scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Laptop published in 2017"


Book ChapterDOI
11 Sep 2017
TL;DR: With DiskFiltration, a method to leak data from speakerless computers via covert acoustic signals emitted from its hard disk drive (HDD) is presented, and a transmitter and a receiver for PCs and smartphones are developed.
Abstract: In the past, it has been shown that malware can exfiltrate data from air-gapped (isolated) networks by transmitting ultrasonic signals via the computer’s speakers. However, such a communication relies on the availability of speakers on a computer. In this paper, we present ‘DiskFiltration’, a method to leak data from speakerless computers via covert acoustic signals emitted from its hard disk drive (HDD) (Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7lQXmSLiP8 or http://cyber.bgu.ac.il/advanced-cyber/airgap). Although it is known that HDDs generate acoustical noise, it has never been studied in the context of a malicious covert-channel. Notably, the magnetic HDDs dominate the storage wars, and most PCs, servers, and laptops todays are installed with HDD drive(s). A malware installed on a compromised machine can generate acoustic emissions at specific audio frequencies by controlling the movements of the HDD’s actuator arm. Binary Information can be modulated over the acoustic signals and then be picked up by a nearby receiver (e.g., microphone, smartphone, laptop, etc.). We examine the HDD anatomy and analyze its acoustical characteristics. We also present signal generation and detection, and data modulation and demodulation algorithms. Based on our proposed method, we developed a transmitter and a receiver for PCs and smartphones, and provide the design and implementation details. We examine the channel capacity and evaluate it on various types of internal and external HDDs in different computer chassis and at various distances. With DiskFiltration we were able to covertly transmit data (e.g., passwords, encryption keys, and keylogging data) between air-gapped computers to a nearby receiver at an effective bit rate of 180 bits/min (10,800 bits/h).

85 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that computer use in college classrooms has a negative impact on course grades and the negative effects of computer use are concentrated among males and low-performing students and more prominent in quantitative courses.

61 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2017
TL;DR: The results of the experiments demonstrate that the web server works in real-time and can be effectively used for monitoring small solar energy systems.
Abstract: This paper presents a method for applying a web server based on ESP32 to a small photovoltaic (PV) power system to monitor and/or collect the PV and the battery current, voltage data The designed system uses low-cost sensors, a microcontroller ESP32, Wi-Fi, and an SD-card reader The ESP32 collects data from sensors All of the data are saved in a text file on an SD-card, which is connected with ESP32 SPI pins The text file is saved on the SD card for a week or longer, after which the system deletes all the data and starts saving new data The web page file is saved on an SD card as well, so the ESP32 is programmed to access the web page by using the Wi-Fi via a laptop, cellphone, or tablet Moreover, the web page has a link that allows users to download the data text file simply by clicking on the link This can also be done remotely The results of the experiments demonstrate that the web server works in real-time and can be effectively used for monitoring small solar energy systems

53 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: The technical features of the Satellite CCRMA platform are described and it is compared with personal computer-based systems used in the past as well as emerging smart phone-based platforms.
Abstract: This paper describes a new Beagle Board-based platform for teaching and practicing interaction design for musical applications. The migration from desktop and laptop computer-based sound synthesis to a compact and integrated control, computation and sound generation platform has enormous potential to widen the range of computer music instruments and installations that can be designed, and improves the portability, autonomy, extensibility and longevity of designed systems. We describe the technical features of the Satellite CCRMA platform and contrast it with personal computer-based systems used in the past as well as emerging smart phone-based platforms. The advantages and trade-offs of the new platform are considered, and some project work is described.

53 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a digital laboratory notebook (DLN) was developed for an upper-division undergraduate biochemistry laboratory course using the free mobile application Evernote, which could also be accessed from any Internet-connected device (i.e., tablet, laptop, desktop).
Abstract: The majority of undergraduates own a smartphone, yet fewer than half view it as a valuable learning technology. Consequently, a digital laboratory notebook (DLN) was developed for an upper-division undergraduate biochemistry laboratory course using the free mobile application Evernote. The cloud-based DLN capitalized on the unique features of smartphones (i.e., photo uploading, audio capture, dictation) and could also be accessed from any Internet-connected device (i.e., tablet, laptop, desktop). This cross-platform flexibility enabled a “Bring Your Own Device” philosophy in the course, leveraging the educational power of students’ personal devices. The DLN served as a secure data management system, where any file could be attached, edited, and analyzed. The DLN also accommodated freehand drawing. A postsemester survey indicated that the cloud connectivity of the DLN facilitated greater collaboration between students and enhanced the quality of their communication with the instructor compared with traditi...

43 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
17 Oct 2017
TL;DR: Observing six groups of three participants who worked on a collaborative task with minimal assistance highlighted the value of MeetAlive features for multi-user engagement in meetings involving brainstorming and content creation.
Abstract: MeetAlive combines multiple depth cameras and projectors to create a room-scale omni-directional display surface designed to support collaborative face-to-face group meetings. With MeetAlive, all participants may simultaneously display and share content from their personal laptop wirelessly anywhere in the room. MeetAlive gives each participant complete control over displayed content in the room. This is achieved by a perspective corrected mouse cursor that transcends the boundary of the laptop screen to position, resize, and edit their own and others' shared content. MeetAlive includes features to replicate content views to ensure that all participants may see the actions of other participants even as they are seated around a conference table. We report on observing six groups of three participants who worked on a collaborative task with minimal assistance. Participants' feedback highlighted the value of MeetAlive features for multi-user engagement in meetings involving brainstorming and content creation.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Different profiles depending on students preferences for taking mobile devices to economics classes at the University of Seville (Spain) are analyzed to enable the design of strategies to encourage students to attend class with their own mobile devices.

28 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: One of the basic principles of brain-compatible learning (blending neuroscience and educational psychology) is that there is no long-term retention without rehearsal, which offers much opportunity to facilitators and designers of learning experiences, to set up practice and application of ideas with relevant feedback loops to support learners.
Abstract: As I age, I keep lists. Not the pen and paper or back of the envelope variety; my lists are entirely within my online personal learning environment. All accessible by mobile, tablet, laptop and des...

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a randomized controlled trial in which laptops replaced traditional textbook provision in elementary schools in high poverty communities in Honduras showed that at the end of one school year, there were no differences between laptop and textbook provision on mathematics and Spanish test scores and in non-academic outcomes related to coding and verbal fluency.

21 citations


DOI
01 Sep 2017
TL;DR: Decision support system designed to support all stages of decision making ranging from identifying the problem, selecting the relevant data and determine the approach used in the decision making process to evaluate the alternatives that exist.
Abstract: Laptop is a basic need for people, either for education or for business activities. However, choosing the right laptop according to customer needs, specifications of the laptop and the right price is not easy.One way to help the prospective buyer in order to determine a laptop that will be purchased in accordance with the requirements is the decision support system. Decision support system designed to support all stages of decision making ranging from identifying the problem, selecting the relevant data and determine the approach used in the decision making process to evaluate the alternatives that exist. The method used in this decision support system is AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) to assist in the selection of laptop. AHP is a method which is the main input of human perception. To complete this method, aided by application of Expert Choice 11.

16 citations


Patent
02 Nov 2017
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a system for streaming venue-based data to mobile devices (e.g., smartphones, tablet computing devices, laptop computers, smartwatches other wearable computing devices).
Abstract: Methods and systems for streaming venue-based to one or more mobile devices (e.g., smartphones, tablet computing devices, laptop computers, smartwatches other wearable computing devices). Venue-based data (e.g., video, audio, other data) can be processed via one or more servers associated with a packet based wireless network having at least some aspects of a wireless network that can employ one or more optical frequency bands and one or more radio frequency band for data communications, said venue-based data associated with a venue (e.g., a stadium, baseball park, eSports event, etc.). The venue-based data can be wirelessly streamed from packet based wireless network to a mobile device (or multiple mobile devices) for display via a display screen associated with the mobile device after processing (e.g., image processing) of the venue-based data.

Patent
14 Dec 2017
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a one-tap disclosure that enables a user having a mobile device "one-tap" mobile application to log-in to the user's desktop or laptop computer by bringing the device in physical proximity to the computer and, while in such proximity, accepting a push notification that is received on the mobile device.
Abstract: In a first embodiment, the “one tap” operation of this disclosure enables a user having a mobile device “one tap” mobile application (or “app”) to log-in to the user's desktop or laptop computer by bringing the user's device in physical proximity to the computer and, while in such proximity, accepting a push notification that is received on the mobile device In a second embodiment, the user uses the “one tap” functionality to access a cloud-based account that has been set up for the user on a third party web application (eg, SalesForcecom) The technique seamlessly integrates with third party websites using well-known protocols (eg, SAML2), and it enables secure cross-origin resource sharing in a highly secure, reliable and available manner Still another aspect of this disclosure is an enhanced proximity detection routine that is used to facilitate the one tap function when the user's mobile device is moved into proximity with the computer

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed technology allows laptop and smartphone users to create bases of reference for informative attributes in the most indicative periods of the day over the course of 10–15 days in home or work environments.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined pre-service teachers' reflections on their experiences with one-laptop-per-student (1:1) programs in their secondary schooling and investigated the impact of 1:1 laptop programs on students' perceptions of teaching with ICT and their personal learning at university.
Abstract: Throughout Australia, many government and non-government schools have implemented a one-laptop-per-student (1:1) policy. Whilst there was initial interest in the implementation of these programs, little has been done to track the uptake of digital learning technologies afforded by access to the laptops. This study examined pre-service teachers' reflections on their experiences with 1:1 laptop programs in their secondary schooling. The lens for this reflection was their consideration of their aspirational teaching practice. Qualitative data were collected from two successive cohorts (2014 and 2015) of the first year of a Bachelor of Education course. The objectives of the research presented in this paper were to: capture recollections of the students' experience of 1:1 laptop programs; categorise these recollections into positive and negative experiences; and investigate the impact of 1:1 laptop programs on students' perceptions of teaching with ICTs and their personal learning at university.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2017
TL;DR: The aim of this research is to know the performance of telecommunication system for voice and video communication in terms of throughput, jitter, delay, and packet loss according to ITU-G.114 standard.
Abstract: The importance of communications and information trigger the development of communication network technology in order to be easy, cheap, efficient and has wide coverage area. This research designs an easy, cheap, and efficient IP-based communication system for voice and video. The aim of this research is to know the performance of telecommunication system for voice and video communication in terms of throughput, jitter, delay, and packet loss according to ITU-G.114 standard. This research also optimizes coverage area by adding 8 dBi omni-directional antenna. The arrangement of communication system is done by Raspberry Pi as server using ArteriskFreePBX software. Linphone and Bria as softphone in client devices. Then configure the SIP account to make voice and video communication. The test scenarios are communication between laptops, communication from laptop to smartphone, and communication between smartphones. The results obtained that the farthest distance from the wireless adapter between the server and the clients is 100 m. The testing network performance parameters based on ITU-G.114 standard, the farthest distance that can communicate between Smartphones is at 140 m for audio and 80 m for video, Laptop to Smartphone at a distance of 180 m for audio, 80 m for video. Communication between Laptop for video communication at a distance of 120 m and for audio can communicate well up to 200 m distance. This research is expected to be used as reference and alternative a cheap and portable telecommunication device.

Patent
14 Dec 2017
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a technique that allows a user having a mobile device "one-tap" mobile application (or "app") to log-in to the user's desktop or laptop computer by bringing the device in physical proximity to the computer and, while in such proximity, accepting a push notification that is received on the mobile device.
Abstract: In a first embodiment, the “one tap” operation of this disclosure enables a user having a mobile device “one tap” mobile application (or “app”) to log-in to the user's desktop or laptop computer by bringing the user's device in physical proximity to the computer and, while in such proximity, accepting a push notification that is received on the mobile device. In a second embodiment, the user uses the “one tap” functionality to access a cloud-based account that has been set up for the user on a third party web application (e.g., SalesForce.com). The technique seamlessly integrates with third party websites using well-known protocols (e.g., SAML2), and it enables secure cross-origin resource sharing in a highly secure, reliable and available manner. Still another aspect of this disclosure is an enhanced proximity detection routine that is used to facilitate the one tap function when the user's mobile device is moved into proximity with the computer.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new time evolving clustering method for tracing the evolution of magnetic field ranges emitted from laptops over time is presented, which is an extension of K-Medians algorithm for which cluster set found at current time point depends not only on the current measured values but also on the cluster sets found at previous time points.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors document the process one district used to design, develop, and implement a one-to-one pilot at its high school as part of its broader commitment to contemporary lea...
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to document the process one district used to design, develop, and implement a one-to-one pilot at its high school as part of its broader commitment to contemporary lea...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new model for prediction of the laptop magnetic field radiation starting from a priori known laptop characteristics using artificial neural network is proposed and a good alignment of magnetic field ranges in measured and predicted results is revealed.
Abstract: The paper considers the level of the extremely low-frequency magnetic field produced by laptop computers, which can be hazardous to the laptop users’ health. It proposes a new model for prediction of the laptop magnetic field radiation starting from a priori known laptop characteristics using artificial neural network. In the experiment, the magnetic field of ten different laptop computers is measured. The measuring of the magnetic field is performed at the points, which are relevant to laptop computer users. Prediction is obtained from testing laptops. The predicted magnetic field results are evaluated by correlation coefficient and clustered for detection of magnetic field ranges by self-organizing map. Obtained cluster set is compared with the cluster set computed on the measured magnetic field at the same laptop characteristics. Correlation coefficient showed good correspondence of the predicted values with the measured values. Furthermore, the comparison between the two cluster sets revealed a good alignment of magnetic field ranges in measured and predicted results.

Patent
10 Jul 2017
TL;DR: An apparatus for holding a computer peripheral device (including, but not limited to, an external hard drive, a smartphone, and an external CPU) securely and conveniently to a flat screen monitor is presented in this article.
Abstract: An apparatus for holding a computer peripheral device (including, but not limited to, an external hard drive, a smartphone, and an external CPU) securely and conveniently to a flat screen monitor is presented. A system for securing a computer peripheral device to a laptop computer to optimize the use of space and practice clean organization is also presented. Further presented is a method and system that provides privacy during the use of a laptop computer.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2017
TL;DR: The primary experiences indicate that ARM-based microcontrollers with networking connectivity provide the flexible, cost-effective, well-supported platforms for developing the IoT applications.
Abstract: This paper presents the ongoing work of applying the project-based learning approach to teaching IoT technologies in an advanced embedded networking course, which is offered to electrical and computer engineering students. The emphasis of this course is on teaching the prominent wireless networking technologies IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) for the IoT and the development of the IoT applications. Microcontrollers have been used to teach fieldbus networks or distributed real-time control systems. However, conventional efforts of teaching regular computer networks (e.g., the Ethernet) mostly make use of either personal computers (e.g., desktop, laptop) or single board computers installed with Linux or Windows operating system. The unique feature of this ongoing work is to use existing ARM-based microcontrollers without complex operating systems to teach wired and wireless network technologies in the IoT. Our primary experiences indicate that ARM-based microcontrollers with networking connectivity provide the flexible, cost-effective, well-supported platforms for developing the IoT applications.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
14 Jul 2017
TL;DR: This heterogeneous computing framework, with the potential for incorporating specialized processing and networking capabilities, allows scalability for system integration to existing surveillance system for manned aircrafts.
Abstract: This paper presents a heterogeneous computing framework to interface single board computers (SBC) to (i) distinct type of computing nodes, (ii) distinct operating systems, and (iii) distinct software applications for aeronautical surveillance system for drone delivery. The implementation platform selected is the Beagle Bone Black (BBB) having the operating system (OS) Linux Ubuntu 14. The computing nodes the BBB interfaces to are: (i) a personal laptop (MacBook Pro), (ii) a virtual machine, and (iii) two servers with distinct OSs. The software applications the BBB interfaces to are: (i) Gqrx, (ii) GNURadio, (iii) Google Earth, (iv) systems took kit (STK), and (v) Matlab. This heterogeneous computing framework, with the potential for incorporating specialized processing and networking capabilities, allows scalability for system integration to existing surveillance system for manned aircrafts. The proposed system successfully decodes the location of aircraft in real-time.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: All websites must be designed today with mobile in mind, because more people today view web pages on mobile devices than on desktop and laptop computers.
Abstract: More people today view web pages on mobile devices than on desktop and laptop computers. All websites must be designed today with mobile in mind. And of course, mobile apps, which hadn’t yet been invented a decade ago, continue to steam along as a multibillion-dollar industry.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2017
TL;DR: An analysis on how users interact with different pointing devices is provided and factors for efficient pointing-based human-computer-interaction in standard working scenarios are identified and a concept for minimally distracting pointing based human computer interaction is introduced.
Abstract: The computer mouse is the main interaction device for graphical user interfaces. Many attempts have been made to replace it or render it obsolete, ranging from more ergonomically shaped designs to pen-like devices or touch screens. While the latter have opened up the way for completely new interaction designs mainly on mobile devices, PC and laptop users still prefer the computer mouse as a pointing device, especially when used in conjunction with a keyboard. This paper provides an analysis on how users interact with different pointing devices and identifies factors for efficient pointing-based human-computer-interaction in standard working scenarios. Based on this analysis a concept for minimally distracting pointing based human computer interaction is introduced. The concept is based on a multimodal combination of gaze tracking and keyboard, enabling users to interact with a keyboard alone in scenarios that usually require a keyboard in conjunction with a pointing device. The paper also presents a prototype and discusses its conceptual and implementation details.

Journal ArticleDOI
14 Jul 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on how non-idiomatic improvisation serves as a crucial local and global evolutionary force within LOrk culture by breaking with old patterns to discover new sui generisexpressive possibilities and by developing skills that radically expand improvisatory strategies.
Abstract: Improvisation has always been at the heart of the laptop ensemble and it constitutes a core force in the evolution of individual laptop orchestras and the art form at large. A drive to innovate artistically, technologically, and collaboratively opens the way for many new modes of improvisation that are unique to the laptop-orchestra (or LOrk) setting, such as improvising with collective instruments, gestural controllers, and live coding. Navigating these novel logistical settings, collaborative forms, technologies, and sonic structures demands rapid, creative responses to emergent possibilities and challenges. Due to their tradition-defying, multidimensional, and hybridic nature at cultural, stylistic, geographical, personal, social, and technological levels, laptop orchestras may be viewed as a matrix of related behaviours and beliefs rather than a definite genre. In this essay I focus on how non-idiomatic improvisation serves as a crucial local and global evolutionary force within LOrk culture by breaking with old patterns to discover new sui generis expressive possibilities and by developing skills that radically expand improvisatory strategies. I also provide a snapshot of current improvisatory practices that are unique or have special implications for laptop orchestras (based on extensive contact and email interviews with laptop orchestra directors and members across various geographical and cultural contexts). Additionally, I offer my own experiences as founder and director of the Concordia Laptop Orchestra (CLOrk).

Journal Article
TL;DR: A distance learning system for the transference of laparoscopic surgery knowledge and skill constructed from off-the-shelf materials and commercially available software was created and will allow investigations to evaluate the effectiveness of Laparoscopic Surgery Knowledge and skill transfer utilizing DL techniques.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE To design and develop a distance learning (DL) system for the transference of laparoscopic surgery knowledge and skill constructed from off-the-shelf materials and commercially available software. INTRODUCTION Minimally invasive surgery offers significant benefits over traditional surgical procedures, but adoption rates for many procedures are low. Skill and confidence deficits are two of the culprits. DL combined with simulation training and telementoring may address these issues with scale. MATERIALS AND METHODS The system must be built to meet the instruction requirements of a proven laparoscopic skills course (Top Gun). Thus, the rapid sharing of multimedia educational materials, secure two-way audio/visual communications, and annotation and recording capabilities are requirements for success. These requirements are more in line with telementoring missions than standard distance learning efforts. RESULTS A DL system with telementor, classroom, and laboratory stations was created. The telementor station consists of a desktop computer and headset with microphone. For the classroom station, a laptop is connected to a digital projector that displays the remote instructor and content. A tripod-mounted webcam provides classroom visualization and a Bluetooth® wireless speaker establishes audio. For the laboratory station, a laptop with universal serial bus (USB) expander is combined with a tabletop laparoscopic skills trainer, a headset with microphone, two webcams and a Bluetooth® speaker. The cameras are mounted on a standard tripod and an adjustable gooseneck camera mount clamp to provide an internal and external view of the training area. Internet meeting software provides audio/visual communications including transmission of educational materials. CONCLUSION A DL system was created using off-the-shelf materials and commercially available software. It will allow investigations to evaluate the effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery knowledge and skill transfer utilizing DL techniques.

Patent
26 May 2017
TL;DR: Disclosed as mentioned in this paper is a system and method for controlling playback speed and user experience of watching slow motion video content on a touch sensitive computing device such as a mobile phone, tablet or laptop with a touch-sensitive screen.
Abstract: Disclosed is a system and method for controlling the playback speed, and user experience, of watching slow motion video content on a touch sensitive computing device such as a mobile phone, tablet or laptop with a touch sensitive screen Key features of the disclosure are the simplicity of the user interface and the instant visual feedback given to the user

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2017
TL;DR: This paper will focus on creating a PDA i e.
Abstract: Technology today is developing at a rapid rate. People want control of things on their hands and they want to do it like doing any other normal tasks. This paper will focus on creating a PDA i e., “Personal Digital Assistant” that will control electronic and electrical devices in our home such as lights, TV, AC, fans, Doors etc. with just voice commands using NLP (Natural Language Processing) and Raspberry Pi microcontroller. The product will have speech recognition ability so that we can interact with it like we do with a human being. Artificial Intelligence technologies such as Natural Language Processing and Speech Recognition will make it more efficient and user-friendly. The functions of the personal digital assistant will roughly comprise of controlling lights, doors, fans, AC, TV and other possible devices. It will also play music on command, shutting down your laptop when you forgot to do so, open apps on your mobile/laptop, Read documents for you and more. This could help make life a whole lot easier for customers of the product.

Patent
27 Oct 2017
TL;DR: In this article, the main part of a laptop is hinged to a double-side screen, which is used to display images on one side or both sides of the screen.
Abstract: The invention discloses electronic equipment and a laptop. The electronic equipment comprises a housing and a display screen arranged thereon; the display screen includes a double-side screen configured to display images on one side or both sides. The laptop herein includes a main part and the electronic equipment. The electronic equipment is hinged to the main part. The electronic equipment and the laptop employ the double-side screen so that the problem of allowing a user to see contents in the display screen with the flip housing and the laptop main part being at any angle is solved.

Patent
22 Feb 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed an outdoor backpack for laptops, which consists of an outer shell, an inner shell, a flexible solar cell layer, insertion-block boards, the fixing insertion blocks, transverse slots, vertical slots, an adapter, a charging connector, a wire, fixing insertion holes, light holes, a handle, a first space, a second space and straps.
Abstract: The invention belongs to the technical field of laptop backpack manufacturing and relates to an outdoor backpack for laptops. A laptop can be stably fixed in the backpack by fixing insertion blocks, of various shapes, connected with corresponding interfaces in the laptop. The outdoor backpack mainly structurally comprises an outer shell, an inner shell, a flexible solar cell layer, insertion-block boards, the fixing insertion blocks, transverse slots, vertical slots, an adapter, a charging connector, a wire, fixing insertion holes, light holes, a handle, a first space, a second space and straps. The outdoor backpack has the advantages that the laptops of all sizes can be fixed by the insertion-block boards, the transverse slots and the vertical slots which can be assembled; the fixing insertion blocks can be inserted into the laptop interfaces of different structures so as to fix the laptop; the laptop can be charged by the flexible solar cell layer, the adapter and the charging connector; the backpack is simple in principle, stable in structure, simple to use, low in production cost, long in service life and friendly in application environment.