Knowledge representation and reasoning

About: Knowledge representation and reasoning is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 20078 publications have been published within this topic receiving 446310 citations. The topic is also known as: KR & KR².

Neural-Symbolic Learning Systems: Foundations and Applications

Abstract: 1. Introduction and Overview.- 1.1 Why Integrate Neurons and Symbols?.- 1.2 Strategies of Neural-Symbolic Integration.- 1.3 Neural-Symbolic Learning Systems.- 1.4 A Simple Example.- 1.5 How to Read this Book.- 1.6 Summary.- 2. Background.- 2.1 General Preliminaries.- 2.2 Inductive Learning.- 2.3 Neural Networks.- 2.3.1 Architectures.- 2.3.2 Learning Strategy.- 2.3.3 Recurrent Networks.- 2.4 Logic Programming.- 2.4.1 What is Logic Programming?.- 2.4.2 Fixpoints and Definite Programs.- 2.5 Nonmonotonic Reasoning.- 2.5.1 Stable Models and Acceptable Programs.- 2.6 Belief Revision.- 2.6.1 Truth Maintenance Systems.- 2.6.2 Compromise Revision.- I. Knowledge Refinement in Neural Networks.- 3. Theory Refinement in Neural Networks.- 3.1 Inserting Background Knowledge.- 3.2 Massively Parallel Deduction.- 3.3 Performing Inductive Learning.- 3.4 Adding Classical Negation.- 3.5 Adding Metalevel Priorities.- 3.6 Summary and Further Reading.- 4. Experiments on Theory Refinement.- 4.1 DNA Sequence Analysis.- 4.2 Power Systems Fault Diagnosis.- 4.3.Discussion.- 4.4.Appendix.- II. Knowledge Extraction from Neural Networks.- 5. Knowledge Extraction from Trained Networks.- 5.1 The Extraction Problem.- 5.2 The Case of Regular Networks.- 5.2.1 Positive Networks.- 5.2.2 Regular Networks.- 5.3 The General Case Extraction.- 5.3.1 Regular Subnetworks.- 5.3.2 Knowledge Extraction from Subnetworks.- 5.3.3 Assembling the Final Rule Set.- 5.4 Knowledge Representation Issues.- 5.5 Summary and Further Reading.- 6. Experiments on Knowledge Extraction.- 6.1 Implementation.- 6.2 The Monk's Problems.- 6.3 DNA Sequence Analysis.- 6.4 Power Systems Fault Diagnosis.- 6.5 Discussion.- III. Knowledge Revision in Neural Networks.- 7. Handling Inconsistencies in Neural Networks.- 7.1 Theory Revision in Neural Networks.- 7.1.1The Equivalence with Truth Maintenance Systems.- 7.1.2Minimal Learning.- 7.2 Solving Inconsistencies in Neural Networks.- 7.2.1 Compromise Revision.- 7.2.2 Foundational Revision.- 7.2.3 Nonmonotonic Theory Revision.- 7.3 Summary of the Chapter.- 8. Experiments on Handling Inconsistencies.- 8.1 Requirements Specifications Evolution as Theory Refinement.- 8.1.1Analysing Specifications.- 8.1.2Revising Specifications.- 8.2 The Automobile Cruise Control System.- 8.2.1Knowledge Insertion.- 8.2.2Knowledge Revision: Handling Inconsistencies.- 8.2.3Knowledge Extraction.- 8.3 Discussion.- 8.4 Appendix.- 9. Neural-Symbolic Integration: The Road Ahead.- 9.1 Knowledge Extraction.- 9.2 Adding Disjunctive Information.- 9.3 Extension to the First-Order Case.- 9.4 Adding Modalities.- 9.5 New Preference Relations.- 9.6 A Proof Theoretical Approach.- 9.7 The "Forbidden Zone" [Amax, Amin].- 9.8 Acceptable Programs and Neural Networks.- 9.9 Epilogue.

Design of a knowledge-based report generator

Abstract: Knowledge-Based Report Generation is a technique for automatically generating natural language reports from computer databases. It is so named because it applies knowledge-based expert systems software to the problem of text generation. The first application of the technique, a system for generating natural language stock reports from a daily stock quotes database, is partially implemented. Three fundamental principles of the technique are its use of domain-specific semantic and linguistic knowledge, its use of macro-level semantic and linguistic constructs (such as whole messages, a phrasal lexicon, and a sentence-combining grammar), and its production system approach to knowledge representation.

ConceptNet 5: A Large Semantic Network for Relational Knowledge

Abstract: ConceptNet is a knowledge representation project, providing a large semantic graph that describes general human knowledge and how it is expressed in natural language. Here we present the latest iteration, ConceptNet 5, with a focus on its fundamental design decisions and ways to interoperate with it.

Mining business databases

Abstract: a phenomenal rate. From the financial sector to telecommunications operations , companies increasingly rely on analysis of huge amounts of data to compete. Although ad hoc mixtures of statistical techniques and file management tools once sufficed for digging through mounds of corporate data, the size of modern data warehouses, the mission-critical nature of the data, and the speed with which analyses need to be made now call for a new approach. A new generation of techniques and tools is emerging to intelligently assist humans in analyzing mountains of data and finding critical nuggets of useful knowledge, and in some cases to perform analyses automatically. These techniques and tools are the subject of the growing field of knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) [5]. KDD is an umbrella term describing a variety of activities for making sense of data. We use the term to describe the overall process of finding useful patterns in data, including not only the data mining step of running specific discovery algorithms but also pre-and postprocessing and a host of other important activities. Our goal here is to provide a brief overview of the key issues in knowledge discovery in an industrial context and outline representative applications. The different data mining methods at the core of the KDD process can have different goals. In general, we distinguish two types: • Verification, in which the system is limited to verifying a user's hypothesis, and • Discovery, in which the system finds new patterns. Ad hoc techniques—no longer adequate for sifting through vast collections of data—are giving way to data mining and knowledge discovery for turning corporate data into competitive business advantage.

Structured statistical models of inductive reasoning.

Abstract: Everyday inductive inferences are often guided by rich background knowledge. Formal models of induction should aim to incorporate this knowledge and should explain how different kinds of knowledge lead to the distinctive patterns of reasoning found in different inductive contexts. This article presents a Bayesian framework that attempts to meet both goals and describe 4 applications of the framework: a taxonomic model, a spatial model, a threshold model, and a causal model. Each model makes probabilistic inferences about the extensions of novel properties, but the priors for the 4 models are defined over different kinds of structures that capture different relationships between the categories in a domain. The framework therefore shows how statistical inference can operate over structured background knowledge, and the authors argue that this interaction between structure and statistics is critical for explaining the power and flexibility of human reasoning.