosome 14 in two cases and, after heterochromatin staining, on chromosome 19 in one family. Measurement studies, carried out in probands with simple deletions and in two control groups, showed a short-arm loss clustering between 32% and 62% of the normal short-arm length. Using at least two complementary staining methods per proband, we found that the midportion of the 5p15 segment probably must be deleted to develop the typical clinical features of the cri du chat syndrome.
TL;DR: An extensive G-banding study of 12 species of Bovidae has been undertaken in an attempt to trace homologies and patterns of evolution of karyotype phenotypes throughout the family as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An extensive G-banding study of karyotypes of 12 species of Bovidae has been undertaken in an attempt to trace homologies and patterns of evolution of karyotype phenotypes throughout the family. G-banding profiles revealed a considerable degree of chromosome-arm homology throughout the group, which also extended into the related superfamilies, the Giraffoidea and Cervoidea. The conservation of banding patterns in chromosome arms strongly indicates that Robertsonian translocation type rearrangements have provided the major source of interspecies karyotype differences, with inversions and reciprocal and tandem translocations providing relatively minor contributions. Examples of individuals carrying newly arisen Robertsonian translocations are not infrequent, and in one instance there was evidence that two similar rearrangements had arisen independently in two species. Despite the extensive changes in karyotype organization, subfamilies within the Bovidae were characterized by the presence of common rearrangements, and those involving autosomal pairs 11 and 12 of the ox, as well as the X chromosome, separate the Bovinae from the Caprinae and Hippotraginae.
TL;DR: The mouse gene map based on sexual genetics has been expanded by analysis of interspecific somatic cell hybrids segregating mouse chromosomes, so that the genetic maps of man and mouse can be compared.
Abstract: WHILE genes on the X chromosome have been conserved during evolution1 little is known about the degree of conservation of autosomal synteny groups for species distantly related in evolution such as mouse and man. The mouse gene map based on sexual genetics2,3 has been expanded by analysis of interspecific somatic cell hybrids segregating mouse chromosomes, so that the genetic maps of man and mouse can be compared. The available information indicates that genes located on different arms of the same human chromosome are not syntenic in the mouse, and genes which are many map units apart (25–45 cM) in the mouse are unlikely to be syntenic in man4–6. In contrast, genes that are tightly linked (less than 1 cM apart) seem to remain syntenic during evolution5. In addition, in species closely related in evolution, such as mouse and rat,7 or man and non-human primates8, several homologous genes have been assigned to chromosomes that are apparently homologous by chromosome banding. Five genes in the mouse (Eno-1, Pgd, Pgm-2, Ak-2, Gpd-1) are syntenic9–11 and their human homologues have been assigned to human chromosome 1; all but the human homologue of Gpd-1 are regionally assigned to arm 1p (refs 4 and 12). This apparent conservation of a rather large autosomal synteny group prompted us to investigate the extent of conservation of other autosomal regions. The results have provided chromosomal assignments for seven gene loci in the mouse and evidence for synteny of four pairs of gene loci on four different human and mouse autosomes.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The banding pattern of DMBA‐induced leukemias in C57BL/6 mice revealed a very constant chromosome pattern: the presence of trisomy 15 in almost all leukemic cells, which strongly suggests that chromosome 15trisomy is the first detectable specific chromosome change associated with the development of DM BA‐induced T‐cell lymphomas.
Abstract: The banding pattern of DMBA-induced leukemias in C57BL/6 mice revealed a very constant chromosome pattern: the presence of trisomy 15 in almost all leukemic cells. This finding strongly suggests that chromosome 15 trisomy is the first detectable specific chromosome change associated with the development of DMBA-induced T-cell lymphomas. A similar association was previously shown with regard to development of radiation-leukemia-virus-induced T-cell lymphoma. It is conceivable that in tumors of diverse etiologies common cytogenetic changes may appear in the same common target-cell precursor, by a process of the "convergent microevolution" type.
TL;DR: Two unrelated children with features of the Cornelia de Lange syndrome had duplications corresponding to bands q25 leads to q29 of chromosome 3, which sometimes involve characteristic chromosomal changes but have normal chromosomes in other instances are discussed.
ATCC1
TL;DR: Sixteen additional cell lines investigated have been found to exhibit marker chromosomes typical of HeLa cells, indicating that the lines are HeLa derivatives.
Abstract: Seed stocks of human cell lines deposited at the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) have been examined for cross-contamination with HeLa cells using Giemsabanded marker chromosomes. Sixteen additional cell lines investigated have been found to exhibit marker chromosomes typical of HeLa cells. Quinacrine fluorescence studies further revealed the absence of Y chromosome in these lines. These observations indicate that the lines are HeLa derivatives.
TL;DR: Mitotic chromosomes of rice, Oryza sativa L. (2n=24), were all identified by a newly developed technique that made chromosomes possible to be well flattened and spreaded and caused segmental differentiation in chromosome stainability with Giemsa.
Abstract: Mitotic chromosomes of rice, Oryza sativa L. (2n=24), were all identified by a newly developed technique. A new technique of cell suspending and flame-drying made chromosomes possible to be well flattened and spreaded. Tissue treatment with KCl and enzyme caused segmental differentiation in chromosome stainability with Giemsa. All chromosomes were able to be identified in a single prometaphase nucleus by individual characteristics. Twelve pairs of chromosomes were gradually different in length and composed of 5 metacentrics, 5 sub-metacentrics and 2 sub-telocentrics including a satellited pair.
TL;DR: A total of 941 mouse blastocysts obtained from two types of crosses in which one of parents carried Cattanach's X/autosome translocation was studied cytogenetically by quinacrine mustard fluorescence, finding a preferential choice of Xp at the blastocyst stage might have an important bearing upon the preponderance of cells with an inactive Xp in the chorion and yolk-sac splanchnopleure.
Abstract: A total of 941 mouse blastocysts obtained from two types of crosses in which one of parents carried Cattanach’s X/autosome translocation was studied cytogenetically by quinacrine mustard fluorescence. The rearranged X (Xt) and the normal X (Xn) were distinguished by size. Karyotype analysis was successful in 721 embryos, of which 205 were heterozygous for Cattanach’s translocation. A single heterochromatic and brightly fluorescent X chromosome was identified in 154 metaphase spreads from 89 blastocysts consisting of 32–96 cells. The paternally derived X chromosome (Xp) was heterochromatic in 87 % and 88 % of the informative cells from the crosses XtXn × XtY and XtXn × χnγ; respectively. This preferential choice of Xp at the blastocyst stage might have an important bearing upon the preponderance of cells with an inactive Xp in the chorion and yolk-sac splanchnopleure.
TL;DR: Positional correlations between interstitial Giemsa marker bands and chemically induced isochromatid breaks are indicative of preferential aberration clustering in heterochromatin/euchromatin junctions.
Abstract: 1) The distribution pattern of heterochromatin characterized by Giemsa-banding, Quinacrine-banding and DNA-late replication has been studied in a reconstructed karyotype of Vicia faba with all chromosome pairs interdistinguishable. 2) By means of two Giemsa-banding methods both an interstitial and a centromeric Giemsa-banding pattern are described. The former one comprehends 14 “marker” and 18 “additional” bands of lower but characteristic visualization frequencies. The centromeric Giemsa-banding pattern consists of 7 bands, located in the centromeric and in the secondary constrictions of the metaphase chromosomes. Chromosomes with banding patterns intermediate between the interstitial and the centromeric Giemsa-banding have also been observed. 3) Quinacrine-banding revealed 10–12 brightly fluorescent bands and 1–2 regions of dim fluorescence. Most Q-bands occupy chromosomal positions also characterized by interstitial Giemsa bands. 4) The DNA-late replication pattern, analyzed both by autoradiography and by FPG-technique, revealed 9 late replicating chromosome regions; all of these correspond positionally to the sites of interstitial Giemsa bands. 5) The results are discussed with respect to (a) the relationships between the banding- and the DNA-late replication pattern; (b) banding and heterochromatin characteristics; (c) the correlations between the distribution of chromatid aberrations and special types of heterochromatin. — The patterns of heterochromatin distribution found are in basic conformity with the corresponding patterns reported for the standard karyotype of Vicia faba. The heterochromatin type characterized by both Giemsabanding and late replication is characteristic of all those chromosome regions which after mutagen treatments show up as aberration hot spots. Positional correlations between interstitial Giemsa marker bands and chemically induced isochromatid breaks are indicative of preferential aberration clustering in heterochromatin/euchromatin junctions.
TL;DR: At least three X-linked genes have been transferred from one cell to another with high frequency, using metaphase chromosomes.
Abstract: Transfer of genes from one type of cultured mammalian cell to another by using isolated metaphase chromosomes has been reported with a frequency of one per 106-108 cells. Very recently a rate of 16/106 has been reported with Chinese hamster ovary cells [Spandidos, D. A. & Siminovitch, L. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3480-3484]. To increase the frequency of gene transfer, we isolated metaphase chromosomes from hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) positive cells, entrapped them in liposomes, and fused the lipochromosomes with HGPRT-negative cells. Lipochromosomes were prepared with cholesterol and egg lecithin, using isolated metaphase chromosomes from a mouse-human somatic hybrid cell line (A9/HRBC2); the entire X chromosome, including the HGPRT, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglycerate kinase genes, is the only recognizable human genetic material retained by the hybrids. Enclosure of the chromosomes in the lipid envelope was confirmed by electron and fluorescence microscopy and differential centrifugation. These lipochromosomes were fused with HGPRT- mouse cells (A9) in the presence or absence of polyethylene glycol and transferents were selected in hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine (HAT) medium. The frequency of transfer was at least once per 105 cells, a minimum 10-fold improvement over previous methods. The selected cells contained HGPRT activity similar to the amount found in the A9/HRBC2 cells. Starch gel electrophoresis verified that the observed HGPRT activity in the transferents is due to the human enzyme. Human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase were also identified electrophoretically in the transferents. Karyotyping with C and Q banding did not reveal the presence of the whole human X chromosome or a visible extra fragment of a human chromosome associated with the mouse genome. The biochemical data strongly suggest, however, that transfer of a portion of the human X chromosome has occurred in these transferents. Thus, at least three X-linked genes have been transferred from one cell to another with high frequency, using metaphase chromosomes.
01 Sep 1978-Canadian journal of genetics and cytology. Journal canadien de génétique et de cytologie
TL;DR: It appears that in males of this species the Y chromosome and an autosome have fused to form a metacentric chromosome.
Abstract: Chromosomes of 21 sockeye salmon [Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum)] from three locations in Washington state were examined. All males had 57 chromosomes, while all females had 58 chromosomes. Both sexes had 104 chromosome arms. It appears that in males of this species the Y chromosome and an autosome have fused to form a metacentric chromosome.
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: Man and the Pongidae 309 Evolution of Certain Chromosomes Over Fifty Million Years 3 1 1 The Mechanisms of Speciation 315 Chromosome Fusions 315 Pericentric Inversions 316 Paracentric Inversions 318 Chromosom Fission 318 Heterochromatic Regions ....., 3 19.
Abstract: PRIMATE PHYLOGENY 290 PRIMATE CYTOGENETICS BEFORE THE BANDING TECHNIQUES 292 THE BANDING TECHNIQUES AND PRIMATE CYTOGENETICS 292 Historical Review 292 NOMENCLATURE 294 THE KARYOTYPES OF THE PONGIDAE 295 The Karyotype of the Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) 295 Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus 299 Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla 299 Orangutan and Man 301 The Common Ancestor 301 The Karyotypes of More Distantly Related Species 304 The Karyotype of the Baboon 305 The Karyotype of the Cercopithecinae 306 The Karyotype of The Macaca 308 The Karyotype of the Ateles 308 The Karyotypes of the Lemurs 308 COMPARATIVE GENE MAPPING OF THE PRIMATES 309 Man and the Pongidae 309 Evolution of Certain Chromosomes Over Fifty Million Years 3 1 1 The Mechanisms of Speciation 315 Chromosome Fusions 315 Pericentric Inversions 316 Paracentric Inversions 318 Chromosome Fission 318 Heterochromatic Regions ..... , 3 19
TL;DR: The gene for the receptor for ecotropic murine leukemia virus (Rev) has been assigned to mouse chromosome 5 by an analysis of somatic cell hybrids between mouse and Chinese hamster cells.
Abstract: The gene for the receptor for ecotropic murine leukemia virus (Rev) has been assigned to mouse chromosome 5. This determination was made possible by an analysis of somatic cell hybrids between mouse and Chinese hamster cells. The parents of these hybrids were A/HeJ or Mus poschiavinus peritoneal exudate cells or BALB/c primary embryo fibroblasts and E36, a Chinese hamster lung fibroblast deficient in hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Segregation of mouse chromosomes in these hybrids was analyzed by chromosome banding and isozyme expression. Cells were tested for their ability to absorb and replicate vesicular stomatitis virus (murine leukemia virus [MuLV]) pseudotype particles and ecotropic MuLV as measured by the XC test. The presence of chromosome 5 was essential for receptor expression as determined by three statistical procedures. Segregation of the receptor for ecotropic murine leukemia virus was also followed in two series of subclones. In both, receptor expression was syntenic with phosphoglucomutase-1, an isozyme which has been mapped to mouse chromosome 5.
TL;DR: It is shown that individual men are polymorphic for the amount of two different repeated DNA sequences, proportional to the length of the brightly fluorescent heterochromatin on the Y chromosome.
Abstract: We show that individual men are polymorphic for the amount of two different repeated DNA sequences. The amount of one of these sequences is proportional to the length of the brightly fluorescent heterochromatin on the Y chromosome. There are no detectable alterations in sequence between polymorphic individuals. Female DNA contains sequences complementary to those found on the Y, but at a much reduced level.
TL;DR: Analysis of chromosomes from 20 patients with hairy cell leukemia suggests that patients with consistent chromosome abnormalities could be considered as candidates for aggressive combination chemotherapy.
Abstract: We evaluated chromosomes from 20 patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) to ascertain the frequency and type of consistent chromosomal abnormalities. Samples from 17 patients were obtained from peripheral blood cultures grown 24 and 48 hours without phytohemagglutinin, or from bone marrow samples. Two male patients had similar, consistent abnormalities; one patient's karyotype was 46,X,+12; that of the second was 46,X,+C marker. In the latter case, the distal long arm of the C marker most closely resembled chromosome No. 12 from band q14 to q terminal, but the short arm and proximal long arm were of undetermined origin. Both karyotypes lacked the Y chromosome. A third patient had, in one sample, a single abnormal cell with an extra No. 3 and an extra No. 12 (48,XY,+3,+12), and in a later sample, a second cell of poor morphology which also could have been trisomic for no. 12. The two patients with consistent chromosome abnormalities had rapidly progressive disease and a relatively short clinical course from the time of diagnosis (5 and 7 months, respectively). Further data are needed, but the results thus far suggest that patients with consistent chromosome abnormalities could be considered as candidates for aggressive combination chemotherapy.
TL;DR: The cytogenetic data presented on primary intestinal tumors indicate that they consist primarily of numerical changes, relative infrequency (when compared to metastases) and small number (1–4) of markers.
Abstract: The chromosomes of 15 primary intestinal tumors were analyzed with a banding technique. Of the 15 tumors, 12 had some chromosomal abnormalities (8 with numerical changes and 4 with both numerical and structural abnormalities) and in the remaining three no karyotypic abnormalities were found. No common marker chromosomes were seen among the various tumors and no two tumors with chromosomal changes and identical karyotypes, though some chromosomes were involved more often than others. Excessive chromosomes in the primary tumors were usually due to extra chromosomes in the following groups (numbers of tumors involved are shown in parenthesis): No. 8 (7), No. 13 (4), No. 15 (4), No. 17 (6) and No. 21 (6). On the other hand, chromosomes losses, though much less frequent, involved chromosomes No. 5, No. 6, No. 7, No. 10 and No. 16. Most of the tumor cells with chromosomal changes were hyperdiploid and usually contained less than 60 chromosomes. Only one tumor contained hypodiploid cells. The cytogenetic data presented on primary intestinal tumors indicate that they consist primarily of numerical changes, relative infrequency (when compared to metastases) and small number (1-4) of markers.