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Showing papers on "Lateral earth pressure published in 2003"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new formulation is proposed for calculating the active earth pressure on a rigid retaining wall undergoing horizontal translation, taking into account the arching effects that occur in the backfill (or retained soil mass).
Abstract: It is known that the distribution of active earth pressure against a translating rigid wall is not triangular but nonlinear, owing to arching effects in the backfill. In the present paper, a new formulation is proposed for calculating the active earth pressure on a rigid retaining wall undergoing horizontal translation. It takes into account the arching effects that occur in the backfill (or retained soil mass). In order to check the accuracy of the proposed formulation, the predictions from the equation are compared with both existing full-scale test results and values from existing equations. The comparisons between calculated and measured values show that the proposed equations satisfactorily predict both the earth pressure distribution and the lateral active earth force on the translating wall. In order to facilitate calculation of active earth pressures using the proposed equations, a modified active pressure coefficient and an effective height of application of the lateral active force are also prov...

229 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the behavior of a large-diameter burial pipe with special reference to its stability against flotation subject to soil liquefaction and used a viscous fluid in a saturated soil deposit satisfied the time scaling relationships of both dynamic and dissipation phenomena.
Abstract: This study focused on the behavior of a large-diameter burial pipe with special reference to its stability against flotation subject to soil liquefaction. Centrifugal modeling technique was used where the results are presented for a total of eight shaking table tests conducted on the burial pipe in a laminar box under 30g gravitational field. The ground was prepared with Nevada sand at a relative density of 38% and shaken with a sinusoidal wave at an amplitude of 0.5g. The use of a viscous fluid in a saturated soil deposit satisfied the time scaling relationships of both dynamic and dissipation phenomena. The centrifugal modeling technique simulated flotation of pipeline as the soil liquefied. A technique that used gravels and geosynthetic material was used to mitigate flotation. The response of the soil deposit, in terms of acceleration and excess pore pressure, was investigated. The uplifting of the pipe, earth pressure response and ground surface deformation were also presented. Based on the test results, a design procedure was proposed for the burial pipe in resisting flotation due to soil liquefaction. The deadweight and stiffness of the gravel unit, which was confined by geosynthetic, were important items in design.

86 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of shaking table tests were conducted with irregular excitation on retaining wall models consisting of six different types, including gravity, leaning and cantilever types.

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a rotation of axes in the solution of slip line equations for determination of lateral earth pressure with the presence of seismic loading under general conditions, and found that the effect of seismic coefficient on passive pressure is relatively small as compared with the corresponding situation for active pressure.

60 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed and performed three-dimensional trapdoor experiments to clarify the mechanical behavior in tunnel excavations and found that the distribution of earth pressure greatly affects the process of the excavations.

56 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new analysis procedure for assessing the lateral response of an isolated pile in saturated sands as liquefaction develops in response to dynamic loading such as that generated by dynamic loading is presented.
Abstract: This paper provides a new analysis procedure for assessing the lateral response of an isolated pile in saturated sands as liquefaction develops in response to dynamic loading such as that generated...

52 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the disturbance of Shanghai silty clay during earth pressure balance (EPB) tunnelling has been studied through field monitoring, field measurement and laboratory test, and the relationship between the mechanical properties and stress disturbance degree is also studied.

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of 1G shaking table tests was conducted on an aluminum fixed base structure model embedded in saturated cohesionless soil, and the phase difference between displacement and earth pressures on the structure's side face was measured.

35 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the characterization of foaming agents, the conditioning of sand using different agents such as foams and polymers, and direct shear box tests on foam-sand mixtures.
Abstract: Soil conditioning has an important role in earth pressure balance (EPB) methods which allow for the construction of near surface tunnels in bad ground conditions, with minimal surface settlement. Foams, polymers, and bentonites are the most common soil conditioning agents used in tunneling. These agents can be used independently or as a mixture at various concentrations and injection ratios to create an ideal mixture of the excavated soil with the soil conditioner for operating EPB machines. This article describes research at Oxford University on soil conditioning for EPB machines in sand. It gives an overview of studies on the characterization of foaming agents, the conditioning of sand using different agents such as foams and polymers, and direct shear box tests on foam-sand mixtures.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the preloaded and prestressed reinforced soil method was proposed to make reinforced backfill structures very stiff and stable, and a prototype geogrid-reinforced backfill pier was constructed for the first time to support a pair of simple beam girders for a temporary railway bridge.

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the AASHTO method for calculating the load on buried pipe is evaluated against the elastic solutions of Burns and Richard to derive expressions for the vertical soil arching factor for buried pipe.
Abstract: Soil arching associated with buried thermoplastic pipe is discussed. First, the soil arching phenomenon is described. Then two different approaches are mentioned from the literature to represent the degree of soil arching (or vertical arching factor). The elastic solutions of Burns and Richard are revisited to derive expressions for the vertical soil arching factor for buried pipe. Comparison of the elastic solutions and field soil pressure cell readings reveals the importance of incorporating a bending stiffness parameter. With this finding, the AASHTO method for calculating the load on buried pipe is evaluated against the elastic solutions. The analysis reveals that the AASHTO method is conservative, overestimating the load on thermoplastic pipe by up to 30%. Further evidence to support the finding is found within the strain gauge readings taken on the pipe walls in the field. Therefore, alternative equations derived directly from the elastic solutions are recommended to predict the load on buried therm...

Patent
15 Jan 2003
TL;DR: An earth pressure balanced rectangular pipe driving technology includes such steps as installing ground apparatus, fixing sealing ring to pipes, laying down pipe, centralizijng, connecting, starting earth pressure balance controller, driving pipe, pouring mortar and water, discharging earth, etc.
Abstract: An earth pressure balanced rectangular pipe driving technology includes such steps as installing ground apparatus, fixing sealing ring to pipes, laying down pipe, centralizijng, connecting, starting earth pressure balance controller, driving pipe, pouring mortar and water, discharging earth, etc. Its advantages are simple method, high speed, high safety and high quality.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the size effects of earth pressure cells on measurements in sand and gravels were revealed and a guideline for the selection of an appropriate size was proposed to determine the appropriate size of the earth pressure cell as a function of the grain size of gravel and accuracy needed in the measurements.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a procedure to separate earth load from thermal load induced in the struts due to temperature variation throughout construction, which is an extension of a method that uses measured temperature and corresponding load change to compute a thermal (temperature change induced) load coefficient.
Abstract: Braced excavations for the Central Artery/Tunnel project in Boston, Mass. include several instrumented sections for monitoring excavation and ground response to soil removal and strut installation. Strain in the struts is measured using thermally matched vibrating wire strain gauges (VWSGs). This paper presents issues related to strut load interpretation using VWSG data and the difficulties and errors associated with the use of field data. The paper presents a procedure to separate earth load from thermal load induced in the struts due to temperature variation throughout construction. The procedure is an extension of a method that uses measured temperature and corresponding load change to compute a thermal (temperature change induced) load coefficient. The procedure emphasizes the dependency of the thermal load coefficient on construction stage and support configuration. A numerical analysis is presented to support the proposed procedure. Strut loads and earth pressure diagrams are presented using the pro...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the active thrust on retaining walls in seismic conditions can be evaluated using the method of Mononobe and Okabe using the analytical solution obtained by Mueller-Breslau, and the same result can be achieved in a more general and simple form by modifying the shear strength angle of the soil, the friction angle between soil and wall and the soil unit weight.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a discrete-continuous model to analyze a buried structure response to static surface loading as well as the soil gravitational load at "service-state" conditions is presented, which can represent positive and negative arching and provides an understanding of the effects that various variables have on the arching type and on the structure response.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of tilting tests and shaking table tests were conducted with a geotechnical centrifuge apparatus to determine the dynamic active earth pressure of cement treated clay ground.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A small, simple, and economical instructional centrifuge has been developed at the University of Colorado at Boulder to assist in undergraduate geotechnical engineering education as mentioned in this paper, which can be used to verify such theories as undrained slope stability analysis and Rankine's or Coulomb's lateral earth pressure theories.
Abstract: A small, simple, and economical instructional centrifuge has been developed at the University of Colorado at Boulder to assist in undergraduate geotechnical engineering education Centrifuge experiments on stability of slopes and retaining walls have been developed These experiments are conceptually simple, yet fundamental, and do not require elaborate instrumentation and data acquisition Classical failure patterns discussed in the class can be reproduced in the models Experimental results can be used to verify such theories as undrained slope stability analysis and Rankine's or Coulomb's lateral earth pressure theories Each of the tests can easily be conducted up to four to five times in a 2-h laboratory session Comprehensive laboratory reports can be generated by students discussing both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the tests in relation to the theoretical concepts taught in the classroom In addition to the experiments on slope stability and lateral earth pressures, demonstration experiments on footings and reinforced earth slopes have also been conducted using the instructional centrifuge

Patent
15 Jan 2003
TL;DR: An earth pressure balanced rectangular pipe driver with combined cutting wheel is presented in this paper, which is composed of a cutting wheel and its driven system, deviation correcting jack, screw conveyer, front and back casings and sealing cabin.
Abstract: An earth pressure balanced rectangular pipe driver with combined cutting wheel is composed of combined cutting wheel and its driven system, deviation correcting jack, screw conveyer, front and back casings and sealing cabin between front and back casings. Its advantages are earth pressure balance, low cost of engineering, and no noise and environmental pollution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple static analysis proposed earlier by the first author and referred to as the load distribution method has been utilized to evaluate the horizontal resistance of precast concrete piles and to investigate the cause of this type of failure.
Abstract: Aspects of typical damage at deeper underground part of precast concrete piles, referred to as the K-shaped (in Japanese character pronounced "ku") failure in this paper, have been investigated. Such failures are attributed to lateral flow at liquefied reclaimed land, such as Port Island and Rokko Island in Kobe city, during the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquak. A simple static analysis proposed earlier by the first author and referred to as the load distribution method has been utilized to evaluate the horizontal resistance of piles and to investigate the cause of this type of failure. Results of the analysis show that bending stresses in piles exceed pile strength. In addition, the shearing stress at slip surface formed by liquefied soil layer is close to the ultimate strength. It is shown that the effects of lateral flow on piles may be effectively represented by the combination of distributed load arising from active earth pressure due to separation of frontward soil from piles and the concentrated load corresponding to the slip force in soil behind the piles.


01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the dynamic response of gravity type of quay wall was analyzed by means of Finite Element Method (FEM) with a focus on the inter action between caisson and backfill ground.
Abstract: The dynamic response of gravity type of quay wall was analyzed by means of Finite Element Method (FEM) with a focus on the inter action between caisson and backfill ground. First, the fundamental vibration property of the quay wall is examined, and the FEM model is calibrated, so as to simulate the observed behavior in a micro tremor measurement. Next, the behavior of earth pressure on caisson from backfill ground in the course of liquefaction is analyzed, and the significant effect of liquefaction on the stability of quay wall is indicated through the comparative examination of the analytical results.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
24 Jul 2003
TL;DR: In this article, an analytical solution and simplified design procedure is presented for evaluating the lateral seismic stress distribution and resultant force on a rigid buried structure embedded within an infinitely deep soil layer subjected to vertically propagating seismic shear waves.
Abstract: An analytical solution and simplified design procedure is presented for evaluating the lateral seismic stress distribution and resultant force on a rigid buried structure embedded within an infinitely deep soil layer subjected to vertically propagating seismic shear waves. The solution improves upon previous models, which assume the rigid retaining structure is bonded to a rigid foundation and the top of structure is coincident with the ground surface, by incorporating more realistic foundation conditions and allowing for the determination of lateral stresses on structures having the top buried a depth d below the ground surface. The soil in the structure vicinity is modeled as a continuum and incorporates soil stiffness variation with confining pressure. The proposed model provides lower stresses on rigid walls than the previous models, mainly because of different boundary conditions for site response, but provides comparable results with the previous solutions when similar soil and boundary conditions are employed. The model presented herein improves the seismic design and assessment of lifeline systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, two subgrade reaction models for the analysis of steel sheet pile walls based on the transfer matrix method are proposed, and the results are compared to a 3D finite element calculation.
Abstract: This paper proposes two subgrade reaction models for the analysis of steel sheet pile walls based on the transfer matrix method. In the first model a plastic hinge is generated when the maximum moment in the retaining structure is exceeded. The second model deals with a beam with an asymmetrical cross-section that can bend in two directions. In the first part of this paper the transfer matrix method is explained on the basis of a simple example. Further the development of two computer models is described: Plaswall and Skewwall. The second part of this paper deals with an application of both models. In the application of Plaswall the effect of four current earth pressure theories to the subgrade reaction method is compared to a finite element calculation. It is shown that the earth pressure theory is of major importance on the calculation result of a sheet pile wall both with and without a plastic hinge. In the application of Skewwall the effectiveness of structural measures to reduce oblique bending is investigated. The results are compared to a 3D finite element calculation. It is shown that with simple structural measures the loss of structural resistance due to oblique bending can be reduced. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a specially designed Marchetti dilatometer with sensors to record the continuous displacement of the membrane, unload-reload cycles, the pore water pressure, the total pressure, and the penetration thrust was tested at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst National Geotechnical Experimentation Site.
Abstract: To better understand the mechanics of the flat plate dilatometer expansion, a probe has been developed to measure the continuous pressure-displacement soil response during the test. This paper presents details of a specially designed Marchetti dilatometer with sensors to record the continuous displacement of the membrane, unload-reload cycles, the pore water pressure, the total pressure, and the penetration thrust. With minimal impact on the original blade design, the resulting instrumented dilatometer was tested at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst National Geotechnical Experimentation Site.

Patent
20 Aug 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a tunnel constructing process that includes pressure injection of thixotropic slurry to the outer wall of the pipe, setting pipe central line and work pit position, establishing ground and underground measuring and controlling system, setting temporary reference point led in from ground reference point inside the driving tunnel, erecting measuring instrument to measure axis in back part of the tunnel, measuring the axis and elevation of the cut of pipe pushing jack and feeding back the data timely, complete re-measurement before drawing pipe driving path diagram, ensuring the stability of cut soil,
Abstract: The present invention relates to tunnel technology By means of altering the rotating speed and driving speed, the soil exhaust amount, front soil pressure, ground deposition, etc are controlled strictly The tunnel constructing process includes pressure injection of thixotropic slurry to the outer wall of the pipe, setting pipe central line and work pit position, establishing ground and underground measuring and controlling system, setting temporary reference point led in from ground reference point inside the driving tunnel, erecting measuring instrument to measure axis in back part of the tunnel, measuring the axis and elevation of the cut of pipe pushing jack and feeding back the data timely, complete re-measurement before drawing pipe driving path diagram, ensuring the stability of cut soil, etc The present invention has high work efficiency and low cost

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the Coulomb's theory was applied to the wall movement mode of rotation about base and it was shown that the magnitudes of the resultant earth pressure for the wall motion mode of translation about base is equal to that determined by the formula for the column-wise wall movement and Coulomb theory, but the distribution of the earth pressure and the points of application of resultant earth pressures are significantly different.
Abstract: Based on the Coulomb's concept that the earth pressure against the back of a retaining wall is a thrust exerted by the sliding soil wedge formed by the back of the wall and a plane passing through the bottom edge of the wall with an the angle of inclination θThe differential equation of first order is set up by the equilibrium of forces on the slice taken out from the wedge The theoretical answers to the unit earth pressures, the resultant earth pressures and the points of application of the resultant earth pressures on retaining wall are obtained for the wall movement mode of rotation about base The comparisons are made among the formula presented here, the formula for the wall movement mode of translation, the Coulomb's formula and some experimental observations It is demonstrated that the magnitudes of the resultant earth pressures for the wall movement mode of rotation about base is equal to that determined by the formula for the wall movement mode of translation and the Coulomb's theory, but the distribution of the earth pressure and the points of application of the resultant earth pressures are significantly different

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an extensive monitoring program was implemented for a 7m-high anchored segmental retaining wall, and the measured performance satisfied the minimum performance requirements for the internal stability with a maximum wall movement comparable to that reported for walls with inextensible reinforcements.
Abstract: This paper presents the measured behavior of an anchored segmental retaining wall. In an attempt to understand the overall mechanical behavior of the anchored segmental retaining wall and to confirm the applicability of the design assumptions, an extensive monitoring program was implemented for a 7-m-high anchored segmental retaining wall. The measured horizontal earth pressures and the inferred tensile loads in the reinforcements indicated that the state of stress within the reinforced soil mass is higher than the Rankine active state of stress and that by Coulomb wedge analysis, approaching to that based on the FHWA design approach for inextensible reinforcements. The measured performance satisfied the minimum performance requirements for the internal stability with a maximum wall movement comparable to that reported for walls with inextensible reinforcements. The wall survived severe rainfalls during and after the wall construction, exhibiting an excellent performance in terms of drainage. Implications and findings from this study are discussed.

Patent
25 Sep 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a sheet pile reinforcing structure is used as a scaffold to restrain the top end of a self-sustaining sheet pipe from being deflected by earth pressure acting on the sheet pipe.
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a wholly novel earth retaining construction method capable of largely restraining deflection of the top end of a self-sustaining sheet pipe without using a strut and an anchor, and allowing deep excavation by improving yield strength as the whole earth retaining structure by a skeleton structure for functioning as a scaffold, and the sheet pile unitedly supported by this structure, and a structure having the scaffold function used for this construction method. SOLUTION: A sheet pile reinforcing structure ST formed of a column member 6 and beam members 7a and 7b is unitedly arranged on the sheet pile 3 in front of the steel sheet pile 3 driven for retaining earth along an excavating area 1', and the deflection of the top end of the sheet pile 3 is restrained by transmitting earth pressure acting on the sheet pile 3 to the foundation ground via the reinforcing structure ST. The reinforcing structure ST can be used as a scaffold. COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO