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Klystron
About: Klystron is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 4698 publications have been published within this topic receiving 27001 citations.
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01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the origins of high-power microwave systems, the systems approach to HPM, and the system approach to linking components into a HPM system.
Abstract: Contents Introduction Origins of High Power Microwaves High Power Microwave Operating Regimes Future Directions in HPM Further Reading References Designing High Power Microwave Systems The Systems Approach to HPM Looking at Systems Linking Components into a System Systems Issues Scoping an Advanced System Conclusion Problems References High Power Microwave Applications Introduction High Power Microwave Weapons High Power Radar Power Beaming Space Propulsion Plasma Heating Particle Accelerators Problems References Microwave Fundamentals Introduction Basic Concepts in Electromagnetics Waveguides Periodic Slow-Wave Structures Cavities Intense Relativistic Electron Beams Magnetically Insulated Electron Layers Microwave-Generating Interactions Amplifiers and Oscillators, High- and Low-Current Operating Regimes Phase and Frequency Control Summary Problems References Enabling Technologies Introduction Pulsed Power Electron Beams and Layers Microwave Pulse Compression Antennas and Propagation Diagnostics HPM Facilities Problems Further Reading References Ultrawideband Systems UWB Defined UWB Switching Technologies UWB Antenna Technologies UWB Systems Conclusion Problems References Relativistic Magnetrons and MILOS Introduction History Design Principles Operational Features Research and Development Issues Fundamental Limitations MILOs Crossed-Field Amplifiers Summary Problems References BWOs, MWCGs, and O-Type Cerenkov Devices Introduction History Design Principles Operational Features Research and Development Issues Fundamental Limitations Summary Problems References Klystrons and Reltrons Introduction History Design Principles Operational Features Research and Development Issues Fundamental Limitations Summary Problems References Vircators, Gyrotrons and Electron Cyclotron Masers, and Free-Electron Lasers Introduction Vircators Gyrotrons and Electron Cyclotron Masers Free-Electron Lasers Summary Problems References Appendix: High Power Microwave Formulary A.1 Electromagnetism A.2 Waveguides and Cavities A.3 Pulsed Power and Beams Diodes and Beams A.4 Microwave Sources A.5 Propagation and Antennas A.6 Applications Power Beaming Plasma Heating Index
670 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a general discussion of the free-electron lasers (FEL's) with variable parameter wigglers is presented with a view towards their potential for the production of high power optical radiation at reasonable efficiency.
Abstract: A general discussion of the free-electron lasers (FEL's) with variable parameter wigglers is presented with a view towards their potential for the production of high power optical radiation at reasonable efficiency. The theoretical analysis is based upon a one-dimensional relativistic Hamiltonian formulation and is developed in a manner to take advantage of the analogy between the FEL process and radio frequency accelerators. Three promising operational modes are identified and analyzed. The first may be thought of as an electron decelerator and is thought to have the most promise for single-pass devices. Both oscillator and amplifier configurations are studied. The second is based upon adiabatic trapping and detrapping, intended to reduce the spread in electron energy typically induced by the FEL process. The third is based upon the method of phase area displacement. It has the advantage of wide gain bandwidth and small induced energy spread, and is thought to have the most promise for storage ring applications. Generally speaking, it is found that high peak power is intrinsic to these modes of operation. Potential problems from parasitic oscillations analogous to the stimulated Raman effect are analyzed, and some others arising from transverse inhomogeneity are identified.
530 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the state-of-the-art in high-power microwave source research is reviewed, and the history and recent developments of both high-peak power and high-average power sources are reviewed in the context of four main areas of application: (1) plasma resonance heating and current drive; (2) rf acceleration of charged particles; (3) radar and communications systems; and (4) high peak power sources for weapons-effect simulation and exploratory development.
Abstract: This article reviews the state-of-the-art in high-power microwave source research. It begins with a discussion of the concepts involved in coherent microwave generation. The main varieties of microwave tubes are classified into three groups, according to the fundamental radiation mechanism involved: Cherenkov, transition, or bremsstrahlung radiation. This is followed by a brief discussion of some of the technical fundamentals of high-power microwave sources, including power supplies and electron guns. Finally, the history and recent developments of both high-peak power and high-average power sources are reviewed in the context of four main areas of application: (1) plasma resonance heating and current drive; (2) rf acceleration of charged particles; (3) radar and communications systems; and (4) high-peak power sources for weapons-effect simulation and exploratory development.
374 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the dielectric laser acceleration (DLA) scheme operating at typical laser pulse lengths of 1 to 1 ps, where the laser damage fluences correspond to peak surface electric fields in the Ω{GV}/\mathrm{m} regime.
Abstract: The use of infrared lasers to power optical-scale lithographically fabricated particle accelerators is a developing area of research that has garnered increasing interest in recent years The physics and technology of this approach is reviewed, which is referred to as dielectric laser acceleration (DLA) In the DLA scheme operating at typical laser pulse lengths of 01 to 1 ps, the laser damage fluences for robust dielectric materials correspond to peak surface electric fields in the $\mathrm{GV}/\mathrm{m}$ regime The corresponding accelerating field enhancement represents a potential reduction in active length of the accelerator between 1 and 2 orders of magnitude Power sources for DLA-based accelerators (lasers) are less costly than microwave sources (klystrons) for equivalent average power levels due to wider availability and private sector investment Because of the high laser-to-particle coupling efficiency, required pulse energies are consistent with tabletop microJoule class lasers Combined with the very high (MHz) repetition rates these lasers can provide, the DLA approach appears promising for a variety of applications, including future high-energy physics colliders, compact light sources, and portable medical scanners and radiative therapy machines
347 citations
TL;DR: The Ubitron as discussed by the authors is a high-power traveling-wave tube which makes use of the interaction between a magnetically undulated periodic electron beam and the TE 01 mode in unloaded waveguide.
Abstract: The Ubitron is a high-power traveling-wave tube which makes use of the interaction between a magnetically undulated periodic electron beam and the TE 01 mode in unloaded waveguide. The electron-wave interaction exhibits the same type of first-order axial beam bunching characteristic of the conventional slow-wave traveling-wave tube; hence, it can be used in place of conventional O-type interaction in extended interaction klystrons and electron accelerators, as well as traveling-wave tubes. Experimental results are presented for the simplest physical embodiment of the Ubitron, which consists of an undulated pencil beam in a rectangular waveguide. Two of the unique features of this tube are very broad interaction bandwidth which results from the absence of a dispersive slow-wave circuit, and variable interaction phase velocity--hence, variable saturation power level. Among the physical embodiments of the Ubitron are a number of higher-order mode waveguide and beam configurations. These include plane, coaxial, and circular waveguides, all supporting the TE 01 mode, interacting with magnetically undulated sheet, hollow and cylindrical beams, respectively. The advantage of these configurations, which have not yet been tested experimentally, is that they provide a very large interaction area for beam placement. This property, plus the fact that the peak interacting field is far from the waveguide walls, makes the Ubitron an interesting prospect for high-power millimeter wave amplification.
207 citations