Leasehold estate

About: Leasehold estate is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1589 publications have been published within this topic receiving 21480 citations. The topic is also known as: leasehold & tenancy.

Advancing Housing Security: An Analysis of Renting, Rent Burden, and Tenant Exploitation in Erie County, Ny

Abstract: Much like the foreclosure crisis and Great Recession before it, the COVID-19 pandemic is exacerbating pre-existing levels of racial, social, and economic inequality – widening already outsized gaps between the wealthy elite and members of the middle and working classes. Among the many concerning processes being reinforced by the current crises is growth in demand for rental housing (e.g., as families face new prospects of foreclosure or unaffordability due to un- or under-employment brought on by the pandemic, many will likely transition to renting). While rising rentership is not a problem in and of itself, there is broad consensus that economic and social conditions for most renter households are worsening. Coupled with stagnant growth in living wage jobs and the long-term, uncertain nature of economic recovery from COVID-19, one consequence of these dynamics is that renters are “paying more with less.” A growing class of renters is facing a shrinking degree of housing security. Situated in a public health and economic crisis that is deepening and expanding existing racial, social, and economic inequities, there is an urgent need to advance housing security for vulnerable households, particularly renters for whom precarious, burdensome, and/or exploitative tenancy conditions contribute to further marginalization, further limiting their access to opportunity, security, and autonomy. This report studies and documents such conditions for Erie County, New York, to inform strategies and actions for creating a more equitable, democratic housing landscape. We synthesize and analyze data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Department of Housing and Urban Development, the New York State Office of Real Property Tax Services, the Center for Neighborhood Technology, and Erie County’s Geographic Information Systems (GIS) portal, drawing on a diverse and robust mix of descriptive statistics, regression modeling, spatial analysis, and big data scraping. We also review selected local policies and programs, as well as examples of best practices for advancing housing security from communities across the map. We find that, in Erie County, relative to homeowners, renters are: (1) overburdened, (2) under-served, (3) subject to exploitation, and (4) relatively disempowered. To address these issues, we propose a five-part policy program and action strategy – consisting of twelve specific policy proposals – for advancing housing security.

Land Reforms, Land Markets and Urban Transformation: Identifying Some Long Run Impacts of Land Reforms from Kerala, India

Abstract: Land that has legacies of tenure reforms offers scope for studying its relationship with contemporary dynamic land markets and increasing urban influence. This article seeks to locate the association of interventions in land tenure with the increasing urban influence and spurt in land markets of Kerala, an India state renowned for land reforms. Based on review, analysis of interventions initiated in Kerala is attempted to understand the changes in tenure and its impact on land markets and urban form. The role of the land reforms in distributing scores of title deeds by way of abolishing tenancy as well as hutment land were seminal in increasing the land ownership, but also contributed to activating land markets and rural–urban transformation. Results also indicate that in the absence of periodic introduction of proper land governance structures, land markets can also lead to imperfections and distortions.

Growth of Cash Rent Tenancy and Modernisation of Land Lease Market in Punjab

Abstract: The nature of farm tenancy in Punjab has completely changed due to the technological revolution and commercialisation of agriculture; traditional share tenancy has been replaced by modern cash rent tenancy. The tenancy laws of the state, however, have not changed to keep in tune with the emergence of modern tenancy. This chapter argues that the existing tenancy laws need to be replaced by a new set of modern tenancy laws to facilitate the smooth, costless and hassle-free transfer of land for cultivation from less efficient to more efficient farmers. The focus of the new tenancy laws should be on creating zero risk of land loss through renting out, easy and costless registration and enforcement of lease contracts, promotion of long lease contracts and enabling the tenants to get institutional credit on the basis of rented in land.

Land Tenure, Investment Incentives, and the Choice of Techniques

Abstract: Land Tenure, Investment Incentives, and the Choice of Techniques: Evidence from Nicaragua Oriana Bandiera The choice of cultivation techniques is a key determinant of agricultural productivity and has important consequences for income growth and poverty reduction in developing countries. Further evidence indicates that the result follows from landlords' inability or unwillingness to commit to long-term tenancy contracts rather than from agency costs due to risk aversion or limited liability. This finding is in line with the observation that since a tenant's effort affects tree productivity in the future, proper incentives can be provided only by offering a long-term contract that makes the tenant's pay conditional on future output. Nevertheless, models of moral hazard with either risk aversion or limited liability indicate that tenants' wealth determines the cost of providing incentives for noncontractible effort and hence the choice of cultivation techniques when these are complementary to effort. To thi...

Gender based Labor Supply, Income Diversicfication and Household Welfare in Pakistan

Abstract: This dissertation deals with the development activities of rural household of developing world, where poverty is wide spread and agriculture sector alone is insufficient to provide subsistence. In Pakistan, more than sixty percent of the population lives in the rural areas. Agricultural labor is the most common way of employment. The exponential increase in population has further stressed the depleting rural resources and created inability of the agricultural sector to absorb large labor force ; consequently resulting in social and economic problems. Moreover, rural community is characterized by imperfect land and credit markets, missing insurance facilities and limiting access to inputs such as credit, fertilizer etc. Due to imperfect labor markets and lack of resources, household’s decision of labor allocation is affected. Thus, production and consumption decisions of the household are not separable, so household faces shadow wages which depend on the production technology and household’s preferences. Chapter 3 evaluates the labor supply behavior of rural households in Pakistan by using shadow wages which is vital for policy design to improve the welfare of the rural household. The functioning of labor market in Pakistan is tested by applying three tests of separability. All these tests strongly rejected the presence of perfect markets in Pakistan. Chapter 4 estimates the impact of non-farm work on the household welfare. The rural non-farm sector is growing rapidly, becoming an important source of income, attracting the large labor force, and contributing to rural growth. With regards to factors that influence the participation in non-farm work, probability of participation increases with increased level of education, adult household size, and physical infrastructure, while lack of access to land, livestock, and credit decrease the likelihood of participation in non-farm work, for both male and female. The study shows that non-farm work increases the welfare and reduces the poverty level of rural household. One of the key challenges in the developing countries is to increase investment in order to enhance productivity in small-scale farming, which is the main source of income and food security for poor rural households. The poor households are unable to do agricultural investment due to liquidity constraints and insecure property rights. Chapter 5 investigates the role of non-farm work and land rights on the investment in soil conservation and productivity enhancing practices. The study shows that non-farm participation and secure land rights tend to encourage more investment in long-term soil-improving measures and less to short-term productivity-enhancing chemical fertilizers. The findings also show that non-farm participation and secure tenancy arrangements have a positive effect on agricultural productivity. Findings suggest boosting up high return employment opportunities by reducing entry barriers and implying changes in land tenure system for agricultural growth.