Showing papers on "Leasehold estate published in 1974"

Land reform and agrarian change in India and Pakistan since 1947: II

Abstract: Analysing the actual processes and patterns of agrarian change following land reforms in India and Pakistan the author shows how radical land reform ideology without a radical land‐reform programme has dual consequences — beneficial for the emerging dynamic landlord or intermediate classes and agonising and unsettling for the rural poor. The latter are deprived of the elements of paternalism and security existing even within the old exploitative system without the provision of a new framework of security. These dual consquences have been reinforced further by recent technological changes and the impetus to commercialism from these changes. The forced shift from secure to insecure, feudalistic to commercial, tenancy or the decline of tenancy resulting from eviction of tenants and resort to self‐cultivation by landlords coupled with growing economic differentiation between rich and poor peasants denote new and more naked sources of social tension and conflict than the old. They herald especially in India a ...

Patterns of Farm Rental in the Georgia Cotton Belt, 1880–1900

Abstract: The story of the post-bellum reorganization of southern agriculture has been told many times, and the main features of the transition from slave to free labor are well known. Throughout the cotton economy the initial experiments with wage labor gave way to share-rent tenancy; later fixed-rent tenancy became common as well. That these changes resulted from an adjustment process in which both landlords and laborers increasingly recognized different contractual arrangements as mutually beneficial seems clearly established. The existing literature is deficient, however, by failing to account for the continuing diversity of contractual arrangements in southern agriculture. By 1880 the organizational variety that would persist for more than a half century could be clearly discerned: some farms were cultivated by their owners, often with the assistance of wives and children; others by hired workers receiving a fixed wage; some by tenants paying a stipulated amount of products (standing rent) or money (cash rent) for the use of the land; still others by tenants paying a definite share of the crops as rent. The “mix” of these arrangements varied widely from place to place, even within a given state, and changes occurred over time. How can one explain the proportions in which these various arrangements were employed and account for differences over time and space? In particular, what determined the proportion of the farms rented? Of the rented farms, what determined the proportion rented under share contracts? Did the farmer's race influence the form of the rental contract he obtained? This article attempts to answer these questions with reference to the Georgia cotton belt in the late nineteenth century.

The leasehold system of urban development: Land tenure, decision-making and the land market in urban development and land use

Abstract: Archer R. W. (1974) The leasehold system of urban development: Land tenure, decision-making and the land market in urban development and land use, Reg. Studies 8, 225–238. The leasehold system is considered as an alternative system of urban development to the usual system which is based on freehold land and statutory planning. The essential features of the leasehold system are a large scale landowner organization which plans, develops and subdivides the land, sells the leasehold sites for private and government building development, and manages the leasehold estate and the eventual redevelopment. The main features and requirements of the system are examined and it is considered against the alternative systems of urban development. These are the freehold land and land market, the freehold land and statutory planning, the large-scale land development, and the public land and buildings systems.

Old Wine in a New Bottle: Land Settlement and Agrarian Problems in the Philippines

Abstract: The homesteading system instituted in the Philippines in 1903 was intended to stimulate economic development through increased agricultural output from previously unoccupied lands and also to relieve agrarian problems in densely settled parts of the country. A case study shows that while early homesteaders did significantly improve their conditions, the intense demand for land rapidly led to the development of squatting and tenancy. Average farm sizes are declining but there are simultaneously indications of a trend towards concentration of land ownership, which accords with experience in other peasant economies.During the intense concern for economic development over the past 25 or so years, many governments have expressed their faith in the development of new agricultural land as at least a partial answer to a wide range of economic and social problems. These problems include regionally dense populations with inadequate farm sizes, inequitable systems of holding and renting land, inefficient methods of production and marketing, lack of capital and difficulties of capital formation, and low yields from land that is losing fertility through constant cropping. Frequently, ignorance, poverty or the agrarian structure inhibits the adoption of measures for improvement.Those countries with significant areas of little used land resources have tended to rely on developing these resources as an answer to agrarian problems rather than attempting to tackle defects in the whole structure. Since the structure is not changed, it is not surprising that in due course the firmly institutionalised problems of the older areas gradually established themselves in areas of new settlement too. This is essentially what Boeke referred to as “static expansion”. More recently, Mellor has pointed out, “Expanding the land area at constant productivity and incomes is not economic development in the usual sense — it is only a holding action in the face of a growing population”. Even with rising productivity such as associated with the Green Revolution, there is considerable evidence to suggest the continuation, if not exacerbation, of agrarian problems.By examining in detail a case study of colonisation in the Philippines, this paper will show that even if productivity and incomes in a new area are initially high, the operation of customary economic and social processes is likely to ensure the recreation of traditional problems. Such a conclusion is nothing new. It has been repeated depressingly often not only in recent decades but also of course throughout history.

Comment: Security Deposits in New York: How Safe is Your Money?

Abstract: In New York, there has never been a general landlord’s statutory or common law lien, the growth of the cities and consequent legal development of the landlord-tenant relationship has enhanced the importance of the leasehold agreement. Most landlords, seeking protection beyond tenants’ personal assurances that the lease will be honored, require a provision for a security deposit in the lease. The purpose of the deposit is to assure the tenant’s compliance with the covenants of the lease. Confusion over the landlord-tenant relationship with regard to the security deposit has left room for abuse of the deposit for the landlord’s gain. In New York, statutory developments, such as Section 7-103 of the New York State General Obligations Law, have attempted to protect tenants’ security deposits. However, this Comment argue that such protection remains weak and should be strengthened The Comment traces the common law in New York, and examines the development of the statutory law. It indicates certain remaining problems and emphasizes certain inequities that deserve legislative scrutiny. SECURITY DEPOSITS IN NEW YORK: HOW SAFE IS YOUR MONEY?