Showing papers on "Leasehold estate published in 1987"

Behavioral and Material Determinants of Production Relations in Land-Abundant Tropical Agriculture

Abstract: The objectives of this paper are (1) to explain, in an internally consistent manner, the major institutions and customary features of production relations in three agroclimatic subzones of the land-abundant tropics that have simple technology and high transport costs and (2) to provide predictions of how these institutions and features will change in response to increases in population densities and the opening of substance-oriented systems via external migration and interregional or international trade. Production relations are the relations of people to products and factors of production in terms of their rights of ownership and use and the corresponding relationships of people among each other as buyers and sellers, as factor owners and renters, as landlords, tenants, workers, employers, creditors, and debtors. The peculiar institutional and customary features of land-abundant areas that we want to explain in an internally consistent manner include the absence of regular output and labor markets; the nonexistence of a landless labor class; the minimal nature of credit markets and the absence of professional money lenders; the importance of livestock wealth as an insurance substitute in semiarid zones; the existence of livestock tenancy but the absence of tenancy in land; the existence and the insurance function performed by extended families; and the cultivation by extended families of plots in common in some regions but not in others. We also want to be able to predict the changes in these institutions and features that arise when population density grows and/ or when the economy is exposed to external markets.

Elements of Land Law

Abstract: 1. Land 2. Property 3. Possession 4. Licenses 5. Public Rights in Land 6. Title 7. Freehold and Leasehold Estates in Land 8. Other Legal Estates in Land 9. Equitable Rights in or Over Land 10. Informal Creation of Rights in Land 11. Regulations of Trusts and Co-ownership 12. Dealings with Title 13. Freehold Covenants and Environmental Regulation 14. Regulation of Leases and Tenancies 15. Regulation of Mortgages

The Land Clearances at Pilgrim's Rest*

Abstract: Despite the volume of material dealing with forced removals in South Africa, there remain some obvious lacunae in the literature. I Among the removals which have been lost from sight in the publicity over dramatic, ideologically-based demolitions of urban group areas and rural black spots are the innumerable relocations of people from company-owned land in the Transvaal. So little is known about social conditions in these vast areas of the province over the past century that a daunting research task lies ahead. The relationship between the history of rural communities and the events of their removal remains largely unexplored, as do the subsequent forms which relocated communities have taken. 2 With masterful understatement, the Surplus People Project noted that 'little primary work has been done' on the abolition of labour tenancy and squatting on farms in the Transvaal. Still less documented is the role of private landowners in the origins and demise of 'squatting' and labour tenancy, despite the extent to which corporate land ownership has played a role in shaping the history of the country, particularly the Transvaal, for over a century. It is partly due to the lack of such studies that the state has been portrayed as the key actor in South African population relocation. Of course there are areas in which that assessment seems largely correct; black spot removals are a case in point. But even there, accumulation and impoverishment, as Beinart and Delius put it in a

Allocative efficiency, the aggregation of labour inputs, and the effects of farm size and tenancy status: Tests from rural Bangladesh

Abstract: The article focuses on tests of labour aggregation and profit maximising behaviour of farmers in a village in Bangladesh. Special emphasis is placed on the role of farm size and the tenancy status. Although unconstrained profit maximising behaviour does not generally characterise the behaviour of farmers in the village, the behaviour of farm operators is consistent across farm size and tenancy status. This supports the proposition that share‐tenants and operators of small farms make resource allocation decisions which are consistent with the decisions made by owner‐operators and operators of large farms, respectively. In addition, labour inputs, heterogeneous in terms of age and sex, may justifiably be aggregated on the basis of relative wages.

Agrarian Transition in Sind: An Analysis of Interlinked Rural Factor Markets

Abstract: The process of change in the tenurial structure of Punjab's agriculture from sharecropping tenancy to an owner-cultivation with a wage-labour system of production has been well-documented in. [Alavi (1976); Hamid (1980); Hussain (1980); Khan (1981); Khan (1983); and Mahmood (1977)] . It has been argued that this has come about through the induction of the new technologies (firstly in the form of tube well irrigation and subsequently followed by the biological and mechanical technologies) associated with the "Green Revolution". In Sind, however, in spite of the use of modern technology, the tenancy-based system of production still predominates. According to the 1980 Census of Agriculture, tenant farms were the largest single category of farms in Sind (with 49 percent of all farms). This study, which reports preliminary findings from lower Sind, uses the framework of interlinked factor markets [Bardhan and Rudra (1978); and Bardhan (1980)] to see if mutually desirable interlinkages for tenants and landlords in their access to land, labour and capital markets can explain the retention of tenancy in the face of exogenous forces of modernization.

Influence of tenurial status of land on the adoption of improved production technology in an area of bangladesh

Abstract: Analysis of field data collected from a sample of 100 part-tenant farmers has brought out findings about influence of tenurial status of land on adoption of improved seed-fertilizer-irrigation technology. Adoption of improved production technology tended to be the highest on owned land followed by cash rented land, crop-share rented land with input cost-sharing and crop-share rented land without input cost-sharing. Thus, the findings lead to suggest that irrespective of rental arrangements the mechanism of land tenancy acts as hinderance to adoption of improved production technology. Inter-rental system comparison reveals that cash renting system is a better mechanism than crop-share renting even if with input-cost sharing. However, input cost-sharing practice accelerated adoption of improved production technology on crop-share rented land.

Capital, the state and rural land holdings: the example of the pastoral industry in the Northern Territory

Abstract: SUMMARY Large capital interests have a long history of ownership of rural land in Australia. There have been many changes in this kind of ownership in recent decades. The rationale for various forms of ownership of large leasehold areas in the Northern Territory is presented. New financial structures operating in local and international capital markets and the opportunities presented by the state are important parts of this rationale.

Strata titles: a system of flat ownership and management

Abstract: In 1984, when a Government committee under the chairmanship of Mr E. G. Nugee QC was set up to look into the problems of management of privately owned blocks of flats (see Property Management Vol 5 No 2), both the National Consumer Council and the Building Societies Association, in their findings submitted to the committee, advocated the adoption of the Australian strata title system to replace the long leasehold. More recently, the Law Commission has called for the creation of a ‘commonhold’ system of ownership similar to the condominium concept in the United States and the strata title system in Australia. This paper presents the concept of strata titles as a system of flat ownership and management. The term ‘flat’ here is not confined to that for residential occupation but has a wider application extending to ‘airspace’. The paper examines the formation of a strata scheme, the legal and planning implications of ownership and, finally, the framework of operation.

The Distribution of Tenant Agriculture: Ontario, Canada, 1871

Abstract: ECONOMIC HISTORIANS IN the United States have begun to take up the study of tenant agriculture in that country from the perspective first of describing the characteristics of tenant farmers and their contracts, and second, of explaining the changes in tenancy over time and the spatial distribution of tenant farms at one specific point in time (e.g., Reid, 1973, 1976, 1979; Alston, 1981; Alston & Higgs, 1982; and Higgs, 1973). This effort continues the work of earlier generations of historians and agricultural economists. In contrast, almost nothing has been done on tenant farming in Canada even though in Ontario in 1871 about 16% of all farms were tenant occupied with some census districts such as York having approximately 30o% of their farms in the control of tenants (Canada, 1870-1871). For example R. L. Jones's book (1946), which represents the most thorough study of Ontario's agriculture before the I88os, contains almost no reference to tenant agriculture. The present study examines the general issue of why some farms were run by tenants while others were owner-occupied in Ontario, Canada, in 1871. Two bodies of data are used in the analysis. First, a sample of 1727 farms from the York census district was taken from the 1871 manuscript census; about one

The nugee report on problems of management in blocks of flats

Abstract: In February 1984 Mr Ian Gow, the then Minister of Housing and Construction, established a Committee of Inquiry on the management of privately owned blocks of flats, under the chairmanship of the distinguished barrister Edward Nugee QC. The committee's report was published in the summer of 1985 and many of its recommendations are now set to become law. The proposed legislative changes will have major implications for both landlords and tenants of blocks of flats. The Nugee Report was the culmination of a series of papers in the past few years reflecting an increasing concern over the state of many blocks of flats. Recent publications on the subject include the James Report, produced by a working party established by the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, and a paper emanating from the Building Societies Association entitled ‘Leasehold — Time for Change’ which urged the adoption of a system of strata title for properties in multiple occupation. No one should underestimate the difficulties which the Committee of Inquiry faced. ‘Bad flat management’ covers a multitude of different situations which can be viewed from numerous different perspectives. Disputes are not just confined to those between landlord and tenant. There are conflicts between the tenants themselves, particularly in older blocks built to be rented but broken up by the grant of long leases. Add to this the further complication that many blocks are now run by managing agents who may themselves be involved in battles with either the landlord or his tenants, and it will rapidly become clear that there were no simple solutions to be found. Each recommendation had to take account of all the potential problems and not simply tackle one at the expense of exacerbating another.