Keying

About: Keying is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6598 publications have been published within this topic receiving 82943 citations.

Typing Speed, Keying Rates, and Optimal Keyboard Layouts:

Abstract: Many variations on the standard typewriter keyboard have been proposed to save finger motion and speed up input. An analysis of keying times during touch typing showed that the standard layout is o...

An enhanced widely linear CDMA receiver with OQPSK modulation

Abstract: This paper studies an enhanced widely linear (WL) receiver for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems that employ aperiodic spreading sequences with offset quadrature phase-shift keying (OQPSK) modulation. The modulation scheme generates improper complex multiple-access interference (MAI) and necessitates the use of WL receivers. Focus is on bandlimited pulse shapes and the inherent cyclostationarity (CS) of the uncoded received signal. The enhanced WL receiver replaces the conventional chip-matched filter with new filters that exploit the CS of the received signal through frequency shifting. The proposed WL receiver is shown to outperform the classical strictly linear (SL) receiver when the interfering users are (quasi-)synchronous with respect to the user of interest. High-powered interfering users, that may exist to support high data rates, increase the performance improvement delivered by the WL receiver. Moreover, it is shown that MAI can become proper, either identically or asymptotically, when users are asynchronous and equally powered. This is despite the fact that individual interfering signals are improper. Numerical results demonstrate that the WL receiver can outperform the SL receiver by 1-3 dB under the examined scenarios with current CDMA standards settings. In asynchronous or quasi-synchronous transmission modes, performance gain of the WL receiver degrades unless the number of high-powered active users remains small. An example for implementation of the WL receiver is proposed and compared with that of the SL receiver when minimum-shift keying modulation, a special case of OQPSK, is used. The implementation is based on a fractionally spaced equalizer whose taps are updated by an adaptive algorithm. It is shown that the proposed structure is capable of delivering the maximum signal-to-noise ratio predicted by theory.

Real-time Stereo Vision FPGA Chip with Low Error Rate

Abstract: As a step towards real-time stereo, we will present a fast and efficient VLSI architecture and implementation of a stereo matching algorithm which has a low error rate. The architecture has the form of linear systolic array using simple processing element (PE)s that are connected with neighboring PEs. Due to this simple full parallel structure, it is smaller in the time complexity load than other methods. Thus our structure is more adequate for high resolution and real-time applications like the 3D video conference, the Z- keying,and the virtual reality. Our chip can process 320 by 240 images of 128 levels at 30 frames/s.

Decision Fusion Over Noncoherent Fading Multiaccess Channels

Abstract: In this paper, we consider a distributed detection scenario where a number of remote sensors is linked to a decision fusion center by a fading multiaccess channel. The communication is assumed to be noncoherent meaning that channel gains are unknown at both sensors and the fusion center. Each sensor makes a binary local decision and communicates it to the fusion center simultaneously. We investigate the detection performance of the system in terms of error probability and error exponent under both Rayleigh and Rician fading scenarios. We reveal that on-off keying is the most energy efficient modulation scheme when the channel is subject to Rayleigh fading and that optimizing the modulation scheme can lead to a gain in error exponent under Rician fading scenario. Under both fading scenarios, optimal decision fusion rules can be reduced to simple threshold tests.

Green modulations in energy-constrained wireless sensor networks

Abstract: Owing to the unique characteristics of sensor devices, finding the energy-efficient modulation with a low-complexity implementation (refereed to as green modulation) poses significant challenges in the physical layer design of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Towards this goal, the authors present an in-depth analysis on the energy efficiency of various modulation schemes using realistic models in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard to find the optimum distance-based scheme in a WSN over Rayleigh and Rician fading channels with path loss. The authors describe a proactive system model according to a flexible duty-cycling mechanism utilised in practical sensor apparatus. The present analysis includes the effect of the channel bandwidth and the active mode duration on the energy consumption of popular modulation designs. Path-loss exponent and DC–DC converter efficiency are also taken into consideration. In considering the energy efficiency and complexity, it is demonstrated that among various sinusoidal carrier-based modulations, the optimised non-coherent M-ary frequency shift keying (NC-MFSK) is the most energy-efficient scheme in sparse WSNs for each value of the path-loss exponent, where the optimisation is performed over the modulation parameters. In addition, the authors show that the on–off keying displays a significant energy saving as compared to the optimised NC-MFSK in dense WSNs with small values of path-loss exponent.