Showing papers on "Knowledge sharing published in 1993"

Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations

Abstract: We compare the geographic location of patent citations to those of the cited patents, as evidence of the extent to which knowledge spillovers are geographically localized. We find that citations to U.S. patents are more likely to come from the U.S., and more likely to come from the same state and SMSA as the cited patents than one would expect based only on the preexisting concentration of related research activity. These effects are particularly significant at the local (SMSA) level, and are particularly apparent in early citations.

Enhancing the Knowledge Engineering Process: Contributions from Esprit

Abstract: Introduction. (L. Steels, B. Lepape). Knowledge Engineering Life Cycles. Design Models. KBS Development Through Knowledge Modelling. (B. Wielinga, G. Schreiber, J. Breuker). Validation. Validation of KBS: The VALID Project. (P. Meseguer, E. Plaza). Knowledge Acquisition. Knowledge Acquisition Through Machine Learning (MLT). Building a Machine Learning Toolbox. (Y. Kodratoff, D. Sleeman, M. Uszynski, K. Causse, S. Craw). Knowledge Acquisition From Text. NOMOS: Knowledge Acquisition for Normative Reasoning Systems. (A. Gianetti, P. Dassovich, G. Marchignoli, P. Mussetto, E. Pietrosanti, S. Azzam, P. Celnik, J.L. Bilon, V. Fortier, F. Pires). Knowledge Acquisition Tools. Supporting Knowledge Acquisition: The ACKnowledge Project. (A. Anjewierden, B. Wielinga, N. Shadbolt). Knowledge System Enhancements. Knowledge-Level Reflection. (F. Van Harmelen, B. Wielinga, B. Bredeweg, G. Schreiber, W. Karbach, M. Reinders, A. Vosz, H. Akkermans, B. Bartsch-Sporl, E. Vinkhuyzen). Genericity and Knowledge Sharing. Task-Specific Architectures. Task-Specific Architectures for Intelligent Process Control. (R. Leitch). Reusability. Reusability and Knowledge Sharing. (L. Steels). Conclusions. (L. Steels, B. Lepape).

Supporting the dynamics of knowledge sharing within organizations

Abstract: The paper proposes an architecture to memorize the knowledge generated and used by the members of an organization in their cooperative work. The main focus is on the identification of mechanisms to enhance organization members capability to reconstruct the dynamic evolution of the knowledge generated through computer supported human to human communication within the organization. These mechanisms are triggered by communicative events in a user transparent way. The notion of degree of consciousness of knowledge sharing is proposed as a basic means to allow members to look for the most appropriate context of each communicative event. This context is where the reconstruction becomes sensible in relation to the user needs.

An empirical investigation of differences between north american and european mis research

Abstract: The information age has facilitated knowledge sharing among different parts of the world Research ideas and methodologies are shared through conferences and publications by MIS researchers in Europe and in North America However, there has been little movement toward a more uniform research paradigm on the two continents One reason may be the difference in research tradition, which is strongly influenced by the analytic tradition of logical positivism in North America and by interpretivism in Europe Diversity, whether in terms of research methodologies or reference disciplines, enriches and benefits a field of research If, however, this diversity inhibits sharing of research and knowledge between communities with different intellectual heritages, loss of synergy and research opportunities for both communities may result The implications of these differences can be examined by referring to sociological paradigms, Kuhn (1970) defines sociological paradigm as "the entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques and so on shared by the members of a given community" (p 175) These shared values are used to judge theories, predictions, and methodologies Given the predominantly positivist research tradition in North America and interpretive research tradition in Europe, it seems reasonable to presume two different sociological paradigms If indeed North American and European researchers belong to two different sociological paradigms, this could pose problems in terms of reviewing and publishing in MIS journals and conferences as well as in sharing knowledge across research traditions Publishing, for instance, is influenced by "the accumulated paradigms, values, standards, and biases typically reflected in the editorial policies and practices of leading journals" Uenkins 1984, p 107) For example, North American reviewers differed from non-North Americans in their evaluation of MIS research, ranking criteria such as logical rigor and replicability of research more highly, whereas non-North Americans valued contribution to knowledge and topic selection more highly (Evaristo, Ang and Straub 1992) The objective of this paper is to identify differences between North American and European research in terms of reference disciplines and research methodologies To achieve this objective, this research empirically classifies and compares doctoral dissertation research in the two continents for 1985 and 1990 In addition, the five-year interval between allows for trend comparisons both within continents over time and between continents Preliminary results for 1985 indicate the predominance of non-empirical research in Europe and empirical research in North America Significant differences were also found in reference disciplines Computer science underlies proportionally more research in Europe than in North America, whereas decision science, psychology, and infonnation theory are proportionally more common in North America than in Europe

Management of information technology innovation: a heuristic contingency paradigm research perspective

Abstract: This paper presents a contingency model which causally relates information technology acquisition and diffusion (IT/AD) to organization culture (heterogeneous versus homogeneous), organization learning (innovative versus adaptive), and knowledge sharing (networked versus hierarchical). The model integrates multiple and well-grounded theoretical streams of research.These three primary driving forces interact in a recursive dynamic, expressed in both rational driving forces and political driving forces. This paper focuses on the political driving forces, operationalizing them with five categories of measurement variables.A preliminary set of research propositions associated with the five categories of political driving forces are presented. Future research is suggested, addressing moderating variables, and information technology acquisition and diffusion patterns of S-curves.

PAD-based: prototypes and delegation based approach to knowledge organization in expert system design

Abstract: Scope and method of study. The object-oriented approaches to computing provide major contributions in most computer research including artificial intelligence. This rapid growth is attributed to its four significant properties: the principles of program modularity, information hiding, data abstraction, and code reusability. The concept of modularity has been widely introduced into expert system design and development. Various techniques have been developed by incorporating class/subclass, inheritance, delegation, and polymorphism concepts to knowledge base structure and knowledge representation techniques. Although these approaches are successfully used in expert system design, the issues of extensive development time, and limited knowledge sharing and re-use among expert systems are still open problems, particularly when developing expert systems in small computer environment with limited memory. The scope of the study is to develop an expert system development methodology to address the above problems. Findings and conclusions. The object-oriented approach based on the concepts of prototype and delegation mechanism is used to develop a new model (PAD-BASED model) serving as the knowledge organization technique in expert system design. Its prototype structure provides a high structurability in knowledge base organization. The delegation mechanism allows dynamic interactions among prototypes contributing to an alternate memory management scheme in small computer system as well as a high opportunity for knowledge sharing and re-use among structured expert systems. Agricultural applications are implemented based on the PAD-BASED model. The PAD-BASED development life cycle model is used to support the management of complex interactions among the experts during the expert system development. The advantages of the PAD-BASED model are described fully as well.

ATOS-1: Designing the infrastructure for an advanced spacecraft operations system

Abstract: The space industry has identified the need to use artificial intelligence and knowledge based system techniques as integrated, central, symbolic processing components of future mission design, support and operations systems. Various practical and commercial constraints require that off-the-shelf applications, and their knowledge bases, are reused where appropriate and that different mission contractors, potentially using different KBS technologies, can provide application and knowledge sub-modules of an overall integrated system. In order to achieve this integration, which we call knowledge sharing and distributed reasoning, there needs to be agreement on knowledge representations, knowledge interchange-formats, knowledge level communications protocols, and ontology. Research indicates that the latter is most important, providing the applications with a common conceptualization of the domain, in our case spacecraft operations, mission design, and planning. Agreement on ontology permits applications that employ different knowledge representations to interwork through mediators which we refer to as knowledge agents. This creates the illusion of a shared model without the constraints, both technical and commercial, that occur in centralized or uniform architectures. This paper explains how these matters are being addressed within the ATOS program at ESOC, using techniques which draw upon ideas and standards emerging from the DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort. In particular, we explain how the project is developing an electronic Ontology of Spacecraft Operations and how this can be used as an enabling component within space support systems that employ advanced software engineering. We indicate our hope and expectation that the core ontology developed in ATOS, will permit the full development of standards for such systems throughout the space industry.