Showing papers on "Leasehold estate published in 2002"

Empowerment and Efficiency: Tenancy Reform in West Bengal

Abstract: The paper analyzes the effect of agricultural tenancy laws offering security of tenure to tenants and regulating the share of output that is paid as rent on farm productivity. Theoretically, the net impact of tenancy reform is shown to be a combination of two effects: a bargaining power effect and a security of tenure effect. Analysis of evidence on how contracts and productivity changed after a tenancy reform program was implemented in the Indian state of West Bengal in the late 1970s suggests that tenancy reform had a positive effect on agricultural productivity there.

Measurement and sources of technical efficiency of land tenure contracts in Ethiopia

Abstract: The degree to which prevailing land tenure arrangements constrain agricultural productivity, and the sources of inefficiency associated with land tenure systems in sub-Saharan Africa are unresolved. Using a stochastic frontier production function, this paper examines the economic efficiency and the determinants of inefficiency of alternative land tenure arrangements in Ethiopia. The results show that sharecropping and borrowing are less technically efficient than owner-cultivation or fixed rentals due to restrictions imposed on them by landowners and the interactions of the land market with other imperfect and absent input markets. Thus, a policy to facilitate more efficient transactions of land between farmers and functioning of input markets are expected to reduce inefficiencies associated with these tenure systems.

Counter-revolution in Egypt's countryside : land and farmers in the era of economic reform

Abstract: * Introduction * Part 1: The Context * 1. Counter Revolution in the Egyptian Countryside - Ray Bush * 2. Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment - Gouda Abdel Khalek * 3. Agribusiness as Agricultural Strategy - John Sfakianakis * 4. Hydraulic Politics: The Nile and Egypt's Water Use: A Crisis for the 21st Century? - Habib Ayeb * Part 2: Law 96 and its Implications * 5. Egyptian Politics and Tenancy the Tenancy Law - Reem Saad * 6. Farmer Struggles Against Law 96 of 1992 - Land Centre for Human Rights * 7. Agrarian Reform and Tenancy in Upper Egypt - Mohemad Abdel Aal * 8. Rural Egypt Under Stress - Kirsten H. Bach 9. Undermining Livelihood: Tales from the Countryside - Ray Bush * 10. Poverty and Unemployment in Rural Egypt in the 1990s - Nader Fergany

Planning and Property Rights in Hong Kong under Constitutional Capitalism

Abstract: This paper identifies and discusses some constitutional law issues arising from the tensions and contradictions between the statutory land use planning and related regulations in Hong Kong and its Basic Law. The Basic Law is a written 'mini- constitution', which expressly guarantees the protection not only of private property rights but also of the market economy and capitalism. These tensions have their roots in the superimposition of modern town planning legislation onto a consensual and contractual planning system based on a leasehold land system introduced by the colonial administrator. They emerged as constitutional law issues with the inception of the Basic Law, as the previous British colonial regime was replaced by the so-called 'One Country, Two Systems' of China. It is argued that these tensions are crucial from land economics and political points of view in the context that half the population of Hong Kong, a so-called faithful student of laissez-faire philosophy, has been living in public if n...

Land Reform and the Political Organization of Agriculture

Abstract: The modern theory of agrarian organization has studied how the economic environment determines organizational form under the assumption of stable property rights to land The political economy literature has modeled the endogenous determination of property rights In this Paper we propose a model in which the economic organization of agriculture and the political equilibrium determining the distribution of property rights are jointly determined In particular, because the form of organization may affect the probability and distribution of benefits from agrarian reform, it may be determined in anticipation of this impact The model offers a reason for why tenancy, despite its economic advantages, has been so little used in countries where agrarian reform is a salient political issue We argue that this in particular helps to understand the dearth of tenancy and the relative failure of land reform in Latin America

Recovery of land costs: a land policy instrument missing in the Netherlands?

Abstract: Until recently it has been usual in the Netherlands for local authorities to acquire land for development, to prepare it for building, and then make building lots available through sale or leasehold. In the 1990s housing production shifted from social housing to owner-occupied housing. Project developers became interested in the ownership of land as the key to build dwellings. These land purchases changed the context in which local authorities had to operate in the development of land. Instead of making arrangements for the recovery of costs via a public monopoly, local authorities now have to revert to a set of statutory instruments, or enter negotiations with market parties to come to an agreement on a voluntary contribution to development costs. In this contribution, we report the current state of the discussion in the Netherlands on the recovery of costs and we analyse various alternative instruments.

Down and Out on the Family Farm: Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains, 1929-1945

Abstract: List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Borderline Farmers 2. Farm Tenancy in the Great Plains 3. The Development of Rural Rehabilitation 4. "Rehabbers" in the Great Plains 5. Farming in Place 6. Politics, War, and the Downfall of the fsa Conclusion Notes Sources Index

Development Conditions and Supply of Housing: Evidence from Hong Kong

Abstract: The objective of this research is to investigate whether a relationship exists between development conditions in government land leases and housing supply and to what extent these development conditions affect Hong Kong’s supply of private residential apartments. The Hong Kong government conducts regular studies on local housing demand, such as its 1996 study of housing demand model and study on housing demand. Thus, this paper will focus mainly on examining the supply side of private housing in Hong Kong by giving and overview of Hong Kong’s housing supply situation and, in order to understand Hong Kong’s land tenure system, a brief background review of the establishment of Hong Kong’s leasehold tenure system, as well as a global synopsis of the literature relating to the effects of the leasehold land tenure system, governmental land regulation, development/land use control, and restricted land supply on the housing market. A sample of leases will be randomly chosen to perform and in-depth analysis of the lease conditions to determine commonly specified development conditions in government leases.

The private rented sector in a new century : revival or false dawn?

Abstract: The new private rented sector, David Hughes, Stuart Lowe Private renting in the 21st century - lessons from the last decade of the 20th century, Tony Crook Housing Benefit and social security, Steve Wilcox Rents and returns in the residential lettings market, David Rhodes, Peter Kemp The private rented sector in rural areas, Phillip Hancock Rental housing supply in rural Scotland - the role of private landowners, Madhu Satsangi The nature of tenancy relationships - landlords and young people, Diane Lister Unlawful eviction and harassment, Jill Morgan Changing rooms - the legal and policy implications of a burgeoning student housing market in Leicester, Martin Davis, David Hughes The Scottish system of licensing houses in multiple occupation, Hector Currie Housing conditions in the private rented sector within a market framework, Tony Crook Room for improvement - the impact of the local authority grant system, Mike Ellison New law, new policy, David Hughes and Stuart Lowe.

Empowerment and Efficiency: Tenancy Reform in West Bengal

Abstract: The paper analyzes the effect of agricultural tenancy laws offering security of tenure to tenants and regulating the share of output that is paid as rent on farm productivity. Theoretically, the net impact of tenancy reform is shown to be a combination of two effects, a bargaining power effect and a security of tenure effect. Analysis of evidence on how contracts and productivity changed after a tenancy reform program was implemented in the Indian state of West Bengal in the late 1970s suggests that tenancy reform had a positive effect on agricultural productivity there.

Elitist Land and Agriculture Policies and the Food Problem in Malawi

Abstract: The author argues that conversion of over 1 million hectares of customary land to leasehold land tenure merely endowed the elite with excessive landholdings they did not fully utilise for tobacco production because it exceeded the requirement for production of the quota of tobacco output allocated to Malawi. However, as a result of population growth food demands exceeded the carrying capacity of household land whose quality also diminished resulting in steep decline in food productivity. The author also argues that government policy of suppressing producer prices combined with a policy of preventing smallholder farmers from growing the lucrative tobacco crop reduced incomes of the poor and deprived the rural sector the means to adopt high productivity technologies. The author also argue that estates would have used their excess land to produce more maize but the low producer prices paid by ADMARC, the grain marketing board, acted as a disincentive. Land rents were also pegged far below market levels that farmer held on to large amounts of idle land with a speculative motive. The author also observes that Malawi spends more on maize imports than on petroleum imports, and describes food problem as a rupturing time bomb that has been ticking since the early 1980’s.

How to Approach a Market? A Theoretical Concept for Defining and Describing Land Markets

Abstract: Land markets have received a considerable amount of attention in economic literature. Since the treatment of the topic covers various approaches, areas, and questions, it seems desirable to attempt an overview of the results. This paper devises a way in which to present a complete picture of the land market by drawing together the various contributions. The first step is to establish a method by which a market in its entirety can be defined. It is suggested that the application of Oliver Williamson's "Four levels of social analysis" is an appropriate approach to be used in this endeavour. In the second step, the contributions to land market research are reviewed, according to Williamson's scheme, within four broad categories: (1) embeddedness, (2) institutional environment, (3) governance and (4) resource allocation. The topics covered include cropshare tenancy, land titling and registration, communal land ownership, farmland policies, credit access and land reform. The paper closes with some proposals for further research and a discussion of the value of the approach used.

Social and Economic Patterns of Landlord-Tenant Relationships in the Chao Phraya Delta, Thailand: An Historical Perspective

Abstract: For a long time, the Central Plain of Thailand has been integrated within the market economy; the resulting tenancy has often been attributed to growing social differentiation. Landowner-tenant relations constitute a focal point that mirrors economic, social and political issues. The A. focuses on these relationships and their evolution during the twentieth century. The overall picture is more balanced than commonly assumed, especially for the last thirty years, during which time real rents are shown to have declined

Risk aversion as effort incentive: a correction and prima facie test of the moral hazard theory of share tenancy

Abstract: We show that Stiglitz's (1974) principal-agency theory of share tenancy does not imply, as alleged, that the optimal tenant share is less than one for risk-averse tenants nor that the share decreases monotonically with tenant risk aversion. Tenants may self insure by working harder increasingly so for higher levels of risk aversion with the result that the more risk averse work for higher shares. When the model is parameterized based on previous studies of Philippine agriculture, it predicts a U-shaped relationship between optimal tenant''s share and risk aversion. Landlords choose rent contracts for both high and low levels of risk aversion and shares from 80-99% for intermediate levels. In contrast, actual shares in the study area ranged from 50-60%, with most farmers contracted on a 50:50 basis. We conclude that rent contracts must have additional disadvantages and/or share tenancy additional benefits that are not accounted for in the static principal-agency theory.

On the Choice of Tenancy Contracts in Rural India

Abstract: This paper uses data from rural India to analyse how cultivating household and plot level characteristics affect contract choice on a particular plot of land. We estimate a sequential choice model where the landowner first decides whether to cultivate the land on his own (possibly with hired labour) or to lease it out. If the latter, then a choice is made between fixed-rent or share-cropping. One interesting finding is that the greater the value of the plot, the greater is the probability that the plot is owner cultivated. Moreover, among tenant cultivated plots, higher value plots are share-cropped.

State Formation, Property Relations, & the Development of the Tokugawa Economy (1600-1868)

Abstract: Abbreviations Introduction Chapter 1: The Market and Economic Historiography of Tokugawa Japan State Formation and the 17th and 18th Century Economy Economic Change and the Demongraphic Factor Demise of the Medieval Property Structure Constitution of a New Property Structure Conclusion Chapter 2: The Early Village and its Transformation Core and Periphery: Variations in the Nature and Course of Development The Village: Polarization and the Era of Transition The Rural Social Order and the Power of Local Elites The Landlord Estate: Household and Unit of Production The First Phase of Change: Formation of a Small Peasant Society Making the Estate Productive Conclusion Chapter 3: Construction of Peasant Land Relations A Break with the Past The Land System and Peasant Tenure Land into Capital The Second Phase of Change: Land Pawning The Kyoho Reforms: A Crisis of Feudal Revenues Turning Peasants into Tenants Landlord and Landlordly Prerogatives Conclusion Chapter 4: Social Change and Commercialization in the Periphery Peasant and Landlord during the Era of Transition The New Tokugawa Landlord Rent: The Changing Profile of Landlord Income Horigane: Tenancy in a Tokugawa Village Fukushima Prefecture: Early Landlords and Tenants Nishino and Momozono Village: Tenancy and By-employment Conclusion Chapter 5: An Alternative Trajectory of Development: The Kinai A Different Start: Villages in the Kinai A Course of its Own: Production Organization in the Kinai Conclusion Epilogue Tables Bibliography

Valuing renewal options in public industrial leases in Singapore

Abstract: Option to review land rents to prevailing market rents and option to renew leases for another term are two important options embedded in the public industrial land leases in Singapore, managed by the Jurong Town Corporation (JTC). The land rents of JTC leases are reviewed every year subject to a cap on the land rent increase. The rent cap, which is historically lower than the prevailing market growth rate, widens the gap between the contract rent and the prevailing market rent as the lease progresses. This creates disincentives to the lessor for not exercising the rent review option, because the option is in‐the‐money. The rent gap, on the other hand, is also translated into substantial profit rents for lessees who hold onto the leasehold interests of industrial lands. By assuming two different probability distributions for the ex‐ante prevailing market rents, the profit rents were simulated to derive at the values of a hypothetical 30‐year lease, which range from US$47.93 (S$86.45) per square meter (psm)...

Die historiese vraag na die land en grondbesit in Israel : die tekortkomings van die historiese kritiek

Abstract: The historical quest for land and land tenancy in Israel: The limitations of historical criticism The aim of this article is to discuss the presuppositions and shortcomings of the historical critical exegesis in connection with the study of the land and land tenancy in Israel. The following questions are asked: Why did theology ignore the significance of land and land tenancy? Is the nature of the historical critical study of land atomistic? Why is the study of land and land tenancy so important today? What causes the importance of land today?

A study on land system innovations in the construction of small towns in China

Abstract: The economic development in China and the rising of the living standard need to speed up the urbanisation. The development of small towns is an important way to Chinese urbanisation. Land use plays a very important role in the development of small towns. However there are many problems in the development of small towns, esp. in land use. The paper first discusses the land problems in the development of small towns. Such as much cultivated land lies idle, under-utilization and waste of land, increasing illegal use of land, unstable contractual relationship for land use. The relationship between the development of small towns and land use is also studied. Then the guidelines for the land system innovations of small towns are put forward. Namely the sustainability of social and economic development, the balance between land reservation and land utilization, the provision of service to village, agriculture and farmer, the management of land resource and land assets, the parsimonious and legal use of land. The basic framework of land system innovations of small towns is put forward finally. It include the land replacement policy for small towns and the permanent tenancy of farmland, the overall plan for land uses and other plans in harmony, the establishment of a flexible system of land supplies, using land with payments, the transfer of agricultural land and refining the land law related to the construction of small towns.

The Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002

Abstract: "1. Introduction2. Commonhold3. The right to manage4. Collective enfranchisement by tenants5. New leases for tenants of flats6. Leasehold7. Other provisions about leases8. Leasehold valuation tribunalAppendixCommonhold and leasehold Reform Act 2002 (with annotations)Index"