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Showing papers on "Leasehold estate published in 1999"


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the impact of changes in land tenure institutions on women's land rights and the efficiency of tree resource management in Western Ghana and found that women are equally likely to plant trees, but women obtain lower yields on their cocoa plots, suggesting the presence of gender-specific constraints.
Abstract: This study explores the impact of changes in land tenure institutions on women's land rights and the efficiency of tree resource management in Western Ghana We find that customary land tenure institutions have evolved toward individualized systems to provide incentives to invest in tree planting However, contrary to the common belief that individualization of land tenure weakens women's land rights, these have been strengthened through inter vivos gifts and the practice of the Intestate Succession Law Investment in tree planting, in turn, is affected not simply by the level of land tenure security, but also by its expected changes, as tree planting strengthens land tenure security Cocoa yields are lower on allocated family land and rented land under share tenancy due to distorted work incentives While men and women are equally likely to plant trees, women obtain lower yields on their cocoa plots, suggesting the presence of gender-specific constraints

175 citations


01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: Agriculture in Egypt from Pharaonic to modern times as discussed by the authors The Village Economy in Ptolemaic Egypt Land Tenure in the New Kingdom: the Role of Women Smallholders and the Military land Tenure Regime in PTOLEMAIC Upper Egypt Irrigation and Drainage in the Early Ptolemian Fayyum New and Old in the PtoLEmaic Fayyumm Agricultural Tenancy and Village Society in Roman Egypt The Village of Theadelphia in the FayyUM: Land and Population in the Second Century Agrarian History and
Abstract: Agriculture in Egypt from Pharaonic to Modern Times The Village Economy in Pharaonic Egypt Land Tenure in the New Kingdom: the Role of Women Smallholders and the Military Land Tenure Regime in Ptolemaic Upper Egypt Irrigation and Drainage in the Early Ptolemaic Fayyum New and Old in the Ptolemaic Fayyum Agricultural Tenancy and Village Society in Roman Egypt The Village of Theadelphia in the Fayyum: Land and Population in the Second Century Agrarian History and the Labour Organisation of Byzantine Large Estates Agriculture among the Christian Population of Early Islamic Egypt: Practice and Theory Land Tenure in Egypt in the First Six Centuries of Islamic Rule (7th-12th Centuries C. E.) International Trade and the Medieval Egyptian Countryside Fayyum Agriculture at the End of the Ayyubid Era: Nabulsi's Survey A Tale of Two Villages: Family, Property and Economic Activity in Rural Egypt in the 1840s An Industrial Revolution in Agriculture? Some Observations on the Evolution of Rural Egypt in the Nineteenth Century A Long Look at nearly Two Centuries of Long Staple Cotton Irrigation in Contemporary Egypt State, Landlord, Parliament and Peasant: the Story of the 1992 Tenancy Law in Egypt

95 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In a recent study of neighborhood development, Goetz and Sidney as discussed by the authors found an "ideology of property" separating the interests of homeowners from lower-income tenants, and therefore public policy should benefit owners at the expense of renters.
Abstract: In a recent study of neighborhood development, Goetz and Sidney (1994) found an “ideology of property” separating the interests of homeowners from the interests of lower‐income tenants. According to this ideology, owners are better citizens than renters, and therefore public policy should benefit owners at the expense of renters. In spite of continuing research that shows this allegation to be false, a widespread bias against renters persists. Why is this so? A deliberate bias favoring property owners and harming renters has been prominent in American public policy from colonial times to the present, although its exact form has varied over time—property requirements for suffrage, land redistribution schemes promising ownership but delivering tenancy and poverty, and tax policies that privilege ownership and punish tenancy. Public policy that stigmatizes renters represents a bias as pernicious as other biases of gender, race, religion, and nationality.

82 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that there is relatively persuasive evidence showing that redistributing land may promote equity as well as efficiency and suggest that it is, nevertheless, unclear, given that all forms of redistribution cost money and bureaucratic and political capital, that redistribution is the best way to redistribute.
Abstract: The paper is in two parts. The first part tries to understand the case for redistributive land reforms. We argue that there is relatively persuasive evidence showing that redistributing land may promote equity as well as efficiency. We then suggest that it is, nevertheless, unclear, given that all forms of redistribution cost money as well as bureaucratic and political capital, that redistributing land is the best way to redistribute. The second part of the paper takes as given that we want to redistribute land, and discusses strategies for achieving such redistribution. We argue that, for the most part, redistribution should be based on a uniform land ceiling and not discriminate between different types of landlords but violations of the land ceiling may be permitted if the buyer is willing to pay a high enough price. We also argue that land reform programs should be accompanied by agricultural extension programs and emergency income support programs. We argue in favor of allowing renting out redistributed land but restricting sales of such land. Finally we argue that market-assisted land reforms and tenancy reforms are possible alternative strategies where more traditional (coercive) land reform is not an option, but have significant disadvantages which should be taken seriously.

66 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that there is relatively persuasive evidence showing that redistributing land may promote equity as well as efficiency and suggest that it is, nevertheless, unclear, given that all forms of redistribution cost money and bureaucratic and political capital, that redistribution is the best way to redistribute.
Abstract: The paper is in two parts. The first part tries to understand the case for redistributive land reforms. We argue that there is relatively persuasive evidence showing that redistributing land may promote equity as well as efficiency. We then suggest that it is, nevertheless, unclear, given that all forms of redistribution cost money as well as bureaucratic and political capital, that redistributing land is the best way to redistribute. The second part of the paper takes as given that we want to redistribute land, and discusses strategies for achieving such redistribution. We argue that, for the most part, redistribution should be based on a uniform land ceiling and not discriminate between different types of landlords but violations of the land ceiling may be permitted if the buyer is willing to pay a high enough price. We also argue that land reform programs should be accompanied by agricultural extension programs and emergency income support programs. We argue in favor of allowing renting out redistributed land but restricting sales of such land. Finally we argue that market-assisted land reforms and tenancy reforms are possible alternative strategies where more traditional (coercive) land reform is not an option, but have significant disadvantages which should be taken seriously.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Chinese property market is founded on a land use rights (LUR) system that is based on the Hong Kong leasehold system, which was first tested in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Chinese property market is founded on a land use rights (LUR) system that is based on the Hong Kong leasehold system. It was first tested in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. The positive res...

39 citations


Posted ContentDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a literature review focusing on recent and contemporary tenancy structures in Asia, Africa, and Latin America is presented to evaluate the desirability, feasibility and potential content of regulatory guidelines for lease agreements that might permit the land-lease market to operate effectively.
Abstract: This literature review focuses on recent and contemporary tenancy structures in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Tenancy for purposes of this review is broadly defined to include different leasing arrangements such sharecropping, labor tenancy, fixed cash rentals, and reverse leasing. We have limited our discussion to private leasing of agricultural land, thereby ignoring issues pertaining to leasing of public, forest, and other noncrop lands. The purpose of this literature review is to provide a basis for evaluation of the desirability, feasibility, and potential content of regulatory guidelines for lease agreements that might permit the land-lease market to operate effectively. The works discussed herein are both theoretical and empirical. We have attempted to locate the most recent literature on tenancy for Asia, Africa, and Latin America. If contemporary literature is scarce or if historical developments are useful to understanding current tenancy trends, references and inclusion of recent past experiences and dynamics are included. As can be expected, the availability of studies on tenancy in the three regions is quite different.

32 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the United States, where the proportion of farmland operated under lease arrangements has increased from 35% in 1950 to 43% in 1992 (USDA 1992), concern focuses on efficiency of resource use and issues such as effects of absentee landownership and tenant farming on the adoption of soil-conserving production practices as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Issues relating to agricultural tenancy have been viewed as important economic questions since the early writings of Smith and Mill. At the close of the twentieth century, interest in these issues remains strong. In developing countries with agrarian economies, this interest is stimulated by the perceived importance of land lease arrangements in either fostering or impeding economic development. In the United States, where the proportion of farmland operated under lease arrangements has increased from 35% in 1950 to 43% in 1992 (USDA 1992), concern focuses on efficiency of resource use and issues such as effects of absentee landownership and tenant farming on the adoption of soil-conserving production practices.

31 citations


01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: The use of land lease contracts for the understanding of agrarian conditions in Greek and Roman Egypt has been discussed in this paper, where the authors use the complexity and detail of these documents to set them into their particular social and agricultural contexts.
Abstract: MY CONTRIBUTION T o THIS VOLUME is concerned with how the land lease contracts which survive on papyrus can be used most effectively as a source for the social history of Roman Egypt. This involves not only treating them as a source for statistics, on rent levels, for instance, but also exploiting the complexity and detail of these documents to set them into their particular social and agricultural contexts. A very significant advantage of these texts is that, unlike the evidence on which many of the other contributors rely, these leases were not records of public administration, but were mainly private arrangements made at the local level between individual landowners and tenants. They therefore offer the chance to look at agrarian relations in the countryside of Roman Egypt from the perspective, not of the state, but of those people most concerned with actually farming the land. Land leases have been widely recognised as one of the most important sources for the understanding of agrarian conditions in Greek and Roman Egypt, because of both the sheer numbers of surviving texts and their broad chronological range. Well over one thousand land leases written in Greek have been published to date, 'spanning a millennium from the third century BCE to the seventh century CE, essentially the whole period of the Ptolemaic, Roman, and Byzantine administration of Egypt.' Despite minor variations of format over time and between regions, these texts all basically share the single legal form of the misthosis (lease contract), and are thus readily comparable in content. There was also, of course, an Egyptian tradition of agricultural tenancy, originally independent, and

28 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate alternative contractual arrangements that may be more incentive compatible betweent the owner of the leased fee and the leasehold, and find that a lease extension clause causes the lessee to defer development and develop at much higher density.
Abstract: Since the option to redevelop a property is valuable, ground leased property should trade at adiscount relative to fee simple property because of the impairment of the value of that optionresulting from the foreshortened horizon of the leaseholder. This discount would be over andabove the discount that results from the leaseholder’s non-existent residual claim to the property.We evaluate alternative contractual arrangements that may be more incentive compatible betweenthe owner of the leased fee and the leasehold. We find that a lease extension clause causes thelessee to defer development and develop at much higher density. Sharing of the value of theresidual claim between the owner of the leased fee and the leasehold also increases the intensityof redevelopment but results in earlier redevelopment. Also, we find that a more realisticescalation clause causes redevelopment to occur sooner but at similar density.

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Tridip Ray1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a new explanation of sharecropping based on the idea of an incentive equilibrium, which considers a set-up in which a few landlords in a village confront the choice of cultivating their farms by adopting different tenurial arrangements, ranging from owner operation through the fixed-rental system to share cropping.

DissertationDOI
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: The 1997 Farmland Ownership and Tenure study as mentioned in this paper focuses on aspects of farmland ownership and tenancy in Iowa and compares 1997 data with trends from similar studies conducted in 1982 and 1992.
Abstract: The 1997 Farmland Ownership and Tenure study focuses on aspects of farmland ownership and tenancy in Iowa and compares 1997 data with trends from similar studies conducted in 1982 and 1992. Agricultural landholding types considered in the study include sole ownership, joint tenancy(husband and wife only), co-ownership(other joint ownership and tenants in common), partnership (including general, limited and limited liability partnership), trusts, estates,corporations, and limited liability companies. Demographics of landowners are included in the study and encompass age, gender, education, occupation, marital status, and residency. Acquisition, anticipated transfer, and management of farmland were also analyzed. A major area of emphasis concerned tenancy trends: landowner and tenant decision making, and the demographics of owners leasing or renting farmland.;Farmland participation in federal government conservation programs is commented on, but not looked at in great detail. Also, other limited interests in farmland assigned to governmental and private organizations are introduced. Each of these topics, as well as preliminary questions concerning related farmland ownership issues were the focus of the 1997 farmland ownership and tenancy study. Data were analyzed, general conclusions drawn, and possible policy implications discussed relating to farmland ownership and tenancy within the state of Iowa.

Posted Content
TL;DR: Basu, Bell, and Bose as discussed by the authors showed that if tenant contracts are obtained prior to contracting with the moneylender, and the tenant has limited liability, interlinked deals will predominate over the alternative situation where the landlord and the money lender act as non-cooperative principals.
Abstract: When will a landlord prefer to supply both land and credit to a tenant rather than allow the lender to borrow from a separate moneylender? The paper shows that if tenancy contracts are obtained prior to contracting with the moneylender, and the tenant has limited liability, interlinked deals will predominate over the alternative situation where the landlord and the moneylender act as noncooperative principals. Basu, Bell, and Bose analyze the example of a landlord, a moneylender, and a tenant (the landlord having access to finance on the same terms as the moneylender). It is natural to assume that the landlord has first claim on the tenant's output (as a rule, if they live in the same village, he may have some say in when the crop is harvested). The moneylender is more of an outsider, not well placed to exercise such a claim. A landless, assetless tenant will typically not get a loan unless he has a tenancy. Without interlinkage, the landlord is likely to move first. In the noncooperative sequential game where the landlord is the first mover and also enjoys seniority of claims if the tenant defaults, interlinkage is superior, even if contracts are nonlinear - a result unchanged with the incorporation of moral hazard. The main result is that if a passive principal - one whose decisions are limited to exercising his property rights to determine his share of returns - is the first mover, allocative efficiency is impaired unless his equilibrium payoffs are uniform across states of nature. The limited liability of the tenant creates the strict superiority of interlinkage by making uniform rents nonoptimal when, with noncollusive principals, the landlord (the passive principal) is the first mover. A change in seniority of claims from the first to the second mover (the moneylender) further strengthens this result. But uniform payoffs for the first mover are not essential for allocative efficiency if he is the only principal with a continuously variable instrument of control. So, the main result is sensitive to changes in the order of play but not to changes in the priority of claims. This paper - a product of the Office of the Senior Vice President and Chief Economist, Development Economics - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to understand the institutional structure of rural markets and its welfare implications.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the effect of crop characteristics on the choice between short-term and long-term tenancy contracts and showed that longterm contracts were used if the crops grown had higher maintenance needs.
Abstract: In a world with asymmetric information, contractual terms are an important incentive device. This paper studies the eect of crop characteristics on the choice between short-term and long- term tenancy contracts and on the choice between sharecropping and …xed-rent contracts when the production process depends on two non-contractibles: eort devoted to current production and eort devoted to plant and soil maintenance. Long-term contracts are eective in providing incentives for non-contractible investment. Since, however, incentive provision is costly because of information rents, long-term contracts will be employed only when maintenace bene…ts are high enough. The predictions of the theory are tested on a unique data set containing 705 tenancy contracts signed between 1870 and 1880 in the province of Syracuse (Sicily). The empirical evidence shows that, indeed, long-term contracts were used if the crops grown had higher maintenance needs. Other comparative static results are derived and tested empirically.

01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: The most severe blow dealt to Nasserist policies, and is expected to have considerable effects on agrarian relations in Egypt, is the amendments to Law 178 for 1952, passed as Law 96 for 1992 by the Egyptian People's Assembly (Parliament) on 24 June 1992 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: THE FOCUS OF THIS PAPER is the amendments to Law 178 for 1952, passed as Law 96 for 1992 by the Egyptian People’s Assembly (Parliament) on 24 June 1992. Law 178 for 1952 is more commonly known as the First Agrarian Reform Law while its 1992 amendment is known as ‘the law for regulating the relationship between owner and tenant’, and dubbed by its opponents as ‘the law for throwing out tenants from their land’. The amendment raised the rent more than threefold, from 7 to 22 times the land tax. More importantly, the new law gave landowners the right to evict tenants after a transitional period of five years which will lapse in 1997. Should tenants decide to leave the land before that time, they are to receive a compensation of 40 times the land tax for every year that is left before the termination of the contract. The law also stipulates that tenants who live in houses located on the rented land are not to be evicted until the government provides them with alternative housing, and that they are to be given priority in acquiring government reclaimed land. This is, to date, the most severe blow dealt to Nasserist policies, and is expected to have considerable effects on agrarian relations in Egypt. My intention in looking at the developments which culminated in issuing this law is to use this concrete incident to present a snapshot of political practice in contemporary Egypt. The purpose of this paper is not to prove a point so much as to illustrate it. That this law is part of the de-Nasserisation process that Sadat started in the mid-l970s, and that it is a result of the present regime’s commitment to economic liberalisation according to IMF directives hardly needs

BookDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the literature on land markets in South Asia to clarify what's known and to highlight unresolved issues, and they report that: (1) We have a good understanding of why sharecropping persists and why it can be superior to other standard agricultural contracts.
Abstract: The authors review the literature on land markets in South Asia to clarify what's known and to highlight unresolved issues. They report that: (1) We have a good understanding of why sharecropping persists and why it can be superior to other standard agricultural contracts. We have less understanding of what determines the relative efficiency of sharecropping in different environments and why other apparently superior contractual relationships are rare. (2) Insecure rights to land adversely affect production and investment incentives in areas outside of South Asia, but in South Asia strong evidence linking investment and rights to production is scarce. (3) An inverse relationship between farm size and output per unit area is a recurrent feature in data from South Asia, apparently related to land-labor interactions. (4) Although small farms seem to be more efficient than large ones, small farmers have trouble raising their profitability and enlarging their holding, largely because of credit constraints, but also because of poverty and policy that discriminates against them. (5) Misguided land reform in the past has made tenancy unattractive to landowners, so large capital-intensive farms have developed. Political economic analysis is needed to explain the failure of past land reform, as well as distortions in agricultural input and output markets in (6) South Asia. Land fragmentation (as distinguished from farm size) has caused productivity losses. Those losses have not been quantified and the reasons fragmentation persists are poorly understood. (7) Transaction costs are a significant impediment to functioning land markets. In South Asia, transfers of land rights are complicated by lack of explicit title to land, and by informal and customary rights. (8) One pressing research problem is gender discrimination, an important factor in land market imperfections -especially (within the household) the separation of land management and its control. Research needs include more systematic regional comparisons, the use of more panel data, and an investigation of how agricultural productivity is affected by gender problems and land fragmentation.

Posted ContentDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the level of adoption of new farm technology and the factors responsible for that, under four major tenurial arrangements and found that tenancy has a direct impact on adoption of modem farm technology.
Abstract: The study examines the level of adoption of new farm technology and the factors responsible for that, under four major tenurial arrangements. The study is based on the data collected from a sample of 160 farm households from six villages in Burdwan district of West Bengal pertaining to the agricultural year 1993-94. The main question addressed in this paper is to examine how agrarian structure in the broadest sense shape technological development in the farm sector. The results highlight the significant differences in adoption across the tenurial arrangements and support the view that tenancy has a direct impact on adoption of modem farm technology. Size of holding, resource base of the farmer, regularity in rent payment to the landlord, irrigation and other infrastructural variables were also found to have important influence on adoption of new farm technology.

Posted ContentDOI
TL;DR: The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recently commissioned a study of agricultural land tenure systems in order to identify elements of good practice in existing arrangements for the leasing of private sector agricultural land.
Abstract: Although there is widespread support for the "ideal model" of agricultural production being based around the owner-occupier farmer, it is recognized that, for a variety of reasons, this ideal is neither always attainable nor desirable. There is also a need to ensure that farming becomes competitive when exposed fully to world markets. This means that farmers are likely to require the flexibility to expand their businesses in circumstances where they may not have the capital to purchase the additional assets. The need to find suitable systems for agricultural tenancy reform remains paramount as a means both for sustaining rural communities generally and for establishing mechanisms suitable for matching the demand for and supply of private land for rent. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recently commissioned a study of agricultural land tenure systems in order to identify elements of good practice in existing arrangements for the leasing of private sector agricultural land. This report is confined to a consideration of and commentary on the existing literature on tenure and tenancy arrangements as a basis for identifying examples of good practice. For the purposes of establishing good practice, this report concentrates on the market economies of northern and western Europe, predominantly the fifteen current member states of the European Union, while being aware of the principal dimensions of land reform in central and eastern European and former Soviet Union countries.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors argue that the adaptations of land use practised by indigenous people, who have converted their land tenure from pastoral leasehold to Aboriginal freehold land, suggest that such reconcilation is possible and practical.
Abstract: tag=1 data=Reconciliation or exclusion? Integrating indigenous and non-indigenous land management concepts for Australia's Native Title era. by Elspeth Young tag=2 data=Young, Elspeth tag=3 data=Asia Pacific Viewpoint tag=4 data=40 tag=5 data=2 tag=6 data=August 1999 tag=7 data=159-171. tag=8 data=ABORIGINAL LAND CLAIMS tag=9 data=INDIGENOUS LAND OWNERSHIP%LAND MANAGEMENT%AUSTRALIA%COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT%ASIA PACIFIC%MABO%WIK%PAPUA NEW GUINEA%CENTRAL AUSTRALIA%ULURU KATA TJUTA%KAKADU NATIONAL PARKS%YALPIRAKINU[MT ALLAN]%TANAMI DESERT%ABORIGINAL LAND FUND COMMISSION%ABORIGINAL LAND RIGHTS [NT] ACT%ARRUNGE%PULARDI%YUENDUMU%GARDEN BORE%RUGENDYKE%CENTRAL LAND COUNCIL%CSIRO%ABORIGINAL FREEHOLD TITLE tag=10 data=The 'paper argues that the adaptations of land use practised by indigenous people, who have converted their land tenure from pastoral leasehold to Aboriginal freehold land, suggest that such reconcilation is possible and practical.s a bibliography. tag=13 data=V/F

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report on the first empirical study of its kind to examine - from the perspective of transaction costs - factors that constrain access to land for the rural poor and other socially excluded groups in India.
Abstract: The authors report on the first empirical study of its kind to examine - from the perspective of transaction costs - factors that constrain access to land for the rural poor and other socially excluded groups in India. They find that: a) Land reform has reduced large landholdings since the 1950s. Medium size farms have gained most. Formidable obstacles still prevent the poor from gaining access to land. b) The complexity of land revenue administration in Orissa is partly the legacy of distinctly different systems, which produced more or less complete and accurate land records. These not-so-distant historical records can be important in resolving contemporary land disputes. c) Orissa tried legally to abolish land-leasing. Concealed tenancy persisted, with tenants having little protection under the law. d) Women's access to and control over land, and their bargaining power with their husbands about land, may be enhanced through joint land titling, a principle yet to be realized in Orissa. e) Land administration is viewed as a burden on the state rather than a service, and land records and registration systems are not coordinated. Doing so will improve rights for the poor and reduce transaction costs - but only if the system is transparent and the powerful do not retain the leverage over settlement officers that has allowed land grabs. Land in Orissa may be purchased, inherited, rented (leased), or - in the case of public land and the commons - encroached upon. Each type of transaction - and the State's response, through land law and administration - has implications for poor people's access to land. The authors find that: 1) Land markets are thin and transaction costs are high, limiting the amount of agricultural land that changes hands. 2) The fragmentation of landholdings into tiny, scattered plots is a brake on agricultural productivity, but efforts to consolidate land may discriminate against the rural poor. Reducing transaction costs in land markets will help. 3) Protecting the rural poor's rights of access to common land requires raising public awareness and access to information. 4) Liberalizing land-lease markets for the rural poor will help, but only if the poor are ensured access to institutional credit.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the adaptations of land use practised by indigenous people, who have converted their land tenure from pastoral leasehold to Aboriginal freehold land, suggest that such reconciliation is possible and practical.
Abstract: Indigenous and non-indigenous concepts of land ownership and use are fundamental elements in Australian debate on the implications of Native Title for development. However these approaches are not necessarily incompatible but can be reconciled. Drawing on evidence from the central Australian rangelands, this paper argues that the adaptations of land use practised by indigenous people, who have converted their land tenure from pastoral leasehold to Aboriginal freehold land, suggest that such reconciliation is possible and practical. Provision of appropriate support tools, such as participatory extension for improved land management, or community land management planning, strengthen the integration of indigenous and non-indigenous land management approaches. Successful integration will be essential for the management of Australia’s rangelands under Native Title.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors analyse les considerations politiques, economiques et de l'environnement that les Americains ont apprecie pour louer leurs fermes durant la grande Repression and demontre le role of l'etat.
Abstract: L'A. analyse les considerations politiques, economiques et de l'environnement que les Americains ont apprecie pour louer leurs fermes durant la grande Repression et demontre le role de l'etat

Book
01 Oct 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce the concept of Trusts of Land and their role in the acquisition of an estate by possession of a house and the subsequent co-ownership of the estate.
Abstract: Part One - Introduction 1: Estates and Interests in Land Part Two - Acquisition of Estates in Land 2: Buying A House 3: The Contract 4: Unregistered Land 5: Registered Land 6: Acquisition of an Estate by Possession Part Three - Legal Estates7: The Freehold Estates 8: The Leasehold Estates 9: Obligations of Landlord and Tenant 10: Commonhold Part Four - Trusts 11: Trusts - An Introduction 12: Trusts of Land 13: Settled Land Act Settlements 14: Perpetuities and Accumulations 15: Co-ownership 16: Resulting and Constructive Trusts and Proprietary Estoppel Part Five - Licenses 17: Nature of a License 18: Enforcement of a License Part Six - Third Party Rights 19: Mortgages 20: Easement and Profits a Prendre 21: Covenants Relating to Freehold Land Part Seven - In Conclusion 22: The Family Home 23: What is Land?.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an analysis of the relationships between soil physical and chemical limitations, different degradation types and their interactions with varying tenure classes in Australian land tenure systems, including freehold and crown leasehold.
Abstract: Land degradation and its management have profound effects on environmental quality and sustainability. Given the diverse range of environmental conditions and land uses across Australia, it is not uncommon for land degradation to occur on many different tenure types. This paper presents an analysis of the relationships between soil physical and chemical limitations, different degradation types and their interactions with varying tenure classes. Three continental scale datasets were used in this analysis to analyse degradation propensity in Australian land tenure systems. The datasets comprised: The Australian Land Information Groups (AUSLIG) Land Tenure classification at a 1:5 million scale; the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)/Bureau of Resource Sciences (BRS) Soil Limitations for Agriculture classification at a 1:2 million scale; and a BRS classification of land degradation types and occurrence in Australia at a 1:20 million scale. The continental coverages were rasterized and summarized as a three-way contingency table of counts. The analysis of the three-way contingency table included: summary histograms; a non-parametric analysis of the cumulative empirical distribution functions; and the use of a generalized linear model (GLM). Over 60 per cent of the Australian continent is classified and used as agricultural land, which has a significant influence on the Australian environment. These agricultural lands are predominantly divided into two tenure types: freehold (20 per cent) and crown leasehold (42 per cent). The analysis indicates that although crown leasehold land has a large percentage of lands vulnerable to degradation, these lands are less degraded than the freehold lands, which have fewer soil physical and chemical limitations to agriculture. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine basic features of tenancy in Orissa with data from various rounds of NSS and find that the terms and conditions of tenancy contracts are inequitable and regressive in nature favouring the lessors.
Abstract: This article critically examines basic features of tenancy in Orissa with data from various rounds of NSS. Orissa belongs to the category of high tenancy states in India Major manifestation of tenancy in Orissa is sharecropping. Both the lessors and lessees predominantly hail from marginal and small farm category. The terms and conditions of tenancy contracts are inequitable and regressive in nature favouring the lessors. Contracts are oral, unrecorded. insecure with high rent and characterised by absence of input cost sharing. Though tenancy is legally forbidden in the state, its prevalence suggests that in the specific socio-economic context of labour abundance, land scarcity and dire hunger for land; tenancy seems to play a useful role by providing means of livelihood to the landless and land-poor peasants. Therefore. it is advocated that tenancy should he legalised and recorded This will facilitate resource adjustment and increased agricultural production by transferring land use right from those who are not able to cultivate to those who are willing to cultivate while keeping the landownership right intact and ensure security of tenure and fair rents to tenants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare the outcomes of the repossession process for different groups of tenants in the social rented sector and show that there are substantial differences in the outcomes for different classes of tenants.
Abstract: Rented housing in Britain is divided between a private sector in which houses are let for profit, and a social rented sector in which houses have traditionally been let as a service to the community. The social rented sector is itself divided between two main types of provider: local authorities (council housing), and housing associations, although account must be taken of other providers, particularly in Scotland, where Scottish Homes, a quango, is a substantial provider of social housing. Until recently, the new towns were substantial providers of rented housing, but the new town development corporations have now all been wound up and their stock transferred to other landlords. In this article, the expressions 'social rented sector' and 'social housing' refer to housing let by the public sector bodies just referred to and by housing associations. For most of this century the nature of the provider has determined the legal tenure on which rented housing has been held. Thus, the Rent Acts applied to private sector lets, but were not applied to public sector tenants. Between 1980 and 1989 council tenants and housing association tenants shared a common tenure regime, the secure tenancy. However, when in 1989, a new form of tenure the assured tenancy was introduced for the private sector,' it was also applied to new housing association lets, although local authorities and other public sector bodies continued to offer secure tenancies. As a consequence, since 1989, there have been two different legal tenures within the social rented sector: the secure tenancy and the assured tenancy. The two legal regimes afford substantially different rights to tenants. In the light of these changes to tenure regimes, this article discusses the importance of legal guarantees of security of tenure in the social rented sector, and compares the way in which the process of recovery of possession has been operating in the two forms of tenure. This is a two-fold comparison. As the rights of existing housing association tenants were preserved in 1989, housing associations continued to have many secure tenants, and so it is possible to compare the respective positions of secure and assured tenants both (a) as between local authorities and housing associations, and (b) within the housing association sector. The research on which this article is based shows that there are substantial differences in the outcomes of the repossession process for different groups of tenants. The questions these outcomes pose include whether differences in the legal rights of secure and assured tenants are capable of explaining the outcomes of the repossession process, and what other factors might be influencing outcomes.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the impact of both agrarian and monetary wealth redistributions on the aggregate production in a dual economy characterized in its modern sector by a high degree of credit imperfections.
Abstract: In a traditional agrarian sector tenancy contracts aloe farmworkers to produce and accumulate wealth. This is important in a dual economy characterized in its modern sector by a n high degree of credit imperfections. The wealth constrained workers can accumulate wealth by working as sharecroppers so that the next generation is able to invest in the modern, more efficient sector. W show that production in the traditional sector influenced the modern sector and vice versa,. Therefore the impact of north agrarian reforms and monetary wealth redistributions have to b evaluated regarding both the sectors and considering the possibility of intersectorial migration. We will see that for land poor economies agrarian reforms have an impact on the aggregate production while for land rich economies this can be totally ineffective. Furthermore there are equilibria where monetary wealth redistributions are preferred to the agrarian reforms.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The first Masters and Servants Law, regulating relations between employers and employees, was enacted in Antigua in 1834 as mentioned in this paper, which provided that any worker employed for five consecutive days was deemed to have agreed to be hired for one year and could only terminate his hiring on one months notice.
Abstract: The trade union movement in the English-speaking Caribbean area was born in conditions of illegality. Immediately after the abolition of slavery and apprenticeship, statutes were enacted in several British colonies which, reinforcing the Common Law of England, made the formation of combinations of workers a criminal offence. The first Masters and Servants Law, regulating relations between employers and employees was enacted in Antigua in 1834. In 1838 a Masters and Servants Act, modelled on the Antigua Law, was enacted in Barbados, popularly known as the "Contracts Law". This provided that any worker employed for five consecutive days was deemed to have agreed to be hired for one year and could only terminate his hiring on one months notice. If the worker resided on the plantation, the consequence of terminating his contract was that his tenancy was cancelled and he was evicted. According to Hilary Beckles this Law:

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, a fully interactive two group model was used to examine the issue of resource allocation under alternative tenancy systems in Nepal and the results support the Marsha llian hypothesis that both mixed and pure share tenants apply variable inputs less intensively in their rented-in plots than in owner operated plots.
Abstract: A fully interactive two group model is used to examine the issue of resource allocation under alternative tenancy systems in Nepal. The results support the Marsha llian hypothesis that both mixed and pure share tenants apply variable inputs less intensively in their rented-in plots than in owner operated plots.

01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, a collection of three essays, each of which analyses an economic institution in one or more developing countries, is presented, which is crucial for the understanding of economic performance and for the design of effective policy measures.
Abstract: This thesis is a collection of three essays, each of which analyses an economic institution in one or more developing countries. A careful analysis of institutions is crucial for the understanding of economic performance and for the design of effective policy measures. In the first essay, "On the Structure of Tenancy Contracts" I analyse the effect of crop and tenant characteristics on the form and on the length of tenancy contracts. Using a principal-agent model I show that highpowered incentives are used when, due to the characteristics of the crop, their benefit is high and/or when, due to the characteristics of the tenant, their cost is low. The theoretical predictions are consistent with the empirical evidence from a unique data set of 705 contracts. The purpose of the second essay, "Competing for Protection: Land Fragmentation and the Rise of Mafia in 19th Century Sicily", is to identify the conditions that fostered the development of the mafia. I argue that in the context of 19th century Sicily, land fragmentation was crucial for the rise of mafia. Using a menu-auction model I show that, by inducing landlords' competition for protection, land fragmentation increases the profits of mafia groups even if the assets in need of protection are unchanged. I show that the predictions of the theory are consistent with the available empirical evidence from a sample of 70 Sicilian villages. In the third essay, "Does Financial Reform Raise or Reduce Savings?", we analyse the effect of financial liberalisation on private savings in eight developing countries. To this purpose we construct an index which summarises the reform process and estimate an error correction model for savings. We find that the effect of financial reform on savings is ambiguous.